LAW.coLAW.co

State of Kansas, Appellee, v. Alesia Warrior, Appellant

Kansas Supreme Court2016-03-11No. No. 111,524
303 Kan. 1008368 P.3d 1111

Summary

Holding. The Kansas Supreme Court affirmed the district court's denial of Warrior's motion to correct an illegal sentence, holding that a motion to correct an illegal sentence under K.S.A. 22-3504(1) does not provide an appropriate procedural vehicle for challenging the constitutionality of the procedures used to impose a sentence.

Alesia Warrior was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy in 2008 and received a hard 50 life sentence (a mandatory minimum sentence requiring 50 years before parole eligibility). After the U.S. Supreme Court decided Alleyne v. United States in 2013, which held that facts increasing a mandatory minimum must be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt rather than by a judge using a lower standard, Warrior filed a motion to correct her sentence as illegal. The Kansas Supreme Court had previously rejected her constitutional challenge, but later agreed in another case that the hard 50 statute under which she was sentenced violated the Sixth Amendment under Alleyne.

However, the court declined to address whether Alleyne should apply retroactively to sentences that were already final. Instead, the court held that Warrior used the wrong legal procedure to raise her constitutional challenge. A motion to correct an illegal sentence under Kansas law is limited to narrow technical defects—sentences imposed without jurisdiction, sentences that fail to match statutory requirements, or ambiguous sentences. Constitutional challenges to sentencing procedures do not fall within this limited scope, so the motion was an inappropriate vehicle for Warrior's claim.

Summary generated by law.co from the public-domain opinion. The opinion text itself is public domain.

Key issues

  • Whether a motion to correct an illegal sentence may be used to raise constitutional challenges to sentencing procedures
  • The scope of 'illegal sentence' under Kansas law
  • Retroactive application of Alleyne v. United States to final sentences

Procedural posture

Warrior appealed the district court's denial of her motion to correct an illegal hard 50 life sentence imposed in 2008, filed in November 2013 following the Supreme Court's Alleyne decision.

Authorities cited

No cited authorities resolved to law.co cases yet.

Opinion

majority opinion

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Beier, J.:

Defendant Alesia Warrior appeals the district court judges denial of her motion to correct what she argues is her illegal hard 50 life sentence.

In 2008, Warrior was convicted by a jury of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder of her husband, Jeremy. The sentencing judge imposed the hard 50 after finding that two aggravating factors existed—Warrior committed the crime for the purpose of receiving money and employed another person to commit the crime—and that tire factors outweighed any mitigating factors.

We affirmed Warriors convictions and sentence on direct appeal on May 11, 2012. State v. Warrior, 294 Kan. 484, 277 P.3d 1111 (2012). We summarily rejected her argument that the hard 50 was unconstitutional under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), an argument we had rejected in numerous other cases. 294 Kan. at 515 (citing, e.g., State v. McCaslin, 291 Kan. 697, 729-30, 245 P.3d 1030 [2011]).

On June 17, 2013, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. _, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 2163, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013), which held that “a persons right to a jury trial under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires that any fact increasing a mandatory minimum sentence for a crime must be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Warren, 302 Kan. 601, 622-23, 356 P.3d 396 (2015) (discussing Alleyne). Within 3 months, our legislature convened a special session and enacted a new statute governing Kansas’ hard 50 sentencing procedure. See K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-6620.

Warrior filed a motion to correct illegal sentence approximately 2 months later, on November 18,2013, invoking K.S.A. 22-3504(1), which empowers the court to “correct an illegal sentence at any time.”

The district judge denied Warriors motion on alternative bases. First, the district judge correctly observed that no Kansas appellate court had yet applied Alleyne to declare the hard 50 sentencing statute under which Warrior was sentenced unconstitutional. Second, the judge concluded that Alleyne should not be applied retroactively to cases that were final at the time it was decided.

The first basis for the district judges denial of Warrior’s motion evaporated on April 11, 2014, when we held that the hard 50 statute in effect when Warrior was sentenced

“violates the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution as interpreted in Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. _, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 2155, 2160-63, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013), because it permits a judge to find by a preponderance of tire evidence the existence of one or more aggravating factors necessary to impose an increased mandatory minimum sentence, rather than requiring a jury to find the existence of the aggravating factors beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Soto, 299 Kan. 102, Syl. ¶ 9, 322 P.3d 334 (2014).

Ordinarily this would lead us to examine the soundness of the district judge’s second basis for his decision. But today we need not decide the extent to which the holding of Alleyne should be applied retroactively to cases that were final before it was decided, because our precedent firmly establishes that Warrior has employed the wrong procedural vehicle to advance her constitutional challenge.

Under K.S.A. 22-3504(1), an “illegal” sentence is

‘“(1) a sentence imposed by a court without jurisdiction; (2) a sentence that does not conform to the applicable statutory provision, either in the character or the term of authorized punishment; or (3) a sentence that is ambiguous with respect to the time and manner in which it is to he seived.’ State v. Trotter, 296 Kan. 898, 902, 295 P.3d 1039 (2013).” State v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 1034, 350 P.3d 1054 (2015).

We have “repeatedly held that K.S.A. 22-3504(1) has very limited applicability/” Makthepharak v. State, 298 Kan. 573, 581, 314 P.3d 876 (2013). And it does not cover a claim that a sentence violates a constitutional provision. State v. Mitchell, 284 Kan. 374, 376-77, 162 P.3d 18 (2007) (declining to address merits of double jeopardy, equal protection, Eighth Amendment challenges to sentence).

Recause Warriors motion to correct an illegal sentence is not an appropriate procedural vehicle to challenge the constitutionality of the procedures used to impose her hard 50 life sentence, we affirm the district court s denial of her motion.