J. Paul Oetken, District Judge:
Plaintiff-Appellant Stephen Lockwood appeals from a June 21, 2017 judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York (Christian F. Hummel, Magistrate Judge ), upholding the decision of Defendant-Appellee Commissioner of Social Security (Commissioner) to deny Lockwoods application for disability insurance benefits. On appeal, Lockwood argues among other things that the District Court should have set aside the benefits denial as unsupported by substantial evidence because the denial relied on expert testimony that contained an unexamined apparent conflict with an authoritative Department of Labor publication, the Dictionary of Occupational Titles . We agree with Lockwood on this point and therefore REVERSE the District Courts judgment and REMAND for further proceedings.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
On November 11, 2011, Lockwood was injured in an automobile accident while working as a landscaper. In the following months, Lockwood experienced abnormal sensation in his hands and severe pain in his neck and was, according to Drs. Srinivasan Mani and Mark Smith, disabled from performing his regular job as a consequence. In terms of diagnosis, the doctors believed that the unusual feeling in Lockwoods hands might be a result of carpal tunnel syndrome and that the neck pain might be attributable to herniated disks in Lockwoods cervical spine.
To address the neck pain, Dr. Smith advised Lockwood to undergo disk-repair surgery. Dr. Richard Tallarico, an orthopedic surgeon, concurred in this advice, and he performed the recommended surgery on November 7, 2012.
Following the surgery, Lockwood consulted several times with Nurse Practitioner Catherine Tomaiuoli. In an early consultation, Nurse Tomaiuoli observed that Lockwoods neck pain persisted and that he had a reduced range of motion in his left shoulder, as well as difficulty with certain arm movements. She recommended that Lockwood receive a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and that he restrict the amount of weight he lifted.
In June 2013, Lockwood received the recommended MRI. Based on the results, Nurse Tomaiuoli referred Lockwood to Dr. John Cannizzaro, an orthopedic surgeon, who examined Lockwood and on July 16, 2013, concluded that his shoulder was 30% disabled. During a subsequent consultation, Dr. Tallarico, the surgeon who had operated on Lockwoods neck, deemed Lockwood to be 75% impaired as a result of his continuing neck and shoulder pain and his limited range of motion. Dr. Tallarico considered Lockwoods disability to be permanent.
Meanwhile, Lockwood was following up on his doctors suggestion that he suffered from carpal tunnel syndrome. On May 22, 2013, he received carpal tunnel release surgery on his right wrist from Dr. Kevin Setter. During a follow-up examination with Nurse Practitioner Carmelita Woods, however, Lockwood reported that he was continuing to experience tenderness and abnormal sensation in his hands. After examining Lockwood, Nurse Woods concluded that Lockwood had 50% and 25% impairments in his right and left hands, respectively, and that carpal tunnel release surgery on the left hand would be appropriate. Dr. Setter performed that surgery on July 1, 2013.
B. Administrative Proceedings
On July 26, 2013, Lockwood submitted an application to the Commissioner pursuant to the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 301 et seq. , seeking disability insurance benefits as of the date of his automobile accident. At the Commissioners request, Lockwood received an examination from orthopedist Dr. Tanya Perkins-Mwantuali. The doctor found that Lockwood had moderate limitation with lifting, pushing, pulling, reaching forward and reaching above the level of the shoulder, and carrying with the use of the left arm. Admin. Record (R.) 330. She also determined that Lockwood had mild to moderate limitations with respect to activities that require a full range of neck motion. Following this assessment, the Commissioner denied Lockwoods benefits application.
Lockwood then requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ). At the resultant June 2, 2014 hearing, the ALJ heard testimony from Lockwood and from Dian Heller, a vocational expert. Heller offered her opinion that a person of Lockwoods age, education, and experience could perform the physical tasks associated with three specific jobs that collectively number around 154,000 nationally, as long as he retained the ability to perform light work that did not require any overhead reaching.
On October 27, 2014, the ALJ issued a written opinion denying benefits. Although the ALJ found that Lockwood suffered from severe impairments, she concluded that he was nonetheless capable of performing certain physical activities that, among other things, did not involve any overhead reaching. R. 19-20. Relying on Hellers testimony regarding the three jobs that people with comparable limitations are capable of performing, and finding that these jobs exist in significant number in the national economy, the ALJ concluded that Lockwood was not entitled to benefits.
Lockwood sought review from the Social Security Appeals Council. The Appeals Council granted review and, in a May 3, 2016 decision, adopted the ALJs opinion as its own in all relevant respects. With that decision, the Commissioners denial of Lockwoods benefits application became final.
C. Federal Court Proceedings
Dissatisfied by the result of the agency proceedings, Lockwood turned to federal court. On June 7, 2016, Lockwood filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York, seeking review of the benefits denial. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) (authorizing judicial review of the Commissioners final decisions). Following submission of the administrative record, both Lockwood and the Commissioner moved for judgment on the pleadings.
In support of his motion, Lockwood advanced two arguments that are relevant here. First, he argued that the Commissioner had relied on Hellers testimony without first probing into an apparent conflict between that testimony and an authoritative Department of Labor publication, the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (the Dictionary ). Specifically, he pointed out that Heller had identified three jobs capable of being performed by a person who cannot reach overhead, but that the Dictionary s descriptions of these jobs state without qualification that each requires reaching. Second, he argued that the Commissioner, in assessing his physical capabilities, failed to address Nurse Woodss observation that he had respective impairments of 50% and 25% in his right and left hands.
The District Court rejected both of Lockwoods arguments. As for the first argument, the District Court held that even if there had been a conflict between Hellers testimony and the Dictionary , the conflict was reconciled because [Hellers] testimony indicate[d] that she based her opinion on her own experience observing the performance of the identified jobs. Lockwood v. Commr of Soc. Sec. , No. 6:16-CV-0648, 2017 WL 2656194, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. June 20, 2017). Therefore, it was possible to reasonably infer that Hellers experience was her basis for testifying that [Lockwood] would be able to perform [the jobs in question] despite a limitation for avoidance of overhead reaching, notwithstanding any contrary indications in the Dictionary . Id.
As for Lockwoods second argument, the District Court held that the omission of Nurse Woodss opinion had been harmless. See id. at *6-8. In the District Courts view, Nurse Woodss opinion was ambiguous as to what precisely [Lockwood] is limited to doing with his hands and so did not undermine the Commissioners conclusion that Lockwood could perform the jobs Heller had identified. Id. at *7.
Having so reasoned, the District Court granted the Commissioners motion for judgment on the pleadings and denied Lockwoods. This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Lockwood renews his arguments that the benefits denial must be set aside because the Commissioner (1) failed to examine an apparent conflict between Hellers testimony and the Dictionary and (2) failed to address Nurse Woodss opinion regarding Lockwoods hand impairments. We agree with Lockwood on the first point and therefore reverse the District Courts judgment and remand for further proceedings. In light of that holding, we need not address Lockwoods second argument.
A. Standard of Review
We may reverse the District Courts decision to uphold the Commissioners denial of benefits only if our plenary review of the administrative record reveals that the [Commissioners] factual findings are not supported by substantial evidence or that the [benefits] decision is based on legal error. Shaw v. Chater , 221 F.3d 126, 131 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) ).
B. Analysis
Our analysis begins and ends with Lockwoods argument that the Commissioners finding that he is capable of performing the three jobs identified by Heller was not based on substantial evidence. In Lockwoods view, the evidence upon which the Commissioner relied in determining what physical demands those jobs entail-Hellers testimony-cannot constitute substantial evidence because it contains an apparent, unresolved conflict with the Dictionary . We agree and therefore conclude that the District Court erred in declining to set aside the Commissioners benefits denial.
Under the Social Security Act, a claimant is ineligible for disability insurance benefits unless, among other things, he suffers an impairment of such severity that he ... cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any ... kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A) ; see also id. § 423(a)(1)(E). Accordingly, even where a claimant is impaired to the point that he can no longer perform his previous work, the Commissioner may properly deny benefits if, considering the claimants residual functional capacity-i.e. , his physical capabilities notwithstanding his impairment, 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545 -and [his] age, education, and work experience, the claimant can make an adjustment to other work, id. § 404.1520(a)(4)(v). If benefits are denied on this basis, however, the Commissioner bears the burden of show[ing] that there is work in the national economy that the claimant can do. Poupore v. Astrue , 566 F.3d 303, 306 (2d Cir. 2009) (per curiam).
A 2000 Social Security Administration Policy Interpretation Ruling (the Ruling) governs the Commissioners assessment of whether any particular job can accommodate a given claimants physical limitations. Under the Ruling, the Commissioner rel[ies] primarily on the [Dictionary ] ... for information about the [jobs] requirements but may also use [vocational experts] ... to resolve complex vocational issues. SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *2 (Dec. 4, 2000). If the Commissioner does consider the testimony of such experts, however, she must be alert to the possibility of apparent unresolved conflict[s] between the testimony and the Dictionary . Id. In light of this possibility, the Ruling tasks the Commissioner with an affirmative responsibility to ask about any possible conflict, id. at *4, and to elicit a reasonable explanation for [any such] conflict before relying on the [vocational experts testimony], id. at *2.
Lockwood now argues, as he did in the District Court, that the Commissioner in this case neglected the Rulings requirements.
In denying Lockwoods benefits application, the Commissioner concluded that Lockwood was not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act because there [were] jobs that exist[ed] in significant numbers in the national economy that [he could] perform. R. 6-7. The Commissioner reasoned that even though Lockwood suffered an impairment that required him to avoid all overhead reaching tasks, Hellers testimony had established that at least three specific jobs existing collectively in significant number in the national economy would accommodate this limitation. R. 6. But, as Lockwood points out, the Dictionary establishes that each of these three jobs requires occasional or frequent reaching. See Dictionary of Occupational Titles 295.357-018, 1991 WL 672589 ; id. 205.367-014, 1991 WL 671715 ; id. 729.684-054, 1991 WL 679729. And because a 1985 Social Security Program Policy Statement defines reaching as extending the hands and arms in any direction , SSR 85-15, 1985 WL 56857, at *7 (Jan. 1, 1985) (emphasis added), Lockwood goes on, the Dictionary raises a potential inconsistency with Hellers testimony that a claimant with a restriction on overhead reaching is capable of performing the three jobs at issue. In his view, then, the Ruling required the Commissioner to probe this apparent conflict before relying on Hellers testimony.
We agree. As the Fourth Circuit has persuasively explained, the Ruling mandates that whenever the Commissioner intends to rely[ ] on [a] vocational experts testimony, she must identify and inquire into all those areas where the experts testimony seems to ... conflict with the Dictionary . Pearson v. Colvin , 810 F.3d 204, 209 (4th Cir. 2015) (emphasis added). In other words, the Ruling requires the Commissioner to obtain a reasonable explanation for any apparent -even if non-obvious-conflict between the Dictionary and a vocational experts testimony. SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *2 (emphasis added). In both the 1985 Policy Statement and common usage, reaching includes overhead reaching. Cf. Selian v. Astrue , 708 F.3d 409, 422 (2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (suggesting that the inability to reach above ones head may be inconsistent with a job that requires reaching). Testimony that a claimant with overhead reaching limitations is capable of performing a job that the Dictionary describes as requiring reaching, then, creates at least an apparent conflict that triggers the Commissioners duty to elicit an explanation that would justify crediting the testimony. See, e.g. , Prochaska v. Barnhart , 454 F.3d 731, 736 (7th Cir. 2006) (describing such testimony as raising exactly the sort of inconsistency the [Commissioner] should ... resolve[ ]); see also Pearson , 810 F.3d at 210-11 (similar); Kemp ex rel. Kemp v. Colvin , 743 F.3d 630, 632-33 (8th Cir. 2014) (similar).
The Commissioners arguments to the contrary do not persuade us. First, she suggests that there is no conflict between the expert testimony and the Dictionary because describing a job as requiring reaching does not necessarily establish that it requires overhead reaching. See Gutierrez v. Colvin , 844 F.3d 804, 808-09 (9th Cir. 2016) ; see also Segovia v. Astrue , 226 F. Appx 801, 804 (10th Cir. 2007) ([E]ven a job requiring frequent reaching does not necessarily require more than occasional overhead reaching. (emphasis in original) ). But while this Court could guess what the three jobs Heller identified require in reality, it [was] the [Commissioners] duty to elicit an explanation from [Heller] as to whether th[ose] occupations actually require ... overhead reaching. Spears v. Colvin , No. 15-CV-6236, 2016 WL 4973890, at *5 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 19, 2016). The importance of teasing out such details is precisely why the Commissioner bears an affirmative responsibility to ask about any possible conflict between [vocational expert] evidence and information provided in the [Dictionary ]. SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *4 (emphasis added). Absent such an inquiry, the Commissioner lacks a substantial basis for concluding that no such conflicts in fact exist. See Washington v. Commr of Soc. Sec. , 906 F.3d 1353, 1366 (11th Cir. 2018) (We take the word apparent [as used in the Ruling] to mean seeming real or true, but not necessarily so. (quoting Pearson , 810 F.3d at 209 ) ).
Second, the Commissioner contends that the Dictionary s narrative descriptions of the three jobs at issue contain no express reference to overhead reaching. Thus, the Commissioner invites us to disregard the apparent conflict between Hellers testimony and the physical requirements enumerated in the Dictionary s occupational descriptions. See Burgess v. Colvin , No. 13-CV-6177, 2014 WL 1875360, at *13 (W.D.N.Y. May 9, 2014) (consulting the narrative descriptions of certain jobs requiring reaching to conclude that the jobs are consistent with an overhead-reaching limitation). This argument, though, fails for essentially the reasons given above. While the Dictionary s narrative descriptions certainly make it conceivable that the three jobs Heller identified do not require overhead reaching, the Commissioner bore the burden of showing that Lockwood is actually capable of performing those jobs. See Poupore , 566 F.3d at 306. If the Commissioner wished to rely on Hellers expert testimony to carry that burden, the Ruling makes clear that she was obliged to identify and resolve the apparent conflict between that testimony and the Dictionary , even if there is a chance that, upon inquiry, no actual conflict would have emerged.
Third and finally, the Commissioner argues that even if-as we have now concluded-the apparent conflict between Hellers testimony and the Dictionary triggered her duty to probe further, the ALJ adequately carried out that duty. After Heller had identified three jobs that, in her view, a person with Lockwoods limitations could perform, the ALJ asked whether this opinion was consistent with [the Dictionary ]. R. 41. Heller replied, in relevant part, It is. Id. According to the Commissioner, this exchange operated to resolve any apparent conflict.
We disagree. As the Eleventh Circuit has recently explained, the Commissioners duty to identify and resolve apparent conflicts between [the Dictionary ] and [vocational expert] testimony ... is not fulfilled simply by taking the [vocational expert] at his word that his testimony comports with the [Dictionary ] when the record reveals an apparent conflict. Washington , 906 F.3d at 1362. Rather, the Ruling places the onus on the Commissioner, acting through her ALJs, to affirmatively [i]dentify any conflicts. SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *1. Allowing the Commissioner to fulfill this obligation through catch-all question[s] like the one the ALJ posed during Lockwoods hearing would essentially shunt the Commissioners duty to identify, explain and resolve apparent conflicts onto the testifying expert. Patti v. Colvin , No. 13-CV-1123, 2015 WL 114046, at *6 (W.D.N.Y. Jan. 8, 2015). Particularly in light of [t]he inquisitorial nature of disability hearings-in which claimants often appear pro se -we agree with the Eleventh Circuit that the Ruling must be read to impose[ ] an independent, affirmative obligation on the part of the ALJ to undertake a meaningful investigatory effort to uncover apparent conflicts, beyond merely asking the [vocational expert] if there is one. Washington , 906 F.3d at 1364.
In the end, the Commissioner failed to reconcile Hellers testimony that a person with an overhead reaching limitation can perform the three jobs at issue here with the Dictionary s indication that all three jobs require reaching. Hellers testimony cannot, then, represent substantial evidence capable of demonstrating that Lockwood can successfully perform work in the national economy. It may well be that the apparent conflict between Hellers testimony and the Dictionary is susceptible to easy resolution-if, for example, the reaching involved in the three jobs at issue consists exclusively of lateral or downward reaching. But it is not our role to speculate as to how or whether that conflict might have been resolved had the Commissioner carried out her responsibility to probe such matters. Instead, we must reverse and remand for further proceedings so that the Commissioner may have the opportunity to conduct the requisite inquiry in the first instance.
In light of this result, the Court has no occasion to reach Lockwoods argument that the Commissioner failed to address Nurse Woodss opinion regarding Lockwoods hand impairments. Neither the ALJ nor the Appeals Council explicitly addressed Nurse Woodss opinion when denying Lockwoods benefits application. See R. 4-7, 17-24. The Commissioner maintains that this omission is of no moment: She argues that the record makes clear that the nurses opinion was in fact considered, if not explicitly remarked upon, and that any failure to consider the opinion would have been harmless in any event. Lockwood disagrees on both points. Because Lockwoods case must return to the agency either way for the reasons already given, the Commissioner will have the opportunity on remand to obviate this dispute altogether by giving express consideration to Nurse Woodss opinion and by making clear what, if any, weight it merits.
III. CONCLUSION
To summarize, we hold that the District Court erred in determining that substantial evidence supported the Commissioners denial of Lockwoods disability insurance benefits application. This is because the Commissioners denial was based on evidence that contained an apparent conflict with the Dictionary s authoritative guidance, and yet the Commissioner failed to take any steps to explore or resolve that conflict. In light of this holding, we decline to address Lockwoods argument that reversal is independently warranted as a consequence of the Commissioners failure to expressly consider Nurse Woodss medical opinion.
For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the District Courts judgment and REMAND for further proceedings.
The Administrative Record is available at Docket Number 8 of the District Court docket. Lockwood v. Commissioner , No. 6:16-CV-0648 (N.D.N.Y.).
This opinions references to the Dictionary also include where relevant the Dictionary s companion publication, the Selected Characteristics of Occupations Defined in the Revised Dictionary of Occupational Titles .
To the extent that other courts have understood the Rulings reference to an apparent conflict to refer to a conflict that is obvious, see, e.g. , Gutierrez v. Colvin , 844 F.3d 804, 808-09 (9th Cir. 2016), we respectfully disagree for the reasons the Fourth Circuit has cogently articulated, see Pearson , 810 F.3d at 209-10.
For the same reason, we decline to follow the District Court in infer[ring] that Hellers personal observations of the jobs about which she testified led her to conclude that those jobs do not entail overhead reaching. Lockwood , 2017 WL 2656194, at *5. While Hellers observations may well explain the apparent discrepancy between her testimony and the Dictionary , the fact remains that it is the Commissioners responsibility to obtain a reasonable explanation for any such discrepancies, and not this Courts obligation to concoct one post hoc . SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *1.