Flaum, Circuit Judge.
Susan Nielen-Thomas, on behalf of herself and others similarly situated, filed a complaint in Wisconsin state court alleging she and other class members were defrauded by their investment advisor. Defendants removed the case to federal court. They then argued the action should be dismissed because it was a covered class action precluded by the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998 (SLUSA). See 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(1), (f)(5)(B), amending Securities Exchange Act of 1934. According to Nielen-Thomas, her lawsuit did not meet SLUSAs covered class action definition because she alleged a proposed class with fewer than fifty members. See § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i)(I). The district court agreed with defendants that Nielen-Thomass suit was a covered class action because she brought her claims in a representative capacity, see § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i)(II), and it dismissed her claims with prejudice.
We hold that the plain language of SLUSAs covered class action definition includes any class action brought by a named plaintiff on a representative basis, regardless of the proposed class size. Because this includes Nielen-Thomass class action lawsuit and her complaint meets all other statutory requirements, her lawsuit is precluded by SLUSA. We affirm the judgment of the district court.
I. Background
On February 5, 2018, plaintiff-appellant Nielen-Thomas filed a putative class action in Wisconsin state court against defendants-appellees Concorde Investment Services, LLC, Fortune Financial Services, Inc., TD Ameritrade, Inc., Wisconsin River Bank, Jeffrey L. Butler, and Wisconsin Investment Services LLC. The class includes retail clients of Butler and his investment advisory firm, Wisconsin Investment Services. According to the complaint, Butler exercised control of his clients accounts and owed them a fiduciary duty to act in their best interests. Butler allegedly failed to properly manage these accounts, though, leading to huge losses.
Nielen-Thomas identifies two ways Butler mismanaged accounts. First, Butler promised to create individualized portfolios for each investor; instead, he subjected his clients to block trades that lacked asset allocation and diversification suitable for retail investors. Second, Butler repeatedly purchased and sold on behalf of his clients an exchange-traded note known as VXX. VXX is an unsecured debt instrument designed to track the movement of futures on an index that measures overall market volatility. This note is inherently volatile and risky, and it is designed to be used as a hedge by sophisticated investors only on a short-term basis. However, Butler repeatedly purchased and sold VXX on behalf of his retail clients and let it sit in their accounts for months, even though such a strategy was practically guaranteed to lose money.
The other defendants are entities that Nielen-Thomas claims are also responsible for Butlers conduct. Butler was a registered broker with Concorde from March 2012 to May 2015 and with Fortune from July 2015 to December 2016. Concorde and Fortune were required to supervise Butlers investment advisory activities when he was trading in the accounts of their customers but allegedly failed to do so. Additionally, Butler had an agreement with TD Ameritrade through which Butler could use its online trading platform to execute all trades in his clients accounts. TD Ameritrade also allegedly failed to properly supervise Butlers activity. Finally, Wisconsin River Bank referred clients to Butler, who in turn compensated the bank for these referrals. Nielen-Thomas alleges the bank owed its clients a duty of care in recommending investment advisors to them, and it breached that duty by recommending Butler.
In her class-action complaint, Nielen-Thomas brought nine state-law claims on behalf of the putative class, alleging breaches of Wisconsin and Nebraska securities laws, breach of Wisconsins fraudulent representations statute, and common law violations under both Wisconsin and Nebraska law for breach of contract, fraud, negligence, failure to supervise, and breach of fiduciary duty. According to the complaint, [w]hile the exact number of putative Class members cannot be determined yet, upon information and belief, the putative Class consists of at least 35, but no more than 49 members.
On March 30, 2018, defendants removed the case to the Western District of Wisconsin pursuant to SLUSA, 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(2). After removal, defendants Fortune, TD Ameritrade, and Concorde moved to dismiss Nielen-Thomass nine state-law claims as barred by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PSLRA), 15 U.S.C. §§ 77, 78, and SLUSA. Specifically, defendants argued this suit qualified as a covered class action that was both removable and precluded by SLUSA. Nielen-Thomas opposed these motions and sought to remand the case because, she argued, her case did not fall within SLUSAs ambit; she claimed that because her proposed class contained fewer than fifty members, it could not be a covered class action as defined by the statute.
On July 26, 2018, the district court denied Nielen-Thomass motion to remand and granted defendants motion to dismiss. The court noted that SLUSAs language was confusing, but concluded its legislative history clears things up-the lawsuit was not a covered class action under 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i)(I) because her proposed class had fewer than fifty members, but her lawsuit met SLUSAs definition of a covered class action in 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i)(II) because she brought her action on behalf of unnamed parties in a representative capacity. SLUSA thus precluded her state-law claims, and the district court dismissed them with prejudice. Nielen-Thomas appeals.
II. Discussion
At issue is the district courts denial of Nielen-Thomass motion to remand and its grant of defendants motions to dismiss based on its interpretation of SLUSAs covered class action definition. We review the district courts interpretation of a statute de novo.
United States v. Rosenbohm , 564 F.3d 820, 822 (7th Cir. 2009).
When confronting an issue of statutory interpretation, we must always begin with the text and give effect to the clear meaning of statutes as written. Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc. , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 1002, 1010, 197 L.Ed.2d 354 (2017) (quoting Estate of Cowart v. Nicklos Drilling Co. , 505 U.S. 469, 476, 112 S.Ct. 2589, 120 L.Ed.2d 379 (1992) ). If the text is clear, we can end our inquiry here as well. Id. We also read a statute as a whole rather than as a series of unrelated and isolated provisions. Arreola-Castillo v. United States , 889 F.3d 378, 386 (7th Cir. 2018) (first quoting King v. St. Vincents Hosp. , 502 U.S. 215, 221, 112 S.Ct. 570, 116 L.Ed.2d 578 (1991), then quoting Gonzales v. Oregon , 546 U.S. 243, 273, 126 S.Ct. 904, 163 L.Ed.2d 748 (2006) ). Words are given their ordinary and natural meaning in the absence of a specific statutory definition. CFTC v. Worth Bullion Grp., Inc. , 717 F.3d 545, 550 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting Scherr v. Marriott Intl, Inc. , 703 F.3d 1069, 1077 (7th Cir. 2013) ). We must also, if possible, give effect to every clause and word of a statute, taking care not to read words into the text or to treat any words as surplusage. Duncan v. Walker , 533 U.S. 167, 174, 121 S.Ct. 2120, 150 L.Ed.2d 251 (2001) (quoting United States v. Menasche , 348 U.S. 528, 538-39, 75 S.Ct. 513, 99 L.Ed. 615 (1955) ); Water Quality Assn Emps. Benefit Corp. v. United States , 795 F.2d 1303, 1309 (7th Cir. 1986).
Regarding SLUSAs language specifically, Congress envisioned a broad construction of the statute, which follows not only from ordinary principles of statutory construction but also from the particular concerns that culminated in SLUSAs enactment. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Dabit , 547 U.S. 71, 86, 126 S.Ct. 1503, 164 L.Ed.2d 179 (2006). SLUSA amends the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, both of which regulate federal securities to promote honest practices in the securities market. Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver Cty. Emps. Ret. Fund , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 1061, 1066, 200 L.Ed.2d 332 (2018). Congress had previously amended these two laws when it passed the PSLRA in 1995, principally to stem perceived abuses of the class-action vehicle in litigation involving nationally traded securities. Id. (quoting Dabit , 547 U.S. at 81, 126 S.Ct. 1503 ). Specifically, nuisance filings, targeting of deep-pocket defendants, vexatious discovery requests, and manipulation by class action lawyers of the clients whom they purportedly represent had become rampant, such that abusive class-action litigation was injuring the entire U.S. economy. Dabit , 547 U.S. at 81, 126 S.Ct. 1503 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Congress sought to curb these abuses through the PSLRA by imposing burdens on plaintiffs who sought to bring federal securities fraud class actions, including by limiting recoverable damages and attorneys fees and by mandating sanctions for frivolous litigation. Id. at 81-82, 126 S.Ct. 1503.
The PSLRA made it harder to bring a federal securities class action; an unintended consequence of its enactment, though, was that plaintiffs tried to escape the laws constraints by bringing class actions under state law, often in state court, rather than under federal law in federal court. Id. at 82, 126 S.Ct. 1503. To prevent plaintiffs from circumventing the [PSLRA] in this manner, Cyan , 138 S.Ct. at 1067, Congress enacted the SLUSA amendments in 1998.
SLUSA precludes specified securities class actions from proceeding under state law. Specifically, [n]o covered class action based upon the statutory or common law of any State or subdivision thereof may be maintained in any State or Federal court by any private party if that party alleges either a misrepresentation or omission of a material fact in connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security or that the defendant used or employed any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security. 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(1). Moreover, [i]f such a suit is brought in a state court the defendant can remove it to federal court and move to dismiss it ... [and] the district judge must grant the motion. Brown v. Calamos , 664 F.3d 123, 124-25 (7th Cir. 2011) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(2) ).
Nielen-Thomas does not dispute that her class action claims are based on state law, involve a covered security, and allege misrepresentations in connection with the purchase or sale of that covered security. Instead, she maintains her lawsuit is not precluded by SLUSA because it is not a covered class action as that term is defined.
Under SLUSA, a single lawsuit qualifies as a covered class action when (subject to certain exceptions not applicable here):
(I) damages are sought on behalf of more than 50 persons or prospective class members, and questions of law or fact common to those persons or members of the prospective class, without reference to issues of individualized reliance on an alleged misstatement or omission, predominate over any questions affecting only individual persons or members; or
(II) one or more named parties seek to recover damages on a representative basis on behalf of themselves and other unnamed parties similarly situated, and questions of law or fact common to those persons or members of the prospective class predominate over any questions affecting only individual persons or members ....
15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i). Subparagraph (I) and Subparagraph (II) in this definition are separated by or. An or in a statute is usually disjunctive, see United States v. Woods , 571 U.S. 31, 45, 134 S.Ct. 557, 187 L.Ed.2d 472 (2013), meaning a lawsuit can satisfy SLUSAs covered class action requirement via either subparagraph.
Subparagraph (I) provides three criteria for a single lawsuit to qualify as a covered class action: (1) damages are sought, (2) on behalf of more than fifty persons or prospective class members, and (3) common questions of law or fact predominate without reference to issues of individualized reliance on an alleged misstatement or omission. Because this subparagraph includes the prospective class members language, some class actions (as that term is traditionally understood) must fall within its scope. See, e.g. , Class Action , Blacks Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (A lawsuit in which the court authorizes a single person or a small group of people to represent the interests of a larger group.); Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a) (defining class actions as ones where [o]ne or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all members). Specifically, class actions with more than fifty prospective class members meet this definition.
Subparagraph (II) also includes three criteria for a single lawsuit to qualify: (1) damages are sought, (2) by one or more named parties who seek to recover such damages on a representative basis on behalf of themselves and other unnamed parties similarly situated, and (3) common questions of law or fact predominate. This subparagraph must also reach class actions because its definition includes suits brought by named parties on a representative basis.
Although there is overlap between the two, each subparagraph has a separate meaning. Subparagraph (I) includes in its scope all actions brought by groups of more than fifty prospective class members, so class actions of the requisite size can be covered under this definition. But this subparagraph also includes single lawsuits brought by groups of more than fifty persons without any prospective or representative caveat on their plaintiff status. In other words, a lawsuit may be treated as a class action even if all plaintiffs are identified in the complaint and no plaintiff is pursuing claims as a representative on behalf of others, if there are more than fifty such plaintiffs and SLUSAs other requirements are met.
Subparagraph (II)s language includes all actions in which one named plaintiff seeks to recover damages on a representative basis on behalf of themselves and other unnamed parties similarly situated. By its plain and unambiguous terms, it includes any action brought as a putative class action in the traditional Rule 23 meaning of the term. And because this subparagraph contains no fifty-person threshold as (I) does, Subparagraph (II) includes all putative class actions that otherwise meet the relevant requirements in its scope, regardless of this proposed classs size.
This reading of the covered class action definition for single lawsuits still includes some overlap in the scope of each subparagraph; a putative class action in which the proposed class exceeds fifty members could be covered under both Subparagraph (I) and Subparagraph (II). But this redundancy is not unusual or problematic. See Conn. Natl Bank v. Germain , 503 U.S. 249, 253, 112 S.Ct. 1146, 117 L.Ed.2d 391 (1992). More importantly, this reading gives separate effect to both subparagraphs so that each covers something the other does not. See Hibbs v. Winn , 542 U.S. 88, 101, 124 S.Ct. 2276, 159 L.Ed.2d 172 (2004) (A statute should be construed so that effect is given to all its provisions, so that no part will be inoperative or superfluous, void or insignificant. (citation omitted) ). Subparagraph (I) includes lawsuits that, while not class actions in that no plaintiff seeks damages as a representative, identify more than fifty plaintiffs. And Subparagraph (II) includes all putative class actions with fifty or fewer proposed class members.
While the plain language of each subparagraph of § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i) is clear, such that we do not need to resort to considering SLUSAs legislative history to aid in our inquiry, this history is consistent with our interpretation. See Gustafson v. Alloyd Co. Inc. , 513 U.S. 561, 580, 115 S.Ct. 1061, 131 L.Ed.2d 1 (1995) ; see also Cyan , 138 S.Ct. at 1072 (addressing petitioners interpretive arguments based on SLUSAs legislative history). The House Report accompanying SLUSA explains that the covered class action definition includes: actions brought on behalf of more than 50 persons, actions brought on behalf of one or more unnamed parties, and so-called mass actions, in which a group of lawsuits filed in the same court are joined or otherwise proceed as a single action. H.R. Rep. 105-640, at 9 (1998). This explanation separates the types of covered class actions that SLUSA precludes in a way that mirrors how they appear in the statute. Actions brought on behalf of more than fifty persons are covered by Subparagraph (I), actions brought on behalf of unnamed parties are covered by Subparagraph (II), and actions brought as groups of lawsuits in the same court are covered by the group lawsuit definition in § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(ii). See also H.R. Conf. Rep. 105-803, at 13 (1998) (using identical language to explain the covered class action definition).
The Senate Report also explains the covered class action definition in SLUSA. Regarding Subparagraph (I), it states that this portion of the definition provides that any single lawsuit is treated as a class action if it seeks damages on behalf of more than fifty persons and questions of law or fact common to the prospective class predominate, without regard to questions of individualized reliance. S. Rep. 105-182, at 7 (1998) (emphasis added). It also references Subparagraph (II), noting that it provides a definition that closely tracks the relevant provisions of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in which a suit is brought by representative plaintiffs on behalf of themselves and other unnamed parties. Id. Together, these explanations of the covered class action definition in SLUSA envision the same distinction between Subparagraphs (I) and (II) that is reflected in the statutes text.
Applying this interpretation here demonstrates that Nielen-Thomas cannot proceed with her state-law claims. She calls her filing a Class Action Complaint and brings her claims individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated. She specifically pleads that common questions of law and fact exist as to all members of the putative Class and Sub-Classes, she seeks damages from defendants, and she proposes a class of between thirty-five and forty-nine members. Because her proposed class contains fewer than fifty persons, her lawsuit is not a covered class action under Subparagraph (I). However, because she seeks to recover damages on a representative basis, her lawsuit is a covered class action under Subparagraph (II). SLUSA therefore precludes her state-law claims, and the district court was correct to both remove the case from state court and dismiss the state-law claims.
An obvious implication of our § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i)(I)-(II) interpretation is that no putative securities class actions that are based on state law and otherwise meet SLUSAs requirements (they involve a covered security, allege a misrepresentation in connection with that security, etc .) can proceed in either federal or state court under SLUSA. Nielen-Thomas argues this sweeps too broadly; she says the legislative history for SLUSA indicates Congress only intended to preclude certain state actions, but not all of them. See H.R. Conf. Rep. 105-803, at 2 ([T]o prevent certain State private securities class action lawsuits alleging fraud from being used to frustrate the objectives of the [PSLRA], it is appropriate to enact national standards for securities class action lawsuits involving nationally traded securities. (emphasis added) ). But it makes sense that Congress would preclude all actions brought using the class-action device, not just classes alleged to include more than fifty people, when we again consider SLUSAs enactment history and legislative purpose.
Congress passed these amendments to combat a specific problem-litigants were attempting to circumvent the PSLRAs barriers to federal securities class actions by filing their class actions under state law instead. Cyan , 138 S.Ct. at 1067. To that end, SLUSA sought to limit the conduct of securities class actions under State law. SLUSA, 112 Stat 3227. The Supreme Court has consistently underscored this purpose of the amendments. See, e.g. , Cyan , 138 S.Ct. at 1072 (SLUSA preclude[s] certain vexing state-law class actions (quoting Kircher v. Putnam Funds Tr. , 547 U.S. 633, 645 n.12, 126 S.Ct. 2145, 165 L.Ed.2d 92 (2006) ) ). This purpose could be easily frustrated if plaintiffs bringing a state-law securities class action could simply allege that they represented a class of no more than fifty people. If SLUSA did not bar all putative class actions, such suits could proceed through the courts until discovery identified the entire class of plaintiffs. At that point, the actual class could include more than fifty persons, and by that time the abuses that the PSLRA sought to prevent would have already taken place. Cf. Holtz v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. , 846 F.3d 928, 930 (7th Cir. 2017) (SLUSA was designed to prevent artful pleading to evade limits on securities litigation that are designed to block frivolous or abusive suits.). The plain language of § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i) gives effect to SLUSAs purpose and prevents that from happening by including all putative class actions, subject to § 78bb(f)(3) s exceptions, in its covered class action definition.
Nielen-Thomas also proposes two alternative interpretations of SLUSAs covered class action definition. Under either one, her case would not be included in SLUSAs preclusive scope because her proposed class is alleged to contain fewer than fifty members. However, both of these proposed interpretations run contrary to the statutory text.
First, Nielen-Thomas says Subparagraphs (I) and (II) are separate, independent bases for excluding securities class actions from SLUSAs proscriptions. By this reading, if a proposed putative class contains fewer than fifty people, it is exempted under Subparagraph (I) without the need to go further and consider whether Subparagraph (II) might also apply. This interpretation completely reads Subparagraph (II) out of the statute, though, and we do not read statutes in ways that make entire provisions superfluous. See Hibbs , 542 U.S. at 101, 124 S.Ct. 2276. As previously discussed, the definition of covered class action for single lawsuits includes two subparagraphs separated by a disjunctive or. A single lawsuit can therefore be a covered class action under either section, and our analysis cannot stop after determining that a lawsuit does not meet the criteria set out in Subparagraph (I).
Alternatively, Nielen-Thomas claims the fifty-person threshold identified in Subparagraph (I) must also apply to Subparagraph (II) to avoid making the former superfluous. This interpretation is similarly untenable; it attempts to read words from one part of the statute into another part where they do not appear, contravening the plain text. See Water Quality Assn , 795 F.2d at 1309. By including the fifty-person threshold in Subparagraph (I) but omitting it from (II), Congress must have intended that it would only apply to (I). See Dig. Realty Tr., Inc. v. Somers , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 767, 777, 200 L.Ed.2d 15 (2018) ([W]hen Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another[,] we presume that Congress intended a difference in meaning. (alterations in original) (quoting Loughrin v. United States , 573 U.S. 351, 358, 134 S.Ct. 2384, 189 L.Ed.2d 411 (2014) ) ). Indeed, Congress also included the fifty-person threshold in the group lawsuit covered class action definition in § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(ii), directly below § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i), while excluding it from Subparagraph (II). We cannot rewrite the statute that Congress has written to impute the fifty-person threshold where it does not appear.
Nielen-Thomas argues these interpretations find support in statements by both the Supreme Court and Seventh Circuit indicating that class actions brought on behalf of fewer than fifty persons are not covered by SLUSA. See, e.g. , Cyan , 138 S.Ct. at 1067 (According to SLUSAs definitions, the term covered class action means a class action in which damages are sought on behalf of more than 50 persons. (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 77p(f)(2) ) ); Chadbourne & Parke LLP v. Troice , 571 U.S. 377, 380, 134 S.Ct. 1058, 188 L.Ed.2d 88 (2014) (SLUSA forbids the bringing of large securities class actions based upon violations of state law and does not apply to class actions with fewer than 51 persons or prospective class members (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(5)(B) ) ); Dabit , 547 U.S. at 83, 126 S.Ct. 1503 (A covered class action is a lawsuit in which damages are sought on behalf of more than 50 people.); Holtz , 846 F.3d at 934 (stating, near conclusion of opinion, that SLUSA is limited to covered class actions, which means that [plaintiff] could litigate for herself and as many as 49 other customers); Brown , 664 F.3d at 124 (SLUSA prohibits securities class actions if the class has more than 50 members).
These statements appear, in isolation, to support Nielen-Thomas; they reference only the fifty-person threshold from Subparagraph (I) and suggest that only sizable class actions pursued on a representative basis are within SLUSAs scope. But in context, it is clear neither the Supreme Court nor this Circuit is making any interpretive statement regarding the scope of the covered class action definition because that was not the issue these cases addressed. See Cyan , 138 S.Ct. at 1066 (issue was whether SLUSA stripped state courts of jurisdiction over class actions involving 1933 Act violations, and investors did not dispute their class action would be covered); Chadbourne & Parke , 571 U.S. at 381, 134 S.Ct. 1058 (Court considered whether SLUSA encompassed a class action in which plaintiffs alleged they purchased uncovered securities that were falsely presented to them as covered securities); Dabit , 547 U.S. at 83-84, 126 S.Ct. 1503 (plaintiff did not dispute the class was covered under SLUSA, and the issue before the Court involved the in connection with requirement); Holtz , 846 F.3d at 930 (issue was whether plaintiffs contract and fiduciary claims necessarily involved an omission of a material fact to implicate SLUSA); Brown , 664 F.3d at 125 (court addressed whether the plaintiffs complaint alleged a misrepresentation or omission of a material fact in connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security).
The Supreme Court and the Seventh Circuit in these cases did not have the opportunity or need to opine on the contexts in which Subparagraphs (I) or (II) could apply. Thus, all of these statements defining covered class action solely in relation to the fifty-person requirement in Subparagraph (I) are merely dicta rather than an interpretation of SLUSA that we are bound to follow. Cf. In re Air Crash Disaster Near Chi., Ill. on May 25, 1979 , 701 F.2d 1189, 1196 (7th Cir. 1983) (casual dicta of a state supreme court, as opposed to considered dicta, has little precedential weight). Instead, the plain text of SLUSAs covered class action definition governs, and pursuant to this unambiguous text, Nielen-Thomass lawsuit is a covered class action.
In sum, SLUSAs definition of covered class action unambiguously precludes Nielen-Thomass suit. She is a named plaintiff seeking to bring claims on a representative basis and alleges that common questions of law or fact predominate. Thus, § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i)(II) applies, the suit is a covered class action, and SLUSA precludes it from proceeding in both state and federal court.
To the extent the identities of any of the other putative class members are known, and these individuals wish to pursue claims on their own behalf in state court under state law, nothing in SLUSA prevents them from doing so (provided there are fewer than fifty such plaintiffs for which common questions of law or fact predominate). What SLUSA does preclude these individuals from doing is continuing to pursue their claims in the form of a class action.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
See also 15 U.S.C. § 77p(b), (f)(2) (amending Securities Act of 1933 in an identical way). The parties cite solely to the 1934 Act amendments, so we do the same in this opinion unless otherwise noted.
Nielen-Thomas also brought a tenth class claim for breach of the Securities Act of 1933. The district court dismissed it with prejudice for failure to state a claim. Nielen-Thomas does not appeal this aspect of the district courts decision.
Nielen-Thomas voluntarily dismissed Butler as a defendant. Although Butlers firm, Wisconsin Investment Services, is technically still a defendant, it has no assets and is not involved with this appeal.
A covered security is a security traded nationally and listed on a regulated national exchange. Brown v. Calamos , 664 F.3d 123, 124 (7th Cir. 2011) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(5)(E) ).
Although some case law refers to SLUSA preemption rather than preclusion, SLUSA does not itself displace state law with federal law but makes some state-law claims nonactionable through the class-action device in federal as well as state court. Kircher v. Putnam Funds Tr. , 547 U.S. 633, 636 n.1, 126 S.Ct. 2145, 165 L.Ed.2d 92 (2006).
SLUSA also includes a definition of covered class action that applies to any group of lawsuits filed in or pending in the same court in which damages are sought on behalf of more than 50 persons and the lawsuits are joined, consolidated, or otherwise proceed as a single action for any purpose. 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(ii).
Subparagraph (I) also includes a caveat to its commonality requirement: common questions of law or fact must predominate without reference to issues of individualized reliance on an alleged misstatement or omission. § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i)(I). If over fifty plaintiffs are identified in an action, they could attempt to evade treatment as a class action, and SLUSA preclusion, by pointing to the fact of each plaintiffs reliance, which would necessarily require an individualized inquiry. See, e.g. , Basic Inc. v. Levinson , 485 U.S. 224, 242-43, 108 S.Ct. 978, 99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988). But Subparagraph (I) prevents that from happening by removing the reliance issue from the commonality analysis. It can therefore reach actions that are not class actions in the usual sense.
No other circuit has directly opined on the difference between Subparagraphs (I) and (II). The Second and Eighth Circuits have, however, referenced SLUSAs definition of a covered class action in a way that supports our interpretation. See In re Kingate Mgmt. Ltd. Litig. , 784 F.3d 128, 138 n.16 (2d Cir. 2015) ( [C]overed class action includes, with certain exceptions, class actions seeking damages on behalf of unidentified plaintiffs, class actions seeking damages on behalf of more than 50 identified persons, and [group lawsuits].); Green v. Ameritrade, Inc. , 279 F.3d 590, 596 n.4 (8th Cir. 2002) (A covered class action is any suit brought by a class of more than 50 persons, or by one or more named parties acting as class representatives, and where questions of law or fact common to those persons or members of the prospective class predominate over any questions affecting only individual persons or members. (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(5)(B)(i)(II) ) ).
We can assume the truth of Nielen-Thomass well-pleaded factual allegations at this stage without first considering whether a class could be certified. See Brown , 664 F.3d at 125.
Furthermore, Congress did create some exceptions to SLUSAs requirements, in § 78bb(f)(3), so not all class actions are covered. For example, SLUSAs preclusion and removal provisions specifically exclude class actions comprised solely of states and other political subdivisions. See 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(3)(B). Derivative actions are also excluded. See id. § 78bb(f)(5)(C). Certain state securities class actions can go forward under SLUSA, just not those brought by a private party on a representative basis.
The district court dismissed Nielen-Thomass state-law class claims with prejudice. In her reply brief, Nielen-Thomas argues for the first time that even if her action is covered under Subparagraph (II), the Court should still remand with directions to dismiss without prejudice instead because she should be given the opportunity to join other named plaintiffs to her own individual claims. Because Nielen-Thomas waited to raise this challenge until her reply brief, she has waived it. See United States v. Price , 906 F.3d 685, 690 (7th Cir. 2018).