TOOKEY, J.
Respondent appeals a stalking protective order (SPO) that the trial court entered against him. On appeal, respondent contends, among other points, that (1) the trial court erred in finding that objectively non-threatening text messages constituted *** unwanted contact for purposes of the civil stalking statute, ORS 30.866 ; (2) the record contained insufficient evidence to support the trial courts finding that respondent was tracking petitioners whereabouts; and (3) in any event, tracking is not a contact sufficient to support entry of an SPO under ORS 30.866. We conclude the trial court did not err and affirm.
We review the trial courts factual findings for any evidence and its legal conclusions for errors of law. Christensen v. Carter/Bosket , 261 Or. App. 133, 135, 323 P.3d 348 (2014). As in other equitable proceedings, we view the evidence, as supplemented and buttressed by permissible derivative inferences, in the light most favorable to the trial courts disposition and assess whether, when so viewed, the record was legally sufficient to permit that outcome. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). We state the facts consistently with that standard.
Petitioner and respondent were romantically involved from May 2010 until November 2014. During that time, they had a child together, L. Over the course of their relationship, respondent was physically and verbally abusive to petitioner. The physical abuse included, among other things, grabbing and squeezing petitioners throat, throwing anything that he could get his hands on at petitioner-e.g. , shovels, garden pots, and a box of chalk-pushing petitioner to the ground, pushing a large oil heater over onto petitioners foot, and stomping on petitioners feet. The verbal abuse included, among other things, threatening that, if petitioner hurt his feelings, he would hurt [her] ten times worse, telling petitioner that she was ugly and that her feet were disgusting, and accusing petitioner of being a whore. Some of respondents abusive conduct occurred in front of L.
Additionally, during their relationship, respondent tried to exercise control over petitioner. For example, he attempted to control what she wore, to whom she talked, who she was around, and how often she was on her phone. If petitioner did not do what respondent wanted, he would punish her by, for example, taking her cell phone, car keys, or money, so that she could not pay bills.
In November 2014, after petitioner and respondent separated, petitioner and respondent met in a parking lot for respondent to return some of petitioners possessions. When their conversation did not go as respondent had wanted it to go, he took his body and slammed [petitioners] body into [petitioners] car. L was in the backseat of the car when that occurred. During the SPO hearing, petitioner testified that this made her feel terrified because (1) respondent had previously hurt petitioner and grabbed her throat and (2) it occurred in a public place, in front of people, which demonstrated to petitioner that respondent had no fear.
Also in November 2014, petitioner filed for and received a temporary restraining order against respondent. In December 2014, respondent and petitioner agreed to a mutual no contact order.
Respondent, however, did not comply with the terms of the mutual no contact order. Instead, he continued to call petitioner and say abusive things to her. He also frequently sent petitioner unwanted and abusive text messages. As a result of this conduct, sometime around July 2015, petitioner changed her phone number. She did not give respondent her new phone number.
Subsequently, as described below, respondent began to send petitioner text messages that indicated that he was monitoring petitioners email communications and tracking her whereabouts.
In July 2015, after petitioner had changed her phone number, she emailed her new phone number to a Department of Human Services caseworker from her personal email account. Petitioner did not share her personal email account with respondent, did not want him accessing her personal email account, and had never given him permission to access her personal email account. Nevertheless, after petitioner emailed her new phone number to the caseworker, respondent began sending text messages to petitioners new phone number.
In May 2016, after taking L to a soccer clinic, petitioner received a text message from respondent indicating that respondent knew that petitioner had taken L to the soccer clinic and indicating that respondent had pictures of L that were taken during the soccer clinic. This [r]eally scared petitioner because she did not know how [respondent] knew where [she and L] were.
Shortly after receiving the text message from respondent regarding the soccer clinic, petitioner emailed her attorney from her personal email account. Petitioner then received a text message from respondent indicating he had read the email that she had sent to her attorney. In the text message, respondent also accused petitioner of making up lies, and called petitioner a liar, a deadbeat mom, and a low life. Petitioner was alarmed because she did not know how respondent had read the email between her and her attorney.
Also in May of 2016, respondent sent a text message to petitioner asking her what had caused a scar on Ls cheek. In actuality, L had the remnants of a temporary tattoo on his cheek. Petitioner was concerned and afraid because, at the time, respondent did not have visitation with L, and, according to petitioner, respondent would have had no way of knowing if [L] had anything on his cheek. Petitioner was also concerned because (1) she did not know if respondent was following her, or if she and L were being photographed again and (2) respondent had previously retaliated against petitioner when he thought L was injured. That retaliation included threatening to hurt petitioner. Petitioner explained during the SPO hearing what frightened her was mostly the fact that she did not know how respondent was aware that L had something on his cheek.
Additionally, although the date is unclear from the record, respondent sent a text message to petitioner at the exact moment that she was dropping L off at school, asking her to tell L to have a good day. Petitioner did not drop L off at school at the same time every day, and she did not know how respondent would know she was at Ls school at that moment. Petitioner testified that respondent also sent her text messages telling her that respondent knows where [she is] at that time and knows everything.
On or about May 20, 2016, petitioner logged into the Find My iPhone application on her cell phone and discovered that both her cell phone and respondents cell phone were logged into [petitioners] email account, which led petitioner to believe that respondent had been tracking her whereabouts using the Find My iPhone application. Petitioner testified during the SPO hearing that, by using her email address and password, in conjunction with the Find My iPhone application, respondent could track the location of petitioners cellphone. During the SPO hearing, petitioner submitted into evidence a screenshot from her cell phone reflecting both petitioners and respondents cell phones listed in petitioners Find My iPhone application.
On May 28, 2016, petitioner texted respondent, asking that he not contact her. That same day she went to the Eugene Police Department to report respondents conduct. Officer Greg Calef of the Eugene Police Department then emailed respondent, informing him that petitioner had alleged that respondent had sent unwanted text messages to her and had provided evidence that would implicate him potentially in a computer crime.
On June 16, 2016, petitioner filed a petition for an SPO, and a temporary SPO was issued by the trial court.
The hearing for a permanent SPO was held on July 14, 2016. During that hearing, respondent testified that he had accessed petitioners personal email account. He denied, however, that he had tracked petitioners whereabouts using the Find My iPhone application.
At the end of the hearing, the trial court concluded that the record supported the issuance of a permanent SPO. It first determined that the November [2014 physical] contact [with petitioner] *** was unwanted contact. It noted that it believed petitioner credible on at least being pushed, and that that was unwanted contact that caused her alarm or coercion.
The trial court next determined that respondents tracking of petitioner was an unwanted contact and that respondents denial of that conduct was not credible. Specifically, the court determined:
[T]aken together[, all the text messages] reveal *** that the respondent[,] who had previously been physically aggressive with the petitioner[,] was continuing to track her whereabouts, track her-her doings, all of her goings on. He was, and this is non-expressive conduct on his part. This is logging into her accounts. I find it credible. I dont find his testimony particularly credible on the issue of whether he was using [F]ind [M]y iPhone. I saw that he was, had at one point been logged onto that, and I see evidence in his own text messages that he knows where she is, and that lends credibility to the idea that he is nonverbally tracking her whereabouts, using her phone, using an app on the phone to know where she is and let her know that he knows what shes doing and where she is, and that that would reasonably place a person in her situation in apprehension for her physical safety ***.
The trial court also determined that the text messages that respondent sent to petitioner did not themselves meet the requirements for the issuance of an SPO:
What I have are some text message that I do not see as threats. They are the kind that I routinely turn down in the Stalking Order docket because they threaten and theyre rude, and abuse, verbally abusive, but whether they cause her fear for her physical safety is quite doubtful. They dont reflect well on [respondent], *** but the actual words of those text messages dont meet the requirement for stalking.
The court subsequently issued a written order, which contained the following findings:
"1. Respondent has engaged intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly in repeated and unwanted contact with the Petitioner or a member of the Petitioners immediate family or household, and it was reasonable for Petitioner to be alarmed or coerced by this contact.
"2. It is objectively reasonable for a person in Petitioners situation to have been alarmed or coerced by Respondents contact.
"3. Respondents repeated and unwanted contact caused the Petitioner reasonable apprehension regarding the Petitioners own personal safety or the safety of a member of his/her immediate family or household.
4. The unwanted contact occurred within two years of the filing of this action.
Oregons civil stalking statute, ORS 30.866 (1), provides:
"A person may bring a civil action in a circuit court for a courts stalking protective order or for damages, or both, against a person if:
"(a) The person intentionally, knowingly or recklessly engages in repeated and unwanted contact with the other person or a member of that persons immediate family or household thereby alarming or coercing the other person;
"(b) It is objectively reasonable for a person in the victims situation to have been alarmed or coerced by the contact; and
(c) The repeated and unwanted contact causes the victim reasonable apprehension regarding the personal safety of the victim or a member of the victims immediate family or household.
For a court to issue an SPO, the statute requires that a petitioner demonstrate that there were two or more unwanted contacts with either the petitioner or a member of the petitioners immediate family within the previous two years. Christensen , 261 Or. App. at 139, 323 P.3d 348 ; see also ORS 163.730(7) (providing definition of repeated for ORS 30.866 ). [E]ach contact must give rise to subjective alarm and that alarm must be objectively reasonable ***. Christensen , 261 Or. App. at 139, 323 P.3d 348 (quoting Blastic v. Holm , 248 Or. App. 414, 418, 273 P.3d 304 (2012) (brackets and omission in Christensen )). Alarm, for purposes of ORS 30.866, means to cause apprehension or fear resulting from the perception of danger. ORS 163.730(1). And, finally, the contacts, cumulatively, [also] must give rise to subjective apprehension regarding the petitioners personal safety or the personal safety of a member of the petitioners immediate family or household, and that apprehension must be objectively reasonable. Christensen , 261 Or. App. at 139-40, 323 P.3d 348 (quoting Blastic , 248 Or. App. at 418, 273 P.3d 304 (brackets in Christensen )). In determining whether alarm and apprehension regarding personal safety are objectively reasonable, we may consider previous contacts as context about the parties relationship. Ragsdale v. Fleming , 265 Or. App. 342, 351, 336 P.3d 534 (2014).
As noted above, on appeal, respondent makes three principal arguments: First, the trial court erred in finding that objectively non-threatening text messages constituted a threat that gave rise to a subjective and objectively reasonable alarm or coercion that constituted an unwanted contact for purposes of ORS [30.866]. Second, there was no evidence presented at trial that respondent had engaged in electronically tracking the location of petitioner. Finally, tracking is not a contact, and contact is a necessary element for issuance of an SPO under ORS 30.866(1).
We are not persuaded by respondents arguments. Respondents first argument-that the trial court erred in finding that objectively non-threatening text messages constituted an unwanted contact for purposes of ORS 30.866 -fails because it starts with an incorrect premise, viz. , that the trial court determined that petitioners text messages constituted an unwanted contact for purposes of ORS 30.866. The trial courts ruling reflects, however, that the unwanted contacts on which it relied when concluding that petitioner was entitled to a permanent SPO were (1) respondents November 2014 physical contact with petitioner and (2) respondents electronic tracking of petitioners whereabouts. Although the content of the text messages that respondent sent to petitioner was evidence that respondent was, in fact, tracking petitioner, the text messages themselves were not the contacts that provided the basis for the trial courts issuance of a permanent SPO.
We also reject respondents second argument-that there was no evidence presented during the SPO hearing that respondent had engaged in electronically tracking the location of petitioner. Contrary to respondents contention, there was ample evidence to support the trial courts finding that respondent was electronically tracking petitioners whereabouts. That evidence includes (1) respondents testimony that he had accessed petitioners email account, (2) petitioners testimony that such access, in conjunction with the Find My iPhone application, would allow respondent to track her cell phone, (3) a screenshot from petitioners cell phone showing respondents cell phone listed in petitioners Find My iPhone application, and (4) the text messages that respondent sent to petitioner that indicated he knew her whereabouts during distinct events as or shortly after they happened. Although respondent denied during the SPO hearing that he had electronically tracked petitioners location, the trial court determined that that denial was not credible, and we defer to that determination. See Habrat v. Milligan , 208 Or. App. 229, 231, 145 P.3d 180 (2006) (We defer to the trial courts implicit and explicit credibility determinations.).
Respondents third argument-that tracking is not a contact for purposes of ORS 30.866(1) -fares no better. ORS 163.730(3) defines contact for purposes of ORS 30.866(1). It provides:
" Contact includes but is not limited to :
"(a) Coming into the visual or physical presence of the other person;
"(b) Following the other person;
"(c) Waiting outside the home, property, place of work or school of the other person or of a member of that persons family or household;
"(d) Sending or making written or electronic communications in any form to the other person;
"(e) Speaking with the other person by any means;
"(f) Communicating with the other person through a third person;
"(g) Committing a crime against the other person;
"(h) Communicating with a third person who has some relationship to the other person with the intent of affecting the third persons relationship with the other person;
"(i) Communicating with business entities with the intent of affecting some right or interest of the other person;
"(j) Damaging the other persons home, property, place of work or school;
"(k) Delivering directly or through a third person any object to the home, property, place of work or school of the other person; or
(L) Service of process or other legal documents unless the other person is served as provided in ORCP 7 or 9.
ORS 163.730(3) (emphasis added). Electronically tracking someones whereabouts may not come within one of the provisions set forth in ORS 163.730(3)(a) to (L), but that is not dispositive, because the list of contacts in ORS 163.730(3) is preceded by the term includes, which shows that the list is illustrative, not exhaustive. See State v. Shields , 184 Or. App. 505, 511, 56 P.3d 937 (2002), rev. den. , 335 Or. 355, 67 P.3d 937 (2003) ; see also State v. Fox , 262 Or. App. 473, 483, 324 P.3d 608, rev. den. , 356 Or. 163, 334 P.3d 971 (2014) (noting that [m]eans is used in the definition if the definition restricts or limits the meaning of a word, while [i]ncludes is used if the definition extends the meaning (quoting Office of Legislative Counsel, Bill Drafting Manual § 7.2 (2012) (some internal quotation marks omitted))).
In Boyd v. Essin , 170 Or. App. 509, 516-17, 12 P.3d 1003 (2000), rev. den. , 331 Or. 674, 21 P.3d 96 (2001), we examined the meaning of contact, as that term is used in ORS 163.730(3). After analyzing the dictionary definition of contact and the text of ORS 163.730(3), as well as context, we concluded that contact does not require a direct oral or visual connection between a petitioner and a respondent. Id . Instead, it is sufficient if the act, when learned, gives rise to an unwanted relationship or association between the petitioner and the respondent. Id. ; see also Christensen , 261 Or. App. at 140, 323 P.3d 348 (noting [a] contact includes almost any interaction with the petitioner); Shields , 184 Or. App. at 511, 56 P.3d 937 (concluding that the defendant making telephone calls to the victim in which the defendant did not speak, when such calls were answered by the victim, was a contact because it created a relationship or association between the defendant and the victim that the victim clearly did not want). In Boyd , we determined that watching petitioners home with binoculars from over 1,000 feet away is a contact within the meaning of ORS 163.730(3), even though it may not fall within the specific acts listed in ORS 163.730(3). Id. at 513, 516-17, 12 P.3d 1003. We so concluded because that act is similar in both kind and effect to the acts that the legislature has said are encompassed within the term contact, it shows an unwanted relationship or association between petitioner and respondent, and was precisely the kind of contact that the statute was intended to prevent. Id. at 517, 12 P.3d 1003. In this case, we conclude that electronically tracking someones whereabouts is a contact within the meaning of ORS 163.730(3). It is similar in kind and effect to following a person, ORS 163.730(3)(b), in that it (1) provides real-time information about a persons whereabouts and (2) may lead a person to have concerns that they are being followed, as was the case with petitioner here. It is also the kind of conduct that the statute was intended to prevent. See State v. Meek , 266 Or. App. 550, 556-57, 338 P.3d 767 (2014) (noting ORS 163.730(3) was enacted as part of a general anti-stalking scheme with the intent of creating a flexible[ ] and effective statutory scheme *** to enable law enforcement officers, courts, and victims to combat stalking); Dania Bardavid, Marissa Chiarolanzio & Allison Strittmater, Domestic Violence , 17 Geo. J. Gender & L. 211, 242-43 (2016) (characterizing tracking a victims location via the victims cell phone as stalking); Danielle Keats Citron, Spying Inc. , 72 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 1243, 1251, 1257 (2015) (characterizing the location of someone via a cell phone, a GPS device, or surveillance software as stalking, and noting that [p]hysical harm is a serious peril when abusers have access to victims activities and whereabouts). And, at least in this case, it shows an unwanted relationship or association between petitioner and respondent.
As noted above, respondent does not challenge the trial courts determination that respondents November 2014 physical contact with petitioner was legally sufficient to serve as a predicate contact for issuance of a permanent SPO pursuant to ORS 30.866(1). Accordingly, we consider whether the record in this case was legally sufficient to permit the trial court to use respondents electronic tracking of petitioner as a predicate contact for issuance of a permanent SPO pursuant to ORS 30.866(1). We conclude that it was.
Specifically, we conclude that the record in this case is legally sufficient to support the trial courts determination that such contact was unwanted and subjectively alarmed petitioner: she testified that it really scared and concerned her that respondent knew her location, particularly because she believed that the information gleaned by respondent as a result of that tracking might lead respondent to retaliate against her. See ORS 163.730(1) (defining [a]larm as apprehension or fear resulting from the perception of danger); Boyd , 170 Or. App. at 517-18, 12 P.3d 1003 (considering respondents history of assaultive behavior towards petitioner to infer subjective alarm from petitioners testimony). We also conclude that petitioners alarm was objectively reasonable given respondents history of conduct toward petitioner. See Boyd , 170 Or. App. at 518, 12 P.3d 1003 (explaining that contacts that might appear innocuous when viewed in isolation often take on a different character when viewed either in combination or against the backdrop of one partys assaultive behavior, and holding that, in the context of the respondents history of behavior towards his family, the petitioners alarm and apprehension for her personal safety was objectively reasonable); Pinkham v. Brubaker , 178 Or. App. 360, 372, 37 P.3d 186 (2001) (when determining whether alarm was objectively reasonable, unwanted contacts must be considered in the context of the parties entire history).
We further conclude that the record is legally sufficient to support the trial courts determination that the unwanted contacts in this case caused petitioner apprehension regarding her personal safety and that that apprehension was objectively reasonable.
In sum, for the reasons stated above, we conclude that the trial court did not err in issuing the permanent SPO. Accordingly, we affirm.
Affirmed.
In civil stalking cases, we ordinarily refer to the parties by their designation in the trial court. King v. W. T. F. , 276 Or. App. 533, 534 n. 1, 369 P.3d 1181 (2016) (so stating).
Find My iPhone * * * allows for real-time updates on * * * Apple product locations * * *. Brenda Baddam, Technology and Its Danger to Domestic Violence Victims: How Did He Find Me? , 28 Alb. L.J. Sci. & Tech. 73, 80 (2017) ; see also Jones v. United States , 168 A.3d 703, 735 (D.C. App. 2017) (Thompson, J., dissenting) (noting that [c]ase law is replete with references to iPhone owners or law enforcement officers locating * * * iPhones by using the Find My iPhone app); Baddam, 28 Alb. L.J. Sci. & Tech. at 80 (noting that someone with access to the information provided by Find My iPhone would be able to stalk[ ] [a] victim[]s every move and readily have directions available to track down the victim.).
On appeal, respondent does not challenge the trial courts determination that respondents November 2014 physical contact with petitioner was legally sufficient to serve as a predicate contact for issuance of a permanent SPO pursuant to ORS 30.866(1).
Defendant also suggests that the trial court should have applied the heightened standard for issuance of an SPO that is applicable when the unwanted contacts at issue are expressive contacts. As we explained in Christensen , to avoid constitutional overbreadth problems, when a contact is an expressive contact-that is, one that involve[s] speech, either oral or written-the contact must include a threat, which means a communication that instills in the addressee a fear of imminent and serious personal violence from the speaker, is unequivocal, and is objectively likely to be followed by unlawful acts. Christensen , 261 Or. App. at 140, 323 P.3d 348 (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, the relevant contacts-(1) respondents November 2014 physical contact with petitioner and (2) respondents electronic tracking of petitioners whereabouts-are nonexpressive, and, accordingly, the less stringent statutory standard applies. Id. ([W]here the act that causes alarm or coercion is based on the nonexpressive conduct, the less stringent statutory standard applies.).
Given our conclusion below that electronically tracking someones whereabouts is a contact within the meaning of ORS 163.730(3), we do not specifically consider whether the respondents conduct in this case would be sufficient under either ORS 163.730(3)(b), [f]ollowing the other person, or ORS 163.730(3)(g), [c]ommitting a crime against the other person.
As we observed in Boyd , 170 Or. App. at 517 n. 9, 12 P.3d 1003,
[t]he fact that an act constitutes a contact within the meaning of the statute is, of course, not dispositive. Rather, the focus of the statutory test is whether the victim was reasonably alarmed by the contact and had a reasonable apprehension for his or her safety or the safety of the victims family.
That petitioners alarm occurred when she read respondents text messages and not at the precise moment respondent was electronically tracking her whereabouts does not take her reaction to the tracking outside of the scope of the statute. See Schiffner v. Banks , 177 Or. App. 86, 92, 33 P.3d 701 (2001) (noting alarm or coercion must arise from the contact, but need not arise contemporaneously with the contact); Pinkham v. Brubaker , 178 Or. App. 360, 371, 37 P.3d 186 (2001) (The fact that petitioners reaction came when she learned of the unwanted contact, even though the contact had occurred months before, does not take her reaction outside the scope of the statute.).