NAHMIAS, Justice.
Appellant Margie Owens was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter as a lesser offense of malice murder, felony murder based on aggravated assault, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime, all in connection with the shooting death of her husband, Randall Owens. In June 1998, the trial court sentenced Appellant to serve life in prison for felony murder and a consecutive term of five years on the firearm count; the court merged the voluntary manslaughter verdict into the felony murder conviction. It then took 19 years for her motion for new trial to be decided and her notice of appeal and the record in the case transmitted to this Court.
In this appeal, Appellant contends that her trial counsel provided ineffective assistance and that her conviction and sentence for felony murder instead of voluntary manslaughter violate the modified merger rule that this Court adopted in Edge v. State, 261 Ga. 865, 414 S.E.2d 463 (1992). As explained below, Appellant failed to show ineffective assistance of counsel, but she is correct that her conviction and sentence for felony murder violate the modified merger rule. Accordingly, we affirm Appellants conviction and sentence on the firearm count, we vacate her conviction and sentence for felony murder, and we remand the case to the trial court with direction to enter-promptly-a conviction and sentence for voluntary manslaughter.
But we do more. This Court and the Court of Appeals have for several years now repeatedly admonished criminal defense lawyers, prosecutors, and trial court judges to address and prevent inordinate and unjustified post-trial, pre-appeal delays of the sort this case exemplifies. Accordingly, in Division 4 below, we direct further action to address this continuing problem in our criminal justice system.
1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, the evidence presented at Appellants trial showed the following. On April 21, 1997, less than a month before the shooting, Appellants sister and her adult daughter obtained a probate court order involuntarily committing Appellant to a mental hospital due to their concerns about her excessive use of alcohol, violent behavior, and threats to kill her husband Randall. Appellant was released several days later.
On May 17, 1997, Appellants daughter and niece and the nieces husband went to Appellant and Randalls trailer for a cookout. Appellant had been drinking heavily that day and began arguing with Randall, repeatedly threatening to kill him. At one point, Appellant accused Randall of having an affair with her daughter (his step-daughter) and crudely suggested that her daughter perform oral sex on him. Appellant told her daughter that she was going to get their gun and shoot Randall and also threatened to kill the daughter. Eventually Randall told Appellant that he was tired of listening to her, and he went inside to lie down in their bedroom. Appellant later went inside to the bedroom and began arguing with Randall again. The three guests tried to leave at that point, and Appellant tried to prevent them from leaving by pulling wires out of her daughters car, which the niece and her husband then helped the daughter fix. The three of them then left.
Later that evening, Appellant went to her brother-in-laws neighboring residence and asked to use his phone to call 911. He agreed, and Appellant called 911 at approximately 11:30 p.m. and reported that she may have shot her husband. Appellant left a gun with her brother-in-law and proceeded to go to another neighbors residence and ask for a beer. Appellant soon heard sirens and told the neighbor that they were coming for her because she had shot her husband.
The responding officers found Randall in the couples home lying face down on the floor between the kitchen and the living room, with a trail of blood leading back to the bedroom. There was also a bloodstain on the bed. As the officers interviewed neighbors who had gathered outside, Appellant walked up. She was intoxicated, upset, and belligerent. Appellant, who had no visible signs of injury, said that she had been in an argument with her husband and believed that she had shot him. An officer retrieved the gun that Appellant left at her brother-in-laws home. There were no signs of a struggle inside the home, and the physical evidence indicated that Randall had been lying in bed smoking a cigarette and tried to roll away from Appellant to avoid being shot. An autopsy showed that he died from blood loss due to a gunshot wound in his back.
Appellant testified at trial, claiming that on the day of the shooting, beginning around 10:30 a.m., Randall cursed at her about the breakfast she had cooked; shoved her; followed her around the home cursing at her as she tried to clean up; slapped her and put a gun to her head, saying, Bit*h, Ill blow your godda*n brains out; threatened that he would beat [her] brains out if she left the home; and cut her arm with a box cutter. Appellant said that they then had a cookout, and after those guests left, she went into the bedroom and asked Randall to extinguish the charcoal on the grill. According to Appellant, he got on top of her and started slapping and choking her, so she grabbed for something to hit him with to knock him off her and heard a gun fire. Appellant said that she did not know at the time that she had shot him. Appellant also recounted a long history of domestic violence by Randall, and the defense called an expert witness who testified about battered person syndrome.
The trial court instructed the jury on the three charges in the indictment and, at Appellants request, on voluntary manslaughter as a lesser offense of both malice murder and felony murder and on self-defense, including justification based on battered person syndrome. The jury then found Appellant guilty of voluntary manslaughter, felony murder, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime.
2. Appellant contends-and the State concedes-that in light of the jurys finding that she was guilty of voluntary manslaughter, the trial court should have vacated the jurys guilty verdict on the felony murder charge. The parties are correct. In Edge v. State, 261 Ga. 865, 414 S.E.2d 463 (1992), this Court held that where the jury renders a verdict for voluntary manslaughter, it cannot also find felony murder based on the same underlying aggravated assault. Id. at 865, 414 S.E.2d 463. See also Sanders v. State, 281 Ga. 36, 37, 635 S.E.2d 772 (2006) (explaining that the modified merger rule adopted in Edge applies if the underlying felony is directed against the homicide victim and is not independent, but rather is an integral part, of the killing); Sinkfield v. State, 262 Ga. 555, 556, 422 S.E.2d 851 (1992) (reversing a felony murder conviction because the trial court improperly merged a voluntary manslaughter verdict into it). Accordingly, we vacate Appellants conviction and sentence for felony murder and remand this case to the trial court to promptly resentence her for voluntary manslaughter instead of felony murder.
3. Appellants only other contention is that her trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. To prevail on this claim, Appellant must prove both that her counsels performance was professionally deficient and that this deficiency resulted in prejudice to her case. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 LE2d 674 (1984). To establish deficient performance, Appellant must show that her counsels acts or omissions were objectively unreasonable, considering all of the circumstances at the time and in the light of prevailing professional norms. See id. at 687-690, 104 S.Ct. 2052. In particular, decisions as to what witnesses and other evidence to present are matters of trial strategy and are ineffective only if unreasonable [decisions] that no competent attorney would make. Walker v. State, 301 Ga. 482, 491, 801 S.E.2d 804 (2017). To establish prejudice, Appellant must show a reasonable probability that, but for counsels unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. In all, the burden of proving a denial of effective assistance of counsel is a heavy one. Wells v. State, 295 Ga. 161, 164, 758 S.E.2d 598 (2014). Appellant has failed to carry that burden.
Appellant asserts that her trial counsel was ineffective in failing to call four witnesses to testify about her husbands violence toward her over the years and in failing to offer into evidence photographs from Appellants hospital visits showing the injuries Randall caused when he beat her. She contends that these witnesses and pictures would have proved her defense of justification based on battered person syndrome. At the motion for new trial hearing, trial counsel explained that she made a tactical decision at trial not to call the four witnesses and present the pictures, given the other evidence that the defense presented.
In support of the self-defense claim at trial, Appellants counsel elicited testimony from several witnesses detailing Randalls abuse of Appellant. For example, Appellants daughter testified that on occasions prior to the shooting, Randall hit Appellant, knocked her teeth out, shoved her, and pulled her down a hallway by her hair. Appellants sister testified that she had seen Randall verbally abuse Appellant and punch her in the face. Appellants niece testified that Randall had back-handed [Appellant] and busted her mouth. And Appellant testified that Randall began abusing her after they had been married for six months, and after that he hit and choked her on multiple occasions, knocked out her teeth, shot at her, and threatened to kill her. In addition, counsel presented extensive expert testimony that Appellant suffered from battered person syndrome.
Thus, trial counsel presented ample evidence in support of Appellants defense of justification based on battered person syndrome; counsels strategic decision not to call additional witnesses and submit pictures of injuries was not unreasonable; and she therefore did not perform deficiently. See Walker, 301 Ga. at 491, 801 S.E.2d 804. Moreover, the four witnesses Appellant references were not called to testify at the motion for new trial hearing, and no hospital pictures were put into the record. We therefore cannot assess the probative value of the cumulative evidence that Appellant asserts should have been presented at trial, and we cannot say that such evidence in reasonable probability would have resulted in a more favorable outcome for Appellant. See id. See also Howard v. State, 298 Ga. 396, 782 S.E.2d 255 (2016) (Mere speculation about what the evidence would have shown had it actually been obtained does not satisfy the requirement of showing [ Strickland ] prejudice.). Appellant failed to prove either prong of the ineffective assistance of counsel test, and the trial court therefore correctly denied her claim.
4. In this State, a defendant convicted after trial has the right to a direct appeal and the right to counsel for that appeal-appointed counsel if the defendant is indigent, as so many are. See Trauth v. State, 295 Ga. 874, 875-876, 763 S.E.2d 854 (2014). As described in footnote 1 above, this case endured extensive and largely unexplained delays between Appellants sentencing in June 1998 and her appeal arriving at this Court 19 years later, in July 2017. Appellant has enumerated no error arising from the delay, and it therefore does not affect the outcome of this appeal. See Morgan v. State, 290 Ga. 788, 789 n.2, 725 S.E.2d 255 (2012). We note, however, that the maximum sentence for voluntary manslaughter is 20 years in prison, see OCGA § 16-5-2 (b), and there is no mandatory minimum prison sentence, so even with the consecutive five-year sentence Appellant received on the firearm count, on remand the trial court would be entitled to impose a sentence many years shorter than the time she has already spent in prison. Indeed, had the parties identified and agreed on the courts obvious sentencing error not on appeal but at the motion for new trial stage, the court might well have corrected the error then, rather than having to do so more than 11 years later.
In March 2012, this Court decided an appeal that reached us more than 15 years after the defendant was convicted and sentenced. In Shank v. State, 290 Ga. 844, 725 S.E.2d 246 (2012), we said that [w]e do not condone this inordinate delay in the motion for new trial proceeding, we noted that [t]his Court is unfortunately seeing such extraordinary post-conviction, pre-appeal delays with greater frequency, and we therefore issued the following admonition:
These delays put at risk the rights of defendants and crime victims and the validity of convictions obtained after a full trial. We therefore reiterate that it is the duty of all those involved in the criminal justice system, including trial courts and prosecutors as well as defense counsel and defendants, to ensure that the appropriate post-conviction motions are filed, litigated, and decided without unnecessary delay.
Id. at 849, 725 S.E.2d 246. We recognize that all of these participants in the system sometimes have incentives, whether tactical or simply the press of other business, that weigh against working to alleviate delays in post-conviction litigation-but there are rarely good explanations for long delays. And even if long-delayed appeals rarely result in outright reversals of convictions or only retrials or resentencings, these extended and unjustified delays in resolving criminal cases make our States criminal justice system appear unfair and grossly inefficient.
Over the past six years, this Court has repeated our Shank admonishment in many more cases involving similarly unjustified delays. During this period, the Court of Appeals has issued many similar rebukes. And there are many more cases in which a similar admonition would have been appropriate. There are signs that this message is getting through to some people: the occasional explanation or apology in a trial court order deciding a long-pending motion for new trial or in an appellate brief or oral argument, and isolated reports of public defenders offices, district attorneys offices, and trial courts taking measures to identify and advance much-delayed matters so appeals can be decided. But it is clear that there remain far too many participants in our criminal justice system who are not paying sufficient attention to this problem.
So this Court now moves from request to direction. No later than September 17, 2018, the Council of Superior Court Judges of Georgia shall submit to this Court for approval a proposed Uniform Rule of Superior Court designed to address this problem. The Council shall develop the proposed rule in consultation with the State Bar of Georgia, the Georgia Public Defender Council, the Georgia Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, the Prosecuting Attorneys Council of Georgia, the Council of Superior Court Clerks of Georgia, and other interested organizations. To ensure that all Georgia superior court judges, superior court clerks, prosecutors, and lawyers who defend criminal cases understand this Courts concern about this problem, the Court will also deliver a copy of this opinion to the Council of Superior Court Judges, the Georgia Public Defender Council, the Georgia Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, the Prosecuting Attorneys Council, and the Council of Superior Court Clerks, with the expectation that they will promptly provide a copy to each of their members.
Some delay is inherent in any legal system, particularly one as busy as Georgias. But we must all work to prevent delays, particularly in the most serious of our criminal cases, that cannot be explained or justified to the parties in those cases, the victims of crimes, and the public we serve.
Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part, and case remanded with direction.
All the Justices concur.
The victim was killed on May 17, 1997. On November 7, 1997, a Walker County grand jury indicted Appellant for malice murder, felony murder, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. At a trial from June 1 to 5, 1998, the jury found Appellant guilty of voluntary manslaughter as a lesser offense of malice murder, felony murder, and the firearm charge. The trial court sentenced Appellant the following week. On June 24, 1998, Appellant filed a motion for new trial. After eight years of delay in preparing the trial transcript and shuffling of Appellants appellate counsel, on July 14, 2006, Appellant amended her motion through new counsel. On July 21, 2006, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing, and on August 11, 2006, the court entered an order, which was signed on August 8, summarily denying Appellants motion. On August 16, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. Thereafter, on September 25, 2006, the trial court entered an Amended Order nunc pro tunc, August 8, 2006, again denying Appellants new trial motion but adding a specific finding that she receive[d] effective assistance of counsel. After more than another decade of delay, the trial court clerk finally transmitted the record to this Court with a certification dated June 1, 2017, that states: The Clerk notes a delay in the transmitting of the record to the Supreme Court. Appeal was filed in 2006, current clerk took office in 2009 and only recently became aware of the appeal. The case was docketed in this Court for the August 2017 term and submitted for decision on the briefs.
See, e.g., Calloway v. State, Case No. S17A2019, --- Ga. ----, ---- n.2, 810 S.E.2d 105, 2018 WL 699285, at *1 n.2 (decided Feb. 5, 2018) (nearly 13-year delay); Veal v. State, 301 Ga. 161, 161 n.1, 800 S.E.2d 325 (2017) (18-year delay); Walker v. State, 293 Ga. 709, 710 n.2, 749 S.E.2d 663 (2013) (nearly 9-year delay), overruled on other grounds by State v. Springer, 297 Ga. 376, 774 S.E.2d 106 (2015) ; Brockman v. State, 292 Ga. 707, 708 n.1, 739 S.E.2d 332 (2013) (18-year delay); Arnold v. State, 292 Ga. 268, 272 n.5, 737 S.E.2d 98 (2013) (12-year delay); Johnson v. State, 292 Ga. 22, 22 n.2, 733 S.E.2d 736 (2012) (more than 10-year delay); Simmons v. State, 291 Ga. 664, 668, 732 S.E.2d 65 (2012) (21-year delay); Brinkley v. State, 291 Ga. 195, 195-196, 728 S.E.2d 598 (2012) (nearly 10-year delay), disapproved on other grounds by Veal v. State, 298 Ga. 691, 784 S.E.2d 403 (2016) ; Morgan, 290 Ga. at 789 n.2, 725 S.E.2d 255 (nearly 17-year delay).
See, e.g., Surry v. State, 340 Ga. App. 8, 9 n.2, 795 S.E.2d 336 (2016) (nearly 6-year delay); Jackson v. State, 339 Ga. App. 313, 314 n.2, 793 S.E.2d 201 (2016) (nearly 9-year delay); Hill-Blount v. State, 336 Ga. App. 633, 634, 785 S.E.2d 309 (2016) (nearly 8-year delay); Robinson v. State, 334 Ga. App. 646, 647, 780 S.E.2d 86 (2015) (16-year delay); Carter v. State, 331 Ga. App. 212, 213, 770 S.E.2d 295 (2015) (over 11-year delay); Waye v. State, 326 Ga. App. 202, 202-203, 756 S.E.2d 287 (2014) (nearly 6-year delay); Sloan v. State, 318 Ga. App. 51, 51-52, 733 S.E.2d 357 (2012) (nearly 12-year delay). See also Jayko v. State, 335 Ga. App. 684, 686 n.2, 782 S.E.2d 788 (2016) (criticizing the defense lawyer responsible for the 10-year delay in transmitting the record relating to his clients 10-year probation sentence, resulting in the appeal being dismissed as moot).
See, e.g., De La Cruz v. State, Case No. S17A1887, --- Ga. ----, ---- n.1, 810 S.E.2d 84, 2018 WL 699281, at *1 n.1 (Feb. 5, 2018) (nearly 21-year delay); White v. State, Case No. S17A1588, 302 Ga. 806, 806 n.1, 809 S.E.2d 749, 2018 WL 575935, at *1 n.1 (Jan. 29, 2018) (13-year delay); Jackson v. State, 301 Ga. 878, 878 n.1, 804 S.E.2d 357 (2017) (nearly 7-year delay); McCray v. State, 301 Ga. 241, 241 n.1, 799 S.E.2d 206 (2017) (10-year delay); Barnett v. State, 300 Ga. 551, 551 n.1, 796 S.E.2d 653 (2017) (12-year delay); Philpot v. State, 300 Ga. 154, 154 n. 1, 794 S.E.2d 140 (2016) (9-year delay); Williams v. State, 300 Ga. 218, 218 n.1, 794 S.E.2d 157 (2016) (nearly 12-year delay); Sheard v. State, 300 Ga. 117, 117 n.1, 793 S.E.2d 386 (2016) (17-year-delay); Cooks v. State, 299 Ga. 787, 787 n.1, 792 S.E.2d 389 (2016) (9-year delay); Foster v. State, 299 Ga. 691, 691 n.1, 791 S.E.2d 826 (2016) (13-year delay); Rhodes v. State, 299 Ga. 367, 367 n.1, 788 S.E.2d 359 (2016) (over 11-year delay); Scudder v. State, 298 Ga. 438, 438 n.1, 782 S.E.2d 638 (2016) (nearly 9-year delay); Churchill v. State, 298 Ga. 471, 471 n.1, 782 S.E.2d 5 (2016) (over 12-year delay); McDuffie v. State, 298 Ga. 112, 112 n.2, 779 S.E.2d 620 (2015) (9-year delay); Crawford v. State, 297 Ga. 680, 680 n.1, 777 S.E.2d 463 (2015) (12-year delay); Twitty v. State, 298 Ga. 204, 204 n.1, 779 S.E.2d 298 (2015) (nearly 7-year delay); Ponder v. State, 297 Ga. 653, 654 n.1, 777 S.E.2d 249 (2015) (nearly 8-year delay); White v. State, 297 Ga. 218, 218 n.1, 773 S.E.2d 219 (2015) (7-year delay); Cooper v. State, 296 Ga. 728, 728 n.1, 770 S.E.2d 597 (2015) (7-year delay); Sales v. State, 296 Ga. 538, 538 n.1, 769 S.E.2d 374 (2015) (over 8-year delay); Walker v. State, 296 Ga. 161, 161 n.1, 766 S.E.2d 28 (2014) (over 7-year delay); Prince v. State, 295 Ga. 788, 789 n.1, 764 S.E.2d 362 (2014) (nearly 10-year delay); Woodall v. State, 294 Ga. 624, 625 n.1, 754 S.E.2d 335 (2014) (nearly 8-year delay).