DENIAL OF PETITION FOR PANEL REHEARING:
The panel issued its opinion affirming the district court on January 12, 2018 (the Opinion). People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Miami Seaquarium , 879 F.3d 1142 (11th Cir. 2018). A petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc was filed on February 2, 2018. Having considered the arguments raised in the petition for panel rehearing, the panel adheres to its Opinion. Although the petition does not cause us to change our conclusion, the panel believes a few of Appellants arguments warrant a response.
Appellants object to the Opinions summary discussion of Lolitas injuries. As an initial matter, Lolita presents a unique case because she: (1) is of advanced age at 51, having surpassed the median life expectancy for wild, female Southern Resident Killer Whales; (2) has received medical care for approximately 48 years and continues to receive medical care; (3) has already been subject to an unsuccessful federal challenge to the conditions of her captivity; and (4) has no realistic means for returning to the wild without being harmed. Id. at 1145-46. At her advanced age, Lolita cannot be expected to be free of health problems.
The outcome here avoids tying the hands of future courts in cases involving younger, healthier animals who may be faced with different circumstances. It also avoids signaling unintentionally that an animals age and the level of medical care it receives are determinative. Put simply, based on the undisputed evidence and the unique circumstances of this case, the panel determined that no reasonable fact finder could conclude that Lolitas injuries present a threat of serious harm sufficient to trigger liability under the ESA. The Opinion further reflects the panels determination that the law would be better served by announcing the threat of serious harm rule, without defining its contours, and allowing district courts the flexibility to apply that rule to future circumstances with which they are presented.
In any event, some injuries noted by Appellants would, given the record evidence, plainly fail to meet the threat of serious harm standard. For example, Appellants cite the rakes inflicted when the Pacific white-sided dolphins with whom Lolita shares her tank scrape her with their teeth. But cetaceans, including orcas and dolphins, undisputedly rake each other in the wild. And Appellants own expert rated Lolitas rakes as a three to four on a scale from one to ten, with ten being the most raked orca observed in the wild and one being the least raked orca observed in the wild. So, not only is Lolita suffering fewer rakes than the average wild orca, she is receiving care to make sure her rakes heal. Given that evidence, Lolitas rakes are not serious enough to illustrate that the conditions of her captivity amount to harm or harass[ment] in violation of the ESA.
The Opinion also faithfully applied the Supreme Courts decision in Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon , 515 U.S. 687, 698, 704-06, 115 S.Ct. 2407, 132 L.Ed.2d 597 (1995). Appellants read Babbitt as holding that noscitur a sociis should not be used to interpret the ESAs prohibition against the tak[ing] of any endangered or threatened species. See 16 U.S.C. § 1538(a)(1)(B). We disagree.
In Babbitt , the Supreme Court was urged to affirm a court of appeals decision that used noscitur a sociis to invalidate a regulation that interpreted harm as covering actions that indirectly impact endangered or threatened animals (e.g. , habitat destruction). 515 U.S. at 697-99, 115 S.Ct. 2407. The court of appeals had applied noscitur a sociis to support its conclusion that harm only includes actions that directly impact endangered or threatened animals, reasoning that harm must refer to a direct application of force because the words around it do. Id. at 701, 115 S.Ct. 2407. The Supreme Court concluded that the court of appeals incorrectly applied noscitur a sociis to give the term harm, which could have been read as covering indirect action, essentially the same function as the other words in the definition [of take], which the court of appeals understood as covering only direct action. Id. at 702, 115 S.Ct. 2407. Babbitt therefore stands for the proposition that noscitur a sociis should not be used to interpret the ESAs prohibition against tak[ing] in a manner that would deprive a term in the definition of take of standalone meaning. In other words, the Supreme Court in Babbitt did not indicate that noscitur a sociis cannot be applied in cases involving the ESAs prohibition against tak[ing] or in the analysis of the ESAs definition of tak[ing]. The Supreme Court merely held that the manner in which the court of appeals had applied noscitur a sociis in that case was incorrect.
As the Opinion explains, the application of noscitur a sociis in this case does not deprive harm of independent meaning. Harm brings acts that injure by caus[ing] hurt or damage within the ESAs ambit. The term harass brings a different category of action within the ESAs purview-namely, annoying, vexatious, and troubling conduct. The Opinion applied the canon to determine what degree of harm or harass[ment] was actionable by looking to the eight surrounding terms in the definition of take. The ultimate holding that either sort of conduct must pose a threat of serious harm does not collapse harm and harass[ment] into one another. Instead, it clarifies that acts constituting either harm or harass[ment] are not actionable unless they meet a threshold level of severity-any actionable harm must be serious and any actionable harass[ment] must pose the threat of serious harm.
The Opinion also aligns with Congress intent in drafting the ESA: preventing extinction. Appellants contend that the Opinion ignores the intentionally broad language with which the ESA was drafted. On the contrary, the panel acknowledges that the ESA was drafted broadly. The point made in the Opinion is that the ESAs language is not so broad as to cover acts totally unrelated to the ESAs purpose of preventing extinction. Accounting only for the dictionary definitions of harm and harass would bring de minimis annoyances to endangered animals that bear no reasonable relationship to extinction within the ESAs coverage-a result inconsistent with the ESAs purpose.
Harass, for example, means to vex, trouble, or annoy continually or chronically. Websters Third New International Dictionary 1031 (1986). Taken to its outer limits, this definition could be construed as covering Lolitas regular veterinary care which, despite being chronically annoying from her perspective, is life-prolonging. Surely Congress did not intend the ESA to illegalize veterinary care.
Alternatively, Appellants assert that our reading of the ESA conflicts with regulatory definitions. For example, 50 C.F.R. § 222.102, which is entitled to deference, provides that harm means an act which actually kills or injures fish or wildlife. Such an act may include significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually kills or injures fish or wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, spawning, rearing, migrating, feeding, or sheltering. Appellants contend these definitions provide the threshold that conduct must meet to violate the ESA. Petition at 7 (emphasis added). But the Opinion does not interpret the level of conduct required to fall within the ESA; it interprets the level of severity that harm or harass[ment] must meet to fall within the ESA.
Per the regulation, harm may include significant habitat modification or degradation which actually kills or injures fish or wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns. 50 C.F.R. § 222.102 (emphasis added). The regulation uses significant to describe the sort of activities that cause death or injury and significantly to describe the manner in which that death or injury occurs. The terms are not used to modify the phrase to injure. Put differently, the regulation does not suggest injury must be significant to be actionable, it suggests only that significant habitat modification or degradation may constitute harm where it causes death or injury by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns. The regulation says nothing about the level of severity to which the injury must rise to constitute actionable harm. Therefore, the regulation does not answer the question posed by this case and is irrelevant to our analysis.
Examining the two key clauses in the regulation illustrates this point. First, we turn to the requirement that habitat modification or degradation be significant. Even significant habitat modification would not be actionable if it did not injure or kill the animal in question by significantly impairing its behavioral patterns. Take, for example, an animal whose natural habitat is destroyed when the forest where it used to live is destroyed by logging. The habitat modification in that hypothetical is undeniably significant. But imagine the animal, thanks to its adaptiveness, is neither injured nor killed-instead, it seamlessly relocates and proceeds with its life. That habitat modification, however significant, would not fall within the ambit of the regulation because neither injury nor death resulted. Thus, the statement that habitat degradation must be significant does not answer the question of what degree of harm is actionable.
The back side of the regulation, which requires that the habitat modification or degradation significantly impair essential behavioral patterns, is similarly unhelpful. It clarifies that the regulation covers situations where an animal is injured or killed because its essential behavioral patterns are significantly impaired. The language of the regulation makes clear that it does not cover situations in which significant impairment of essential behavioral patterns occurs, but neither injury nor death results. Imagine, for example, an animal whose essential behavioral pattern is significantly impaired when it is forced to find a new breeding ground, but it succeeds in adapting without suffering any injury. That behavioral impairment, however significant, would not be covered because no injury or death resulted. Further, the regulation cannot be reasonably read as indicating that significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns is itself harm. If that were the case, there would have been no reason to specify that the impairment must actually kill or injure the animal in question. Thus, the statement that the modification of behavioral patterns must be significant does not answer the question of what degree of harm is actionable.
Finally, the standalone statement that the animal must be actually killed or injured is unhelpful. Harm is defined, in part, as to injure. Therefore, the regulation does not answer the question of what degree of harm is actionable. Instead, it illustrates that harm need not be direct. Harm can, in some instances, be inflicted indirectly through habitat modification or degradation that meets the threshold conditions set forth in the regulation.
The petition for panel rehearing is therefore DENIED .
According to Miami Seaquarium, the median life expectancy of wild, female Southern Resident Killer Whales is 38. According to Appellants, it is 50. We accept Appellants figure as accurate for purposes of summary judgment, but note that Lolita-who is approximately 51-has surpassed either measure.
This figure assumes Lolita was captured at 3 years of age. The record shows she was captured between the ages of 3 and 6.