MOORE, Chief Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
David Apkan, special administrator of the estate of Musa Gwelo, brought an action against Life Care Centers of America, Inc., and Consolidated Resources Health Care Fund I, L.P., doing business as Life Care Center at Elkhorn (collectively Life Care), asserting Life Cares negligence caused Gwelo pain and suffering and led to her subsequent death. Apkan appeals the order of the district court for Douglas County, which granted summary judgment in favor of Life Care. On appeal, Apkan challenges the district courts admission of two affidavits over his objection. He further assigns the district court erred in failing to apply the common-knowledge exception to the requirement of expert testimony to prove causation. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
II. BACKGROUND
Apkan filed a complaint on June 17, 2014. He alleged that Gwelo was a resident of Life Cares nursing home in Elkhorn, Nebraska, from July 6 to 9, 2012, and that Life Care breached its duty to care for Gwelo, resulting in Gwelos falling from her bed and suffering injury and in her subsequent death on July 12. The complaint set forth a negligence claim for Gwelos pain and suffering prior to her death and for her wrongful death.
In its answer, Life Care admitted that Gwelo was its resident during the alleged time period, that it is skilled in the performance of nursing, and that it is properly staffed and licensed by the Department of Health and Human Services as alleged in Apkans complaint. In all other respects, it denied the allegations of Apkans complaint.
Life Care filed a motion for summary judgment, alleging that there were no genuine issues of material fact and that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. On August 19, 2016, the court heard arguments on the summary judgment motion. In support of its motion, Life Care offered the affidavits of Kirk Sweeney and Dr. Donald R. Frey, which the court received into evidence over Apkans foundational objection.
Sweeneys affidavit stated that he was the director of Life Cares Elkhorn facility at all times relevant to Apkans complaint. His affidavit included the following statements: Life Care admitted Gwelo on July 6, 2012, when she was transferred there from a hospital where she had been for several weeks. Gwelo was admitted to Life Care with several medical diagnoses, including multiple myeloma, bacteremia, chronic pain, osteoporosis, thrombocytopenia, anemia, tachycardia, and depressive disorder. Gwelo requested Do Not Resuscitate status at the time of her admission and completed the appropriate forms. Around 5 p.m. on July 6, a nurse checked on Gwelo, finding her on the floor on her left side in a fetal position. Life Care was not aware of anyone who witnessed how Gwelo got from her bed to the floor. On July 9, Gwelo was transported to a cancer center for treatment, was readmitted to the hospital that day, and did not return to Life Care. Gwelo died on July 12. Her death certificate lists multiple myeloma as her immediate cause of death. A copy of her Do Not Resuscitate form and her death certificate were attached to Sweeneys affidavit.
Dr. Freys affidavit and attached curriculum vitae stated that he is a medical doctor specializing in family medicine in Omaha, Nebraska. Frey outlined his educational background, his board certification in family and geriatric medicine, and his special qualifications in the area of geriatric medicine. Frey practices at a medical center and a family healthcare facility. He has written peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed articles and books about family and geriatric medicine and has given presentations and radio interviews on the same. Freys affidavit included the following statements: Frey has regularly seen and cared for residents, like Gwelo, who reside in assisted living facilities, like Life Care. Based on his education, training, and experience, he is familiar with the generally recognized standard of care for assisted living facilities and healthcare providers working in assisted living facilities. He reviewed Apkans complaint and hundreds, if not more than a thousand, pages of medical records related to Gwelos medical condition and treatment prior to her death.
Gwelo was 51 years old at the time of her death. Her official cause of death was multiple myeloma, a cancer of the blood, with which she was first diagnosed in October 2004. When the hospital discharged Gwelo to Life Care, her medical providers recommended she either be placed in hospice care or be moved to a nursing home. In addition to her multiple myeloma, Gwelo was being treated for a sepsis infection of her port (used to provide chemotherapy treatments). She also suffered from pancytopenia, secondary to her multiple myeloma, which required frequent blood transfusions ; acute respiratory failure; congestive heart failure ; hypokalemia (low potassium); malnutrition; headaches; and various other medical conditions. At the time of her admission to Life Care, Gwelos prognosis was poor and she appeared extremely weak. Gwelo had no history of falls prior to her admission to Life Care.
In the early evening of July 6, 2012, only hours after her admission to Life Care, a nurse found Gwelo lying on the floor in a fetal position. But no one reported observing or witnessing how she got from her bed to the floor. The records from Life Care reflect that its staff followed all appropriate precautions regarding falls. In addition, based on a review of the records, little evidence suggests Gwelo actually fell out of her bed, other than the allegations in Apkans complaint. Gwelo suffered from low platelets, which posed a risk of her passing out and falling. Although the hospital noted some bleeding on Gwelos brain on July 9, her low platelets may have caused a spontaneous bleed. Based on Dr. Freys review of the evidence and information in the case, his credentials, and his knowledge of the applicable standard of care, he opined to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that Life Care at all times met the applicable standard of care and that the alleged actions or inactions of Life Care did not cause Gwelos death, alleged damages, or both.
In response to Life Cares motion, Apkan submitted his own affidavit, which the court received into evidence. Apkan stated he was Gwelos longtime companion for over 12 years. At 11:48 p.m. on July 6, 2012, a staff member at Life Care contacted him, saying Gwelo had fallen to the floor. The staff member explained that Gwelo was examined after the fall, returned to her bed, and would be monitored for the rest of the night. Apkan immediately drove to Life Care in Elkhorn. When he arrived at Gwelos room, he found her lying on the floor, motionless, in a soiled nightgown. Apkan looked for help but could find no staff members in the hallway or near Gwelos room. Apkan lifted Gwelo and placed her on her bed, noticing the bed linens were also soiled with feces and urine. Apkan alerted Life Cares staff to her situation. He returned to Gwelos room where he waited 30 minutes for a staff member to check on her. The staff member told Apkan that Gwelo was all right, and Apkan left when he felt Gwelo was safe and asleep.
Apkan returned to Life Care each day until Gwelo left the facility on July 9, 2012. Apkan did not recall nursing staff conducting any medical tests or evaluating Gwelos thinking or neurological status while he was visiting. During his visits, Gwelo complained of a severe headache, which Life Cares staff acknowledged. They occasionally provided her with pain medication. Apkan was not aware of whether Life Care informed Gwelos physician of her falls or her subsequent headache complaints. Gwelo had an outpatient appointment on July 9. Upon Gwelos arrival at the clinic, the nursing staff concluded her condition was not stable, and she was transferred to a hospital emergency room. At the emergency room, Apkan informed the doctors of Gwelos falls and headaches. The hospital staff informed him that Gwelo suffered from two subdural hematomas on her brain that were actively bleeding and could not be surgically treated due to her platelet deficiency. Due to the hematomas, her cancer treatments were suspended, and she died on July 12.
The court granted the parties leave to submit briefs and took the matter under advisement. On January 11, 2017, the court entered an order on Life Cares motion for summary judgment. The court found that Dr. Freys affidavit established that Life Care met the applicable standard of care. The court noted, Implicit in this is the determination that if the actions of [Life Care] in treating [Gwelo] comported with the applicable standard of care, the actions of [Life Care] could not have been a proximate cause of any damage suffered by [Gwelo]. Because Apkan failed to provide contrary evidence on the issue of causation, the court granted Life Cares motion for summary judgment. The court further found that Apkan could not proceed under the common-knowledge exception to the requirement for expert testimony to prove causation because the evidence did not support a determination that Life Cares conduct was extreme and obvious misconduct. Apkan appeals.
III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Apkan assigns, restated, that the district court erred in (1) overruling his objections to Life Cares affidavits in support of summary judgment, (2) finding that Dr. Freys affidavit provided evidence that Life Care met the applicable standard of care, (3) finding that the common-knowledge exception did not apply, and (4) entering summary judgment in favor of Life Care.
As addressed by Life Care in its appellate brief, Apkan does not specifically argue his assignment of error regarding Sweeneys affidavit. In the absence of plain error, an appellate court considers only claimed errors that are both assigned and discussed. Salem Grain Co. v. Consolidated Grain & Barge Co., 297 Neb. 682, 900 N.W.2d 909 (2017).
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings and evidence admitted at the hearing disclose that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact or as to the ultimate inferences that may be drawn from those facts and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Oldfield v. Nebraska Machinery Co., 296 Neb. 469, 894 N.W.2d 278 (2017). In reviewing a summary judgment, an appellate court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against whom the judgment is granted and gives that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences deducible from the evidence. Walters v. Sporer, 298 Neb. 536, 905 N.W.2d 70 (2017).
Generally, an appellate court will reverse a trial courts decision to receive or exclude the otherwise relevant testimony of an expert only when there has been an abuse of discretion. See Cohan v. Medical Imaging Consultants, 297 Neb. 111, 900 N.W.2d 732 (2017). An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial courts decision is based upon reasons that are untenable or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience, reason, and evidence. ACI Worldwide Corp. v. Baldwin Hackett & Meeks, 296 Neb. 818, 896 N.W.2d 156 (2017).
V. ANALYSIS
In essence, Apkans appeal assigns that because the court erred in admitting the affidavits of Sweeney and Dr. Frey, it also erred in granting Life Cares motion for summary judgment. As discussed below, the district court properly admitted both affidavits into evidence. While Dr. Freys expert opinion applied the incorrect standard of care, he also found Life Cares action or inaction did not cause Gwelos death or damages. As a result, we find that Life Care has made a prima facie case for summary judgment to which Apkan did not respond with contradictory evidence. More, the cause of Gwelos death was not obvious to the layperson such that Apkan did not need to support his allegations with expert testimony. Therefore, we affirm the decision of the district court.
1. AFFIDAVIT OF SWEENEY
Apkan assigns as error, but does not argue, that the district court erred in admitting Sweeneys affidavit into evidence. Therefore, we review the courts decision for plain error. See Salem Grain Co. v. Consolidated Grain & Barge Co., supra. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1334 (Reissue 2016), supporting affidavits in summary judgment proceedings shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein. See Green v. Box Butte General Hosp., 284 Neb. 243, 818 N.W.2d 589 (2012).
Life Care submitted Sweeneys affidavit, which stated that he was the director of the Life Cares Elkhorn facility and that his affidavit was based on his personal knowledge. On our review for plain error, we find Sweeney had sufficient personal knowledge, his affidavit set forth facts that would be admissible in evidence, and he was competent to testify to the matters stated in his affidavit. The district court did not abuse its discretion in entering it into evidence.
2. AFFIDAVIT OF DR. FREY
Apkan assigns that the district court erred in admitting Dr. Freys affidavit into evidence. He argues that Dr. Freys affidavit does not apply the appropriate standard of care in deter-mining whether Life Care was negligent, because his affidavit applies the standard of care for assisted living facilit[ies] while the parties agreed that Life Care is a skilled nursing facility. Apkan argues that because assisted living facilities and skilled nursing facilities require a different standard of care, Dr. Freys opinion as to whether Life Cares conduct met the required standard of care is irrelevant. In response, Life Care argues that Dr. Freys references to the standard of care for assisted living facilities was a scriveners error that did not affect the standard of care he applied. An examination of the statutory differences between skilled nursing facilities and assisted living facilities is useful to our determination of the appropriate standard of care in this case.
(a) Standards of Care
Under Nebraska law, skilled nursing facilities provide a higher level of care than assisted living facilities. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-429 (Reissue 2009) defines a skilled nursing facility as a facility where medical care, skilled nursing care, rehabilitation, or related services and associated treatment are provided for a period of more than twenty-four consecutive hours to persons residing at such facility who are ill, injured, or disabled. The Nebraska Nursing Home Act regulates these facilities. See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 71-6008 to 71-6037 (Reissue 2009). With some exceptions, skilled nursing facilities must maintain a licensed registered nurse for at least 8 consecutive hours every day and must always have a licensed registered nurse or licensed practical nurse on duty. § 71-6018.01(1). The Nebraska Nursing Home Act does not place restrictions on the types of patients a skilled nursing facility may admit based on their needs.
By contrast, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-5904 (Reissue 2009), at the time relevant to this appeal, intended assisted living facilities to promote resident self-direction and participation in decisions which emphasize independence, individuality, privacy, dignity, and residential surroundings. According to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-5905 (Reissue 2009), assisted living facilities are unable to admit certain patients based on the level of care they require and, at the time relevant to this appeal, provided:
(1) An assisted-living facility shall not admit or retain a resident who requires complex nursing interventions or whose condition is not stable or predictable unless:
(b) The resident or his or her authorized representative agrees to arrange for the care of the resident through appropriate private duty personnel, a licensed home health agency, or a licensed hospice[.]
Based on the statutory differences between skilled nursing facilities and assisted living facilities, we conclude they have differing standards of care. Dr. Frey applied the standard of care for assisted living facilities rather than the standard of care for skilled nursing facilities such as Life Care. We cannot dismiss Dr. Freys assessment of Life Care based on the standard of care applicable to assisted living facilities as a mere scriveners error. Even if, as Life Care alleges, Dr. Freys curriculum vitae demonstrates that he was qualified to provide an expert opinion as to the standard of care for skilled nursing facilities, his failure to explicitly do so makes his opinion as to whether Life Care met the applicable standard of care irrelevant. See Green v. Box Butte General Hosp., 284 Neb. 243, 818 N.W.2d 589 (2012).
But Dr. Frey also opined in his affidavit that the alleged actions or inactions of Life Care did not cause Gwelos death or alleged damages. We find the district court properly admitted the portions of the affidavit describing the element of causation, which we discuss below.
(b) Causation
Regardless of the relevance of Dr. Freys affidavit as to the standard of care, it provides uncontroverted evidence that Life Cares actions or inactions did not cause Gwelos death or alleged damages. Because Dr. Freys affidavit and curriculum vitae establish his credentials to evaluate cause of injuries and death, we find the district court did not err in finding sufficient foundation for the affidavit under § 25-1334 and admitting it into evidence.
An experts opinion is ordinarily admissible under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-702 (Reissue 2016) if the witness (1) qualifies as an expert, (2) has an opinion that will assist the trier of fact, (3) states his or her opinion, and (4) is prepared to disclose the basis of that opinion on cross-examination. ACI Worldwide Corp. v. Baldwin Hackett & Meeks, 296 Neb. 818, 896 N.W.2d 156 (2017). Dr. Freys affidavit clearly establishes his credentials that qualify him as an expert. In it, Dr. Frey stated his opinion about the cause of Gwelos death and damages and set forth the basis for that opinion.
Apkan insists the district court should have disregarded Dr. Freys entire expert opinion based on his application of the inappropriate standard of care. He bases this argument on Green v. Box Butte General Hosp., supra. In Green, a rural hospital admitted a paraplegic patient who, during his unassisted attempt to move from his wheelchair to a shower chair, fell and injured his left shoulder. The patient filed suit against the hospital, alleging that the hospitals negligence caused his left shoulder injury. A professor of nursing gave deposition testimony in which she opined that the hospital violated the standard of care in its treatment of the patient. But she did not claim to be familiar with the standard of care for rural hospitals. The patient moved for partial summary judgment on the issues of negligence and causation, which the district court granted. On appeal, the Nebraska Supreme Court found the district court erred in granting the patients motion of summary judgment because the professor did not testify about the standard of care applicable to nurses in rural hospitals. Id.
The present case is distinguishable from Green. Although Dr. Frey did not provide the appropriate standard of care, he did provide an opinion about the cause of Gwelos death and damages. Based on the credentials listed in Dr. Freys curriculum vitae, the district court found he was qualified to provide expert testimony about causation. Although Apkan provided sufficient foundational reasons to disregard Dr. Freys opinion about whether Life Care met the applicable standard of care, he provides no reason to disregard the contents of the remainder of Dr. Freys affidavit regarding causation.
Further in Green, the plaintiff filed the motion for summary judgment. For the court to grant his motion, he was required to prove all elements of a negligence case: a legal duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach of such duty, causation, and resulting damages. See id. Here, the defendant, Life Care, moved for summary judgment. For the court to grant summary judgment to the defendant in a negligence action, the defendant need only prove that there is no issue of material fact as to one of the elements such that the defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See, e.g., McReynolds v. RIU Resorts and Hotels, 293 Neb. 345, 880 N.W.2d 43 (2016) (finding hotel guests negligence claim precluded due to absence of hotels duty to guest); Latzel v. Bartek, 288 Neb. 1, 846 N.W.2d 153 (2014) (finding summary judgment in favor of defendant was appropriate because intervening cause eliminated element of causation from plaintiffs negligence action).
Dr. Freys affidavit and attached curriculum vitae establish that he is qualified to assess the cause of Gwelos alleged damages (i.e., her alleged pain and suffering) and subsequent death. We find, therefore, that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Dr. Freys affidavit into evidence at the hearing on Life Cares motion for summary judgment.
3. COMMON-KNOWLEDGE EXCEPTION DOES NOT APPLY
Apkan assigns that the district court erred in finding Life Cares negligence was not so palpable that a layperson could recognize it without expert proof. When the character of an alleged injury is subjective rather than objective, a plaintiff must establish the cause and extent of the injury through expert medical testimony. Lewison v. Renner, 298 Neb. 654, 905 N.W.2d 540 (2018). But the common-knowledge exception, which stems from the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, applies where the causal link between the defendants negligence and the plaintiffs injuries is sufficiently obvious to laypersons that a court can infer causation as a matter of law. See, Thone v. Regional West Med. Ctr., 275 Neb. 238, 745 N.W.2d 898 (2008) ; Keys v. Guthmann, 267 Neb. 649, 676 N.W.2d 354 (2004).
After our review of the record, we find the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the common-knowledge exception does not apply. Gwelo suffered from multiple myeloma for 8 years prior to her stay in Life Cares facilities. The record shows that the disease had taken a dramatic toll on her well-being at the time Life Care admitted her, and by all accounts, she was nearing the end of her life. As Dr. Freys affidavit outlined, Gwelo arrived at Life Care with many different health problems. No witnesses could identify how Gwelo came to be found on the floor or to show that she actually fell from her bed. Dr. Frey noted that Gwelo suffered from low platelets, which may have caused the brain bleed the hospital found after Gwelo left Life Care. Given this evidence, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Life Cares conduct did not obviously cause Gwelos death or damages such that a layperson could identify it without the assistance of expert testimony.
4. SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Apkan assigns that the district court erred in granting Life Cares motion for summary judgment. To prevail in any negligence action, a plaintiff must show a legal duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach of such duty, causation, and resulting damages. Lewison v. Renner, supra. See, also, King v. Crowell Memorial Home, 261 Neb. 177, 622 N.W.2d 588 (2001) (affirming directed verdict for nursing home in negligence action where plaintiff provided no evidence that any actions or inactions of nursing home caused decedents death).
The party moving for summary judgment has the burden to show that no genuine issue of material fact exists and must produce sufficient evidence to demonstrate that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Benard v. McDowall, LLC, 298 Neb. 398, 904 N.W.2d 679 (2017). A prima facie case for summary judgment is shown by producing enough evidence to demonstrate that the movant is entitled to a judgment in its favor if the evidence were uncontroverted at trial. Id. After the moving party has shown facts entitling it to a judgment as a matter of law, the opposing party has the burden to present evidence showing an issue of material fact that prevents judgment for the moving party. Midland Properties v. Wells Fargo, 296 Neb. 407, 893 N.W.2d 460 (2017).
Life Care, the party moving for summary judgment, provided sufficient evidence through the affidavits of Sweeney and Dr. Frey to establish that Gwelos alleged injuries and death were not caused by any actions or inactions on the part of Life Care. Apkan adduced no evidence to support his allegation that Gwelo actually fell while in Life Care or how she came to be on the floor. And the record contained no evidence that Gwelo suffered an actual injury while in the Life Care facility. Apkan points to the subdural hematomas noted at the hospital after Gwelo left the facility. But after Dr. Freys review of Gwelos extensive medical records, he found that the subdural hematomas noted at the hospital could have resulted from a spontaneous bleed caused by her low platelet count. Apkan did not adduce evidence to contradict Dr. Freys findings or to establish what caused the subdural hematomas.
Dr. Frey provided an expert medical opinion that Life Cares alleged actions or inactions did not cause Gwelos death or alleged damages. Gwelos death certificate stated that her multiple myeloma was her immediate cause of death. Apkan did not adduce evidence to contradict this cause of death.
Life Care sustained its burden to show that no genuine issue of material fact existed as to causation. The burden then shifted to Apkan to prove genuine issues of material fact remained. Apkan failed to do so. Speculation and conjecture are not sufficient to establish causation. King v. Crowell, supra.
Without evidence that Life Cares actions or inactions caused Gwelos injuries and death, the district court could not find Life Care liable in negligence for any resulting damages. Although our analysis differs, in part, from that of the district court in that we do not rely upon Dr. Freys opinion regarding standard of care, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in granting Life Cares motion for summary judgment, because there is no genuine issue of fact regarding causation.
VI. CONCLUSION
The district court did not err in admitting Sweeneys affidavit or the affidavit of Dr. Frey as it relates to causation. Nor did the district court err in finding that the common-knowledge doctrine did not apply. We affirm the district courts grant of summary judgment in favor of Life Care, because the evidence was unrebutted that the alleged actions or inactions of Life Care did not cause Gwelos death or damages.
AFFIRMED .