Judge MANNHEIMER.
Paino Manuel Alvarez-Perdomo was convicted of first-degree assault for shooting his mother in the side, and also third-degree weapons misconduct for being a felon in possession of a concealable firearm.
Alvarez-Perdomo appeals his convictions, arguing that the trial judge forced him to testify at his trial, thus violating his constitutional right not to be compelled to incriminate himself. We agree that the trial judge committed error by forcing Alvarez-Perdomo to take the stand when he never clearly stated that he wished to testify. However, we conclude that, given the facts of Alvarez-Perdomos case, this error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, and we therefore affirm Alvarez-Perdomos convictions.
Underlying facts
On the afternoon of August 8, 2012, Alvarez-Perdomo called his mother, Altagracia Guillen, and asked if she would come over to his apartment. When Guillen arrived, Alvarez-Perdomo answered the door, but he remained inside the apartment and Guillen remained outside the door. According to Guillens later testimony, Alvarez-Perdomo was holding his right hand behind his back, and his eyes looked sad. Guillen thought that something was not quite right, and she decided not to enter the apartment.
Guillen then heard a loud noise, as if a weapon of some kind had been fired. She later told the police and medical personnel that she felt something hit her in the abdomen, although she did not immediately feel any pain. Guillen then started running away from her sons apartment, through a parking lot. As Guillen was running through the parking lot, she heard another gunshot. She finally reached a nearby restaurant, where she stopped to seek help and to call her daughter. By this time, Guillen was bleeding profusely, and an ambulance was summoned.
The police soon responded to the scene, and they could see that Guillen was wounded and bleeding. When Guillen was asked what happened, she replied that her son had just shot her.
A later medical examination revealed that Guillen had suffered a through-and-through gunshot wound to her lower abdomen. She was lucky: somehow the bullet had passed through her body without hitting any major organs.
The police went to Alvarez-Perdomos apartment, and Alvarez-Perdomo surrendered to the police without incident. As soon as the police entered the apartment, they could smell the odor of a recently fired gun, and they found a revolver in Alvarez-Perdomos bedroom. This revolver contained five cartridges-two of which had been fired.
Based on this evidence, Alvarez-Perdomo was convicted of first-degree assault (for shooting his mother) and third-degree weapons misconduct (for being a felon in possession of a concealable firearm).
The issue presented in this appeal arose toward the end of Alvarez-Perdomos trial, when his attorney announced that he did not intend to present a defense case. Under the rule established in LaVigne v. State , the defense attorneys announcement triggered the trial judges obligation to question Alvarez-Perdomo personally-to make sure that Alvarez-Perdomo understood that he had the right to testify at his trial, and that the decision whether to testify lay solely with him, regardless of his defense attorneys wishes.
This LaVigne inquiry began with the trial judge explaining (actually, re-explaining) that Alvarez-Perdomo had the right to testify or the right to remain silent, and that this was Alvarez-Perdomos personal decision. But when the judge asked Alvarez-Perdomo whether he had decided to remain silent, Alvarez-Perdomo did not offer a definite answer:
The Court : Mr. Alvarez-Perdomo, you might remember that, at the beginning of the trial, I talked to you about the issue of whether you would or would not testify. And ... I want to emphasize again that, by talking to you about your decision, I dont mean to suggest that I think you should do one thing or another. I just need to make sure, once again, that you understand what your rights are in this area.
As I told you before, this jury has been instructed that ... you have an absolute right to remain silent. And if you choose to remain silent, the jury may not discuss that matter. They cant hold it against you or consider it in any way. And your attorney ... has advised me that you have chosen to not testify. Is that correct?
Alvarez-Perdomo : I think so.
The Court : All right. Do you know so?
Alvarez-Perdomo : I dont know.
The Court : All right. [To the defense attorney] You need some more time to talk to him?
Defense Attorney : Apparently, Your Honor. If I could have a few moments.
When court reconvened, Alvarez-Perdomos defense attorney informed the judge that he had counseled Alvarez-Perdomo to refrain from testifying, since it appeared that there was nothing to be gained through his testimony. However, the defense attorney also informed the judge that Alvarez-Perdomo resent[ed] the fact that the defense attorney kept telling him that this decision was up to him (i.e. , up to Alvarez-Perdomo). Apparently, Alvarez-Perdomo believed that it was part of the defense attorneys duty (as his legal representative) to make this decision for him.
When the judge asked Alvarez-Perdomo whether he needed still more time to discuss this matter with his attorney, Alvarez-Perdomo gave a rambling, non-responsive answer:
Alvarez-Perdomo : I dont know. No, because the paperwork-they have been giving me the documents, [and] I do not understand them. They are-they just say I am guilty, I am guilty. And I dont know why they want to-they want to make me guilty about strange things.
At this point, the judge called another recess so that Alvarez-Perdomo could again confer with his attorney.
When court reconvened, the defense attorney apprised the judge of his renewed conversation with his client:
Defense Attorney : Your Honor, Ive spoken with Mr. Alvarez-Perdomo, and ... I indicated my advice was not to testify. He indicated he agreed with that advice. [But] I think I understand his position: hes frustrated that I keep asking him the same question, and that Im not protecting him in [the] courtroom, and just [keep] putting him on the spot with the judge. I dont know if the Courts obligation [under LaVigne ] can be satisfied on my representation, but he has indicated to me that he accepts my advice not to testify. And I think, because he has an absolute right not to testify, even though we cant stop him from testifying if hed like to, [that] unless he [affirmatively] indicates right now that he wants to testify, or that Im misrepresenting [his position], I think that were legally sound to proceed without his testimony.
After hearing the defense attorneys explanation, the judge repeatedly asked Alvarez-Perdomo if it was correct (1) that he had spoken with his attorney, and (2) that his attorney had advised him not to testify. Alvarez-Perdomo would not answer the judges questions.
When the judge pressed Alvarez-Perdomo for an answer, Alvarez-Perdomo eventually said that he remembered speaking to his attorney, but that he did not remember what they had talked about. Alvarez-Perdomo then commenced a long monologue about the conditions at the jail.
When Alvarez-Perdomo finished, the judge again directed his attention to the matter of whether he would testify at his trial:
The Court : [Your attorney] has told you he does not think you should testify, correct?
Alvarez-Perdomo : Yes, that is what he has been telling me.
The Court : Do you want to accept this advice?
Alvarez-Perdomo : No.
The Court : So do you want to testify?
Alvarez-Perdomo : It seems so. I dont know. I am not a lawyer.
At this point, the judge said, All right, and he then directed a judicial services officer to escort Alvarez-Perdomo to the witness stand.
After Alvarez-Perdomo was seated in the witness stand, the judge and Alvarez-Perdomo had the following conversation:
The Court : Mr. Alvarez-Perdomo, are you ready to testify to the jury?
Alvarez-Perdomo : Is the Court asking me?
The Court : Yes.
Alvarez-Perdomo : No.
The Court : Are you ready to testify to the jury?
Alvarez-Perdomo : Are we ready?
The Court : When the jury comes in. Okay.
Alvarez-Perdomo : Lets go. Lets go.
The Court : Well bring the jury panel in.
Alvarez-Perdomo : I dont know have your time. [sic ]
The Court : Im sorry?
Alvarez-Perdomo : I dont know have your time. [sic ]
The Court : I dont understand.
Alvarez-Perdomo : I do not speak English. Lets keep going because Im getting cold.
The Court : All right.
At this point, the defense attorney interjected that he was worried about what the judge was doing, because Alvarez-Perdomos initial answer to the question, Are you ready to testify? was No. Based on that initial answer, the defense attorney expressed concern that Alvarez-Perdomo was, in fact, not willing to testify. The judge responded, I didnt sense that.
The judge then addressed Alvarez-Perdomo, explaining the procedures that would be followed when the jury was summoned back to the courtroom: Youre going to stand, raise your right hand, and be sworn by Madam Clerk. ... And then youre going to have a seat, [and your attorney] will ask you questions. When the judge asked Alvarez-Perdomo if he understood, Alvarez-Perdomo answered, Okay, thats fine.
The jury was then brought back to the courtroom, and Alvarez-Perdomo gave his testimony. His direct examination was fairly brief, and his cross-examination was even briefer. Here are the relevant questions and answers:
Defense Attorney : [Mr. Alvarez], whered you live on August 8th, 2012?
Alvarez-Perdomo : In Alaska.
Defense Attorney : Okay. Did you live at 615 West 45th?
Alvarez-Perdomo : Anchorage.
Defense Attorney : Okay. So 615 West 45th in Anchorage. Is that fair to say?
Alvarez-Perdomo : I dont know.
Defense Attorney : Okay. Is your mother Altagracia Guillen?
Alvarez-Perdomo : I dont know.
Defense Attorney : Did you see Ms. Guillen-well, do you know who Ms. Guillen is?
Alvarez-Perdomo : No.
Defense Attorney : Well, then, I think this is probably pretty easy. Did you shoot Altagracia Guillen on August 8th, 2012?
Alvarez-Perdomo : I am not-the thing is, I am not an assassin. I am not an assassin. I am not, you know, this kind of guy. I dont know how to say it in Spanish. [sic : English]
Defense Attorney : Do you want to try saying it in English?
Alvarez-Perdomo : I do not speak English.
Defense Attorney : Okay.
Alvarez-Perdomo : I am Dominican.
Defense Attorney : Okay; all right. Thank you, Mr. Alvarez.
The Court : [to the prosecutor] Cross-examination.
Prosecutor : Good morning, sir. Why did you shoot your mom?
[Defense attorneys objection overruled]
Alvarez-Perdomo : I dont know what is it that you are asking me. I dont know. Hes saying Altagracia Guillen, and what is it that you want to ask me?
Prosecutor : Okay. You see your mother here in court, right? Why did you shoot her?
[Defense attorneys objection overruled]
Alvarez-Perdomo : I do not know that lady.
Prosecutor : Okay. Thank you. I have no further questions.
Following deliberations, the jury found Alvarez-Perdomo guilty of both first-degree assault (recklessly causing serious physical injury to another person by means of a dangerous instrument) and third-degree weapons misconduct (felon in possession of a concealable firearm).
The trial judge committed error when he had Alvarez-Perdomo take the stand and testify
In LaVigne v. State , the Alaska Supreme Court established the procedural rule that, whenever the attorney representing a criminal defendant announces that the defense intends to rest without presenting the defendants testimony, the trial judge must personally address the defendant to make sure the defendant understands (1) that they have the right to testify, and (2) that the decision whether to testify rests solely with the defendant, regardless of their defense attorneys advice or wishes.
LaVigne was a case where the defendant told his attorney that he wanted to testify on his own behalf, but the defense attorney unilaterally decided that LaVigne should not testify, without informing LaVigne that he had a right to insist on testifying despite his counsels advice. The LaVigne rule is designed to ensure that a defense attorney does not effectively waive a defendants right to testify against the defendants will. Id. , 812 P.2d at 219.
But the LaVigne rule does not require a trial judge to obtain the defendants affirmative waiver of the right to testify. Rather, the crucial aspect of the LaVigne inquiry is simply to make sure that the defendant understands that they have a legal right to testify and that they can assert this right regardless of what their attorney wants them to do.
As subsequent cases have shown, there are occasionally times when a defendant will refuse to give a direct or unequivocal answer when the judge asks the defendant whether they wish to testify. In such circumstances, the LaVigne rule requires only that the judge fully inform the defendant of their right to testify. If the defendant then refuses to explicitly waive their right to testify, the trial judge cannot order the defendant to take the stand. Rather, the judge should order the trial to proceed without the defendants testimony.
In the present case, the record shows that Alvarez-Perdomo was having obvious cognitive difficulties-both in understanding the law that the judge and his defense attorney were trying to explain to him, and in deciding whether to testify.
Some of Alvarez-Perdomos statements, taken in isolation, appear to support the trial judges conclusion that Alvarez-Perdomo wanted to testify. But we cannot take Alvarez-Perdomos statements in isolation. Every one of those statements was accompanied by other statements that either directly contradicted the notion that Alvarez-Perdomo wanted to testify, or at least placed that notion in doubt.
The State argues that even if Alvarez-Perdomos statements are ambiguous or equivocal, the question of whether Alvarez-Perdomo subjectively wanted to testify is a question of fact-and that, when we review the judges finding on this issue of fact, we must construe the record in the light most favorable to the judges finding, and we must affirm that finding unless it is clearly erroneous.
But the rule to be drawn from our prior cases interpreting LaVigne is that, when a judge asks a defendant whether they wish to testify and the defendant offers only equivocal responses, a judge must order the trial to proceed without the defendants testimony, rather than risking the prospect of forcing a defendant to testify. In other words, a defendant must clearly state their desire to testify before a judge directs them to take the stand.
Thus, the question here is not whether the trial judge was potentially correct when he concluded that Alvarez-Perdomo wanted to testify. Rather, the question is whether the trial judge was correct when he concluded that Alvarez-Perdomo had clearly expressed his desire to testify, by retracting or otherwise clarifying his earlier equivocal statements regarding this matter. And the answer to that question is no.
We therefore conclude that the trial judge committed constitutional error when he directed the judicial services officer to escort Alvarez-Perdomo to the stand, and when he then summoned the jury to hear Alvarez-Perdomos testimony.
The remaining question is whether this error requires reversal of Alvarez-Perdomos convictions.
For the reasons we are about to explain, we conclude that this constitutional error is amenable to a harmless error analysis, using the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt
test adopted in Chapman v. California and Love v. State .
This error is amenable to a harmless error analysis
In his brief, Alvarez-Perdomo argues that if he was improperly brought to the stand and asked to testify, this error should be deemed structural-that is, it should automatically require reversal of his convictions, without any consideration of whether the error might be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
There are few cases that address this issue directly, because the error itself is so infrequent. But there are at least three published cases which deal with instances where a judge coerced or improperly influenced a defendant to testify. In these cases, the appellate courts held that the error was not structural; rather, it was a constitutional error that required reversal of the lower courts judgement unless the error was shown to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Goodwin , 770 F.2d 631, 636-38 (7th Cir. 1985) ; People v. Cuccia , 97 Cal.App.4th 785, 118 Cal.Rptr.2d 668, 673 (2002) ; People v. Watkins , 247 Mich.App. 14, 634 N.W.2d 370, 378-79 (2001).
(For unpublished decisions reaching this same conclusion, see City of Shawnee v. Valle , 2012 WL 2620549 at *5 (Kan. App. 2012) ; State v. Carter , 2004 WL 5582079 at *2 (Vt. 2004) ; State v. Spooner , 1997 WL 344834 at *5 (Wash. App. 1997).)
We conclude that this harmless beyond a reasonable doubt analysis is the proper approach to Alvarez-Perdomos case.
The classification of an error as structural is designed for instances where a constitutional error affects the criminal adjudication process at such a fundamental level that it is essentially impossible for an appellate court to assess the ways in which the error might have affected the outcome-circumstances where an appellate court cannot meaningfully apply the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt rule that normally attaches to constitutional error.
But in Alvarez-Perdomos case, we know what the States evidence was, and we know what Alvarez-Perdomos testimony was. Because of this, Alvarez-Perdomos case is analogous to cases where the government improperly introduces a defendants involuntary confession or a defendants statements taken in violation of Miranda v. Arizona . In such cases, appellate courts will reverse the defendants conviction unless the error is shown to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
We apply the same harmless error analysis to Alvarez-Perdomos case. The question is whether the admission of Alvarez-Perdomos testimony was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt-or, phrased another way, we ask whether there is a reasonable possibility that the jury might have returned a different verdict on the charges of first-degree assault and third-degree weapons misconduct (i.e. , felon in possession of a concealable firearm) if Alvarez-Perdomo had not given his testimony.
Why we conclude that the error in Alvarez-Perdomos case is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt
In both the defense opening statement and the defense summation to the jury, Alvarez-Perdomos attorney conceded that Alvarez-Perdomo shot his mother. But the defense attorney argued that the shooting was accidental, and that Alvarez-Perdomo was not guilty of first-degree assault because he acted only negligently, not recklessly (or intentionally) as required by the first-degree assault statute, and because the resulting injury to Alvarez-Perdomos mother was not sufficiently serious to qualify as a serious physical injury.
On the other hand, the defense attorney offered no defense to the weapons misconduct charge (felon in possession of a handgun). The defense attorney conceded that Alvarez-Perdomo shot his mother with the revolver that the police found in his residence, and the attorney did not dispute that Alvarez-Perdomo was a convicted felon.
Thus, with regard to the weapons misconduct conviction, we have no difficulty in concluding that the trial judges error in forcing Alvarez-Perdomo to take the stand was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
We also agree with the State that the error in having Alvarez-Perdomo testify was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to the question of whether Guillens wound constituted a serious physical injury.
The issue is closer with respect to the jurys conclusion that Alvarez-Perdomo acted with the recklessness required for first-degree assault. As we just explained, the defense theory of the case was that the shooting was purely accidental, and that Alvarez-Perdomo acted only negligently-i.e. , that he did not subjectively perceive and consciously disregard the risk to his mother.
We acknowledge that Alvarez-Perdomos testimony could conceivably have made a difference to the jurys assessment of Alvarez-Perdomos mental state when he shot his mother. Although Alvarez-Perdomo declared on the stand that he was no assassin, he did not offer the jury an exculpatory explanation of the events that led to the wounding of his mother. Instead, Alvarez-Perdomo declared that he did not know his mother, and he stated that he did not recognize Guillen as she sat in the courtroom.
Based on this testimony, the jurors might reasonably have concluded either that Alvarez-Perdomo was lying or that he was seriously mentally ill. Either conclusion might conceivably have affected the jurors discussion of the defense claim that the shooting was purely an accident.
But the question is not whether the content of the jurors deliberations might have been different if Alvarez-Perdomo had not given this testimony. Rather, the question is whether there is a reasonable possibility that the outcome of the jurys deliberations would have been different.
On this question, we agree with the State that, even without Alvarez-Perdomos testimony, the evidence was overwhelming that Alvarez-Perdomo acted at least recklessly when he shot his mother. When Guillen arrived at the apartment and looked at her son through the open door, she saw that he was concealing his right hand behind his back. Because Guillen felt that something was wrong, she decided not to enter her sons apartment. As soon as she started to leave, she felt the bullet strike her in the abdomen.
Although Guillen did not actually see her son bring his hand around to the front of his body, the only reasonable explanation is that Alvarez-Perdomo was holding a gun behind his back, and that he brought his hand forward and shot his mother. And after Alvarez-Perdomo wounded his mother, he did not try to help her. Instead, as Guillen ran away across the parking lot, Alvarez-Perdomo fired another shot.
Given these facts, we conclude that even if the trial judge had not called Alvarez-Perdomo to the witness stand, there is no reasonable possibility that the jury would have reached a different verdict on the first-degree assault charge.
This is not to say that we condone what happened here. Having a trial judge force a reluctant or indecisive defendant to take the stand is inconsistent with the Fifth Amendment and the basic principles of our adversary system of justice.
As we have repeatedly explained, when a trial judge conducts a LaVigne inquiry, the judges duty is to make sure that the defendant is apprised that he or she has the ultimate authority to decide whether to take the stand, regardless of what the defense attorney may desire or advise. Once this information has been imparted to the defendant, the judges duty is fulfilled. If the defendant is then unwilling or unable to make an unequivocal decision to testify, the trial should go forward without the defendants testimony.
In such circumstances, a judge must not badger or coerce a defendant to take the stand. That is what happened in this case, and it was constitutional error.
Conclusion
Although the trial judge committed constitutional error by coercing Alvarez-Perdomo to take the stand, we conclude that this error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, given the other evidence in this case. That is, we conclude that there is no reasonable possibility that this error altered the jurys verdict. The judgement of the superior court is therefore AFFIRMED.
812 P.2d 217 (Alaska 1991).
AS 11.41.200(a)(1) and AS 11.61.200(a)(1), respectively.
812 P.2d 217, 219, 222 (Alaska 1991).
LaVigne , 812 P.2d at 218.
Tall v. State , 25 P.3d 704, 708-09 (Alaska App. 2001) ; Mute v. State , 954 P.2d 1384, 1386 (Alaska App. 1998).
Knix v. State , 922 P.2d 913, 918-19 (Alaska App. 1996).
Wyatt v. State , 393 P.3d 442, 446 (Alaska App. 2017) ; Zemljich v. Anchorage , 151 P.3d 471, 478 (Alaska App. 2006) ; Knix v. State , 922 P.2d at 919.
See Booth v. State , 251 P.3d 369, 373 (Alaska App. 2011) (explaining that a trial courts findings of historical fact are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard of review).
See Knix v. State , 922 P.2d 913, 918-19 (Alaska App. 1996).
386 U.S. 18, 23-24, 87 S.Ct. 824, 827-28, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967).
457 P.2d 622, 631 (Alaska 1969).
384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).
See Kalmakoff v. State , 257 P.3d 108, 130 (Alaska 2011), and Motta v. State , 911 P.2d 34, 39-40 (Alaska App. 1996) (statements taken in violation of Miranda ); Jones v. State , 65 P.3d 903, 909 (Alaska App. 2003), and Cole v. State , 923 P.2d 820, 832 n. 20 (Alaska App. 1996) (involuntary confession or involuntary incriminating statements).
Anderson v. State , 337 P.3d 534, 540 (Alaska App. 2014).
See the definition of recklessly, AS 11.81.900(a)(3).
Cunningham v. State , 408 P.3d 1238, 1246 (Alaska App. 2017) ; Anderson v. State , 337 P.3d 534, 538, 540 (Alaska App. 2014).
Wyatt v. State , 393 P.3d 442, 446 (Alaska App. 2017) ; Tall v. State , 25 P.3d 704, 709 (Alaska App. 2001) ; Mute v. State , 954 P.2d 1384, 1388 (Alaska App. 1998) ; Knix v. State , 922 P.2d 913, 918-19 (Alaska App. 1996).