Q And what exactly did he say?
A I am going to shoot everyone.
Q How did you respond to that?
A I said, including me. And it wasnt in a joke that I said that. I said, including me.
Q And what did he say?
A He didnt say anything. Just stone cold face, just sat there, didnt respond at all.
Q So once he says this and you ask him including me, then what happens?
A It brought an uneasy feeling in my stomach immediately.
Q And then what happened?
A We concluded the conversation and in that time Robert Gordon who was with me at that time, you know, he and I went over to-we have a chain of command. Im sure youve heard about it through the other guys here. My chain of command as Im a firefighter would be an engineer operator, otherwise known as an EO. And Robert Gordon and myself went to go speak with him about this issue and tell him what was said so he can pass it on.
Q Im sorry. I thought you were done. You said you had an uneasy feeling in your stomach. What does that mean?
A I was in fear, you know, immediately I was in fear. Fear for my life.
Like many of the other firefighters, Keelen knew Appellant owned several guns. Appellant would bring his guns to the station, leave them in the back of his Subaru, and take firefighters down to show them off or try to sell them. One that I remember, I would call it an UZI MAC-10 kind of looking gun that was black in color.
Firefighter Robert Sadler and Appellant made an emergency run together that same day. Sadler testified that Appellant appeared to be distant and upset when he got in the ambulance.
A He got in, slammed the door, leaned against the window. He was wearing a ball cap at the time, had the ball cap down and was leaning against the window and looking straight ahead, and just kind of off in his own-in a zone, I guess you could say.
Q Did you make an effort to talk to him?
A Yes, maam.
Q And what did you say to him?
A I asked him if everything was okay.
Q What was his response?
A And he said that-he said that if he was going to kill everybody in the fire station, and then he told me the order in which he was going to do it.
Q And what order was that?
A It started off with Captain Haygood, Robert Gordon, myself were the top three. And as soon as he said the first three, I asked him why.
Q And what was his response?
A His response was because you guys are gun owners. And then he said he would follow with the officers and then the rest of it, everybody else.
Sadler said that back at the station, and in front of another firefighter, Michael Lucas, Appellant said if yall piss me off, I will just come out and kill everyone.
This was not an isolated occurrence. Appellants next shift was on May 5, 2014. Once again, he talked about shooting up the station-this time to firefighter Samuel Feris.
Q All right. And you were sitting there, you were reading you said, and what happened next?
A Scott came up and he was talking, but I was kind of trying to ignore him. I get really into my books when Im reading. So I was trying to ignore him, but then at some point he made a statement that, I mean, I thought it was off, so it caught my attention.
Q What did he actually say to you?
A I dont remember exactly the words that he used, but in my statement I had it. But its been about a year.
Q I understand.
A It was something to the effect of if I was going to kill everybody at the station, I would kill you last because you-it would take you longer to get away.
Captains Maddin and Haygood became aware of the threats that same day. Haygood was concerned about his personal safety, as well as that of his firefighters.
Q And why is that?
A Because I know that-I know what type of firearms Firefighter Niles has. I know that he has military experience. And I know that he is-I believe he is definitely irritated with me. So I was definitely-I was definitely concerned for myself, also my other-my crew members. I was concerned for everybody.
Q What specifically were you afraid he would do?
A Shoot me.
Q And what specifically were you afraid he would do to the other crew members?
A Shoot them.
The next day Haygood called Chief Robert Gutierrez for advice, and two days later, on May 7, 2014, Haygood called Chief Casey. Chief Casey told me over the phone to tell Firefighter Niles to report [immediately] to his office. Appellant was also ordered to see Dr. Sam J. Buser, the clinical staff psychologist for the Houston Fire Department. While Appellant was absent from the station, investigators took statements from the firefighters regarding Appellants comments. Appellant was later told not to come back to the station.
Trial
Appellant was charged by information with two offenses of terroristic threat-one against firefighter Mark Keelen, and one against Capt. Haygood. The informations alleged that both were public servants, Houston Fire Department Firefighters, which made the offenses Class A misdemeanors. During voir dire, both the trial judge and the State discussed the public servant element. The prosecutor stated,
I have to prove that the threat was against our complainants who are public servants. Now public servants can be firefighters, police officers, judges, etc. And youve already heard in this case our complainants are Houston Fire Department firefighters. So I have to prove that theyre firefighters.
During the trial, it was never an issue that Keelen and Haygood were public servants. Instead, Appellants defense was that this was not a crime but a human relations issue. There was no imminent threat; When you go up the chain of command, youre talking about H.R. When you are scared for your life, you call the police. In response to Appellants motion for directed verdict on the cases, the trial judge said of the public servant element, The Houston Department firefighter, they got that. The judge ultimately denied the motion for directed verdict on the cases.
Unfortunately, the jury charges did not ask the jury to determine whether Keelen and Haygood were public servants. Though there were separate written charges for each count, the judge read the two as a combined charge out loud. Neither the accusation nor the application paragraph included the public servant element. And the words public servant do not appear anywhere in the middle of the charge.
In closing arguments both sides made numerous references to firefighters, but not public servants. The prosecution specifically went over the three listed elements of Class B, Terroristic Threat, with the jury, and made no mention of a public servant element. The defense did tie the job of firefighter to the serving of the public:
And to send him back to work for two more-two-and-a-half more solid days to mingle and to be in a position to have to save members of the public. Imminent threat of serious bodily injury? No, its not. Its not even close.
The jury convicted Appellant. Sentencing was by the judge and the sentencing hearing was very informal. The prosecution did not ask for a specific penalty other than probation with a condition of at least thirty days in the Harris County Jail. In sentencing Appellant, the judge mentioned the context of the crime and the importance of public servants.
And I dont think you grasp how significant it is for this many people from your station where you worked to come in and testify against you. Thats significant. If firefighters are anything like police officers, they stand together, and they dont turn on one another. At least Ive never seen it happen. But what you were saying and doing was so disturbing, and these guys did, they turned on you.
And I hope that you are able to find employment somewhere, because we need guys who know what they are doing out there helping people. And if you want to do your community service with a volunteer fire department, thats fine by me, because I cant think of a better service to the community than being a firefighter or an emergency medical technician. I hope you havent ruined your chances of doing that.
The judge sentenced Appellant in each case to one year in jail, probated for two. These were over the Class B misdemeanor range (a term not to exceed 180 days), but within the Class A range (a term not to exceed one year). TEX. PEN. CODE §§ 12.21, 12.22. The judgments also reflected that Appellant had been convicted of two counts of Class A terroristic threat.
Appeal
On direct appeal, Appellant argued that there was Apprendi error in the case. Because the fact that the complainants were public servants could raise Niles punishment range, it had to be found by the jury. Appellants Br. 44 (citing Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466, 476, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000) ). And because it wasnt, Niles is guilty only of Class B offense[s] and both sentences are illegal because they are outside the maximum punishment for a Class B offense. The State conceded Apprendi error and made the same recommendation that Appellant did, that the appellate court reform the judgments to Class B, reverse the sentences in both cause numbers, and remand for new punishment hearing. States Br. 27.
Not surprisingly, the court of appeals did just that. The court noted that the jury charges track the language of the statute for the offense of terroristic threat, a Class B misdemeanor, but fail to include any instruction on the public servant element of the offense as a Class A misdemeanor. Niles, 2016 WL 7108248, at *10. It found that the the trial court erred in rendering judgments against appellant for terroristic threat as Class A misdemeanors. Id. Finding that the one year (probated for two years) sentences imposed were void and illegal, the court reformed the judgments to reflect Class B degree offenses, and reversed for a new punishment hearing. Id. at *10-11.
The State Prosecuting Attorney filed a motion for rehearing. In the motion, the State argued that Appellants illegal sentence claims should have been reviewed for harmless charge error as instructed by the United States Supreme Court and our Court of Criminal Appeals. States Mot. 1. After asking for and receiving a response from Appellant, the motion was denied. We granted review on our own motion, to decide whether the court of appeals erred in reforming the judgments to reflect convictions for the lesser included, Class B misdemeanors.
Procedural Default
Appellant argues that the State forfeited the claim that this case involves charge error subject to a harm analysis. Appellant points out that the State failed to object to the charge in the trial court, and did not raise the issue in the court of appeals. Instead, the State conceded that Appellants sentence was illegal. According to Appellant, this prevents the the State Prosecuting Attorney from raising the issue for the first time in its motion for rehearing to the court of appeals or in its petition for discretionary review.
It is true that, in a case in which the State is the party appealing, the basic principle of appellate jurisprudence that points not argued at trial are deemed to be waived applies equally to the State and the defense. McClintock v. State , 444 S.W.3d 15, 20 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). But the State was not the appealing party in this case; the trial court entered judgments for Class A misdemeanors and sentenced Appellant in the Class A range. Appellant was the appealing party in the court of appeals. Under these circumstances, we have held that the State, as the prevailing party at trial, need not raise a particular argument in favor of the trial courts ruling in a reply brief or even in a motion for rehearing (as it did here) as a predicate to later raising it in a discretionary review context. Id. (citing State v. Gobert , 275 S.W.3d 888, 891-92 n. 12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) ; Sotelo v. State , 913 S.W.2d 507, 510 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) ). An appellees failure to make a particular argument on appeal is a factor that may be considered when this Court decides whether to exercise its discretion to grant discretionary review, but it does not bar this Court from granting review to address the issue if the Court, in its discretion, decides that review is warranted. Volosen v. State , 227 S.W.3d 77, 80 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
And, although the State Prosecuting Attorney took a stance different from that of the district attorneys office, the SPA may represent the state in any stage of a criminal case before a state court of appeals if he considers it necessary for the interest of the state. TEX. GOVT CODE § 42.005. That authority is not dependent on a request from a district or county attorney. Ex parte Taylor , 36 S.W.3d 883, 885 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). As we have explained, the SPA may step in without the local prosecutors request to represent the state when in his judgment it is necessary. Id. ; Saldano v. State , 70 S.W.3d 873, 877 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (state prosecuting attorney has primary authority to represent the State in this Court; district and county attorneys have the primary authority to represent the State on appeal in other courts, subject to the state prosecuting attorneys authority to intervene in a court of appeals).
Further, the State, in its position on rehearing and in its petition for discretionary review, does not reformulate Appellants ground of error. Appellant argued that his sentence is illegal because of some error that occurred preliminary to the imposition of sentence, namely the lack of a finding regarding one of the elements of the offense. See, e.g., Ex parte Pue , 552 S.W.3d 226, 238-39, 2018 WL 1109471 at *11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (Yeary, J., dissenting) (noting a distinction between a true illegal sentence claim and one where a defendant is sentenced outside the range of punishment because of an error in the proceeding). The SPA argues in response that the judgments and sentences were not in fact illegal because the error that caused the trial court to sentence Appellant outside the applicable range is harmless. In other words, the judgments and sentences were correct based upon an applicable theory of law, and should have been sustained on appeal. Martinez v. State , 74 S.W.3d 19, 21 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (if the trial courts decision is correct based upon any applicable theory of law, then it will be sustained on appeal). Both parties on direct appeal recognized Apprendi error-that is jury charge error. The SPA pointed out to the court of appeals, and to this court, that Apprendi error is subject to a harm analysis, and that such an analysis applies here. The SPA is not barred from making this argument, nor is our discretionary authority so feeble that we are barred from addressing it. And to that argument-which is responsive to the question we asked on our own motion-we now turn.
Analysis
The Sixth Amendment provides that [i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury.... Sullivan v. Louisiana , 508 U.S. 275, 277, 113 S.Ct. 2078, 124 L.Ed.2d 182 (1993). The right includes as its most important element, the right to have a jury, rather than a judge, reach the requisite finding on guilt. Id. A judge can direct a verdict for the defendant if the evidence is legally insufficient to establish guilt, but he may not direct a verdict for the State, no matter how overwhelming the evidence. Id. What the factfinder must determine to return a verdict of guilty is prescribed by the Due Process Clause. The prosecution bears the burden of proving all elements of the offense charged, and must persuade the factfinder beyond a reasonable doubt of the facts necessary to establish each of those elements. Id. at 277-78, 113 S.Ct. 2078 ;
Patterson v. New York , 432 U.S. 197, 210, 97 S.Ct. 2319, 53 L.Ed.2d 281 (1977) ; In re Winship , 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970). [T]he Fifth Amendment requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt and the Sixth Amendment requirement of a jury verdict are interrelated. Sullivan , 508 U.S. at 278, 113 S.Ct. 2078. It would not satisfy the Sixth Amendment to have a jury determine that the defendant is probably guilty, and then leave it up to the judge to determine (as Winship requires) whether he is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. So, the jury verdict required by the Sixth Amendment is a jury verdict of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.
In Apprendi v. New Jersey , the Supreme Court held that, other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must likewise be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. 530 U.S. at 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348. The Court noted any possible difference between an element of a felony offense and a sentencing factor was unknown to the practice of criminal indictment, trial by jury, and judgment by court as it existed during the years surrounding our Nations founding. Id. at 478, 120 S.Ct. 2348. So sentencing factors, like elements, are facts that have to be tried to the jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348. The fact at issue in Apprendi was whether the crime of possession of a firearm had been committed with a purpose to intimidate an individual or group of individuals because of race, color, gender, handicap, religion, sexual orientation or ethnicity. Id. at 469, 120 S.Ct. 2348. Because that hate crime factual determination authorized an increase in the maximum prison sentence for the offense from 10 to 20 years it had to be decided by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
In Blakely v. Washington , the Court made clear that the statutory maximum for Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant . 542 U.S. 296, 303, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004). Blakely had pleaded guilty to the kidnapping of his estranged wife. The facts admitted in his plea, standing alone, supported a maximum sentence of 53 months. Id. at 298, 124 S.Ct. 2531. But, after the judge made a finding that the kidnapping was committed with deliberate cruelty, the judge imposed a sentence of 90 months-37 months beyond the standard maximum. Id. at 300, 124 S.Ct. 2531. This, the Court held, violated Blakelys Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury.
But the Supreme Court has made clear that a violation of these constitutional rights (to a jury determination of whether the State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt each of the elements of the crime charged and any sentencing factors that increase the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum) is not structural error. Neder v. United States , 527 U.S. 1, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d 35 (1999) ; Washington v. Recuenco , 548 U.S. 212, 126 S.Ct. 2546, 165 L.Ed.2d 466 (2006). Unlike a jury charge which misdefines the States burden of proof as being less than beyond a reasonable doubt, such violations can be subject to a harm analysis. Neder , 527 U.S. at 9, 119 S.Ct. 1827 ; Recuenco , 548 U.S. at 222, 126 S.Ct. 2546.
Neder was charged with mail fraud, wire fraud, and bank fraud. Neder , 527 U.S. at 6, 119 S.Ct. 1827. Materiality is an element of all three crimes, but the district court failed to include materiality as an element of the offenses in its instructions. Id. at 4-6, 119 S.Ct. 1827. The Supreme Court nonetheless held that harmless-error analysis applied to these errors, because an instruction that omits an element of the offense does not necessarily render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair or an unreliable vehicle for determining guilt or innocence. Id. at 9, 119 S.Ct. 1827. And it did not do so in Neders case:
Neder was tried before an impartial judge, under the correct standard of proof and with the assistance of counsel; a fairly selected, impartial jury was instructed to consider all of the evidence and argument in respect to Neders defense against the tax charges. Of course, the court erroneously failed to charge the jury on the element of materiality, but that error did not render Neders trial fundamentally unfair, as that term is used in our cases.
Id. So the omission of an element is not like the giving of a defective reasonable doubt instruction. Only the latter vitiates all the jurys findings, and produces consequences that are necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate. Id. at 11, 119 S.Ct. 1827 (quoting Sullivan, 508 U.S. at 281-82, 113 S.Ct. 2078 ).
Recuenco was charged with assault with a deadly weapon, a handgun. The jury found him guilty and answered the special deadly weapon issue in the affirmative. Recuenco , 548 U.S. at 214, 126 S.Ct. 2546. It did not specifically find that the deadly weapon used was a firearm which finding, under Washington law, calls for a mandatory three-year enhancement. Id. at 215, 126 S.Ct. 2546. The judge nevertheless sentenced Recuenco pursuant to the firearm enhancement. The State conceded a Sixth Amendment violation occurred under Blakely, but urged the Supreme Court of Washington, unsuccessfully as it turned out, to find the Blakely error harmless. Id. at 216, 126 S.Ct. 2546. The question before the United States Supreme Court was whether Blakely error could ever be deemed harmless. Id. at 217-18, 126 S.Ct. 2546. Washington and the United States argued that the case was indistinguishable from Neder . Id. at 220, 126 S.Ct. 2546. And the Supreme Court agreed.
The only difference between this case and Neder is that in Neder , the prosecution failed to prove the element of materiality to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, while here the prosecution failed to prove the sentencing factor of armed with a firearm to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Assigning this distinction constitutional significance cannot be reconciled with our recognition in Apprendi that elements and sentencing factors must be treated the same for Sixth Amendment purposes.
Id. See also Alleyne v. United States , 570 U.S. 99, 113, 133 S.Ct. 2151, 186 L.Ed.2d 314 (2013) (the core crime and the fact triggering the mandatory minimum sentence together constitute a new, aggravated crime, each element of which must be submitted to the jury). Susceptibility of the errors in Recuenco and Neder to a harm analysis did not turn on the fact that the district judges made the formal findings on the missing elements or sentencing factors in those cases. See Recuenco , 548 U.S. at 214-15, 126 S.Ct. 2546 (the trial court applied a 3-year firearm enhancement to respondents sentence based on its own factual findings); Neder , 527 U.S. at 6, 119 S.Ct. 1827 (the court found, outside the presence of the jury, that the evidence established the materiality of all the false statements at issue). Rather, it rested on the following legal principles: constitutional error at trial alone does not entitle a defendant to automatic reversal; most constitutional errors can be harmless; and where defendant had counsel and was tried by an impartial adjudicator, there is a strong presumption that any other constitutional errors that may have occurred are subject to harmless-error analysis. Recuenco , 548 U.S. at 218, 126 S.Ct. 2546, Neder , 527 U.S. at 8, 119 S.Ct. 1827.
That is why many different state courts have relied on these cases to hold that an omission of a element (whether it be an essential element of the offense or a sentencing element) from jury instructions does not require automatic reversal, and may be harmless error. See Campos v. State , 217 So.3d 1, 8 (Ala. Crim. App. 2015) (jury instructions failed to ask jury to find that victim was 6 or under, and defendant was 21 or older); State v. Lizardi , 234 Ariz. 501, 323 P.3d 1152, 1156 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2014) (jury instructions failed to ask jury to find that defendant had been on parole on the date of the prohibited possessor offense); People v. Merritt , 2 Cal.5th 819, 216 Cal.Rptr.3d 265, 392 P.3d 421, 427 (2017) (jury instructions failed to ask jury to find certain essential elements of robbery), cert. denied , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 315, 199 L.Ed.2d 208 (2017) ; State v. Ardoin , 58 So.3d 1025, 1041-1045 (La. Ct. App. 2011) (jury instructions failed to ask jury to find that victim was under 13, and defendant was 17 or older); State v. Rende, 907 N.W.2d 361, 363-64 (N.D. 2018) (jury instructions failed to ask jury to find that defendant knew trooper was working in official capacity during the traffic stop); State v. Ochoa , 341 P.3d 942, 943-44 (Utah Ct. App. 2014) (jury instructions failed to ask jury to find that defendant was inmate in a correctional facility). See also People v. Mountjoy , --- P.3d ----, ----, 2016 WL 3094453, *2 (Colo. App. June 2, 2016) (rev. granted) (collecting federal and state cases holding Apprendi / Blakely harmless if the record shows beyond a reasonable doubt that a jury would have found the fact or facts relied on to aggravate, had the jury been asked to do so). In all of these cases the courts asked whether the element not included in the instructions was inherent in the elements that the jury did find. If the missing element was logically encompassed by the guilty verdict and was not in fact contested, the error was considered harmless. See , e.g. , United States v. Stanford , 823 F.3d 814, 832 (5th Cir. 2016), cert. denied , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 453, 196 L.Ed.2d 330 (2016) (discussing Neder ).
We applied these rules in Olivas v. State , 202 S.W.3d 137 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Structural (or automatically reversible) error goes to a complete mis-direction or failure to instruct on the reasonable doubt standard; a failure to instruct the jury on one element of an offense or a failure to submit a sentencing issue to the jury under Apprendi is not structural error; it is subject to a harm analysis. Id. at 142-43 (citing Sullivan, Recuenco and Neder ). As we explained, [i]f omitting an element entirely from the jury charge is not structural error, it naturally follows that the failure to instruct the jury on the States burden of proof regarding one element of an offense (or on a sentencing issue) is not structural error. Id. at 143. See also Brock v. State , 495 S.W.3d 1, 12 (Tex. App.-Waco 2016, pet. refd) (rejecting, in a retaliation against a public servant case, the argument that instructing jury that the county judge complainant was a public servant under Texas law, instead of asking jury to make that determination, was structural error).
Appellant argues that the sentence in his case was illegal because he was sentenced outside the appropriate range of punishment. But, as discussed above, this is not an illegal sentence case. The error in this case is like that in Neder . The error was the omission of an element of the offense from the jury charge even though the element had been pleaded in the charging instrument and tried before the jury. Cf. Wooley v. State , 273 S.W.3d 260, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (holding that it violated due process to affirm a conviction based upon a theory of party liability that had not been included in the indictment or presented to the jury while acknowledging that merely omitting an element of the offense in the jury charge did not necessarily violate due process). Both parties on direct appeal recognized that the error in this case was Apprendi -type error. What they didnt recognize is that such error is subject to a harm analysis.
Conclusion
Appellant went to trial on informations of terroristic threat of a public servant. This provided Appellant with notice of the charged offenses and the ability to prepare a defense, as required by our state and federal constitutions. Like Neder, Appellant was tried before an impartial judge, under the correct standard of proof and with the assistance of counsel; a fairly selected, impartial jury was instructed to consider all of the evidence. The element of Keelen and Haygoods status as public servants was not submitted to the jury, violating Appellants Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial, but that error did not render Appellants trial fundamentally unfair. That failure did not vitiate all the jurys findings, or produce consequences that are necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate. The failure went unnoticed-by the parties and the judge-until Appellant brought it to the attention of the appellate court. Because that failure is subject to a harm analysis, the court of appeals erred to reform the judgments to Class B offenses without first analyzing whether the jury charge error resulted in harm. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the case to the court of appeals for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Yeary, J., filed a dissenting opinion.
Under Section 22.07(a)(2) of the Texas Penal Code, [a] person commits an offense if he threatens to commit any offense involving violence to any person or property with intent to ... place any person in fear of imminent serious bodily injury[.] TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.07(a)(2). This offense is a Class B misdemeanor. TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.07(c). However, the offense becomes a Class A misdemeanor if it is committed against a public servant. TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.07(c)(2). Although the charging instruments in these two cases alleged that the persons whom Appellant threatened were public servants, the jury charges made no mention whatsoever of that particular element, much less did they authorize the jury to make a finding in that respect. Indeed, the jury charges perfectly presented the jury with the Class B misdemeanor offenses. The jurys verdict in each of these cases reflected: We, the Jury, find the defendant Guilty. The jury did not specifically find Appellant to be guilty of the offenses as alleged in the charging instruments. By all appearances, Appellant was thus found guilty of the Class B-not the Class A-misdemeanor offenses.
Under these circumstances, it is not at all surprising that Appellant should argue on direct appeal that, because he was only convicted of the Class B misdemeanor, the one-year sentence imposed in the trial courts written judgment was illegal. After all, a trial court is required to enter judgment immediately upon receiving a verdict of conviction, TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 37.12, and the jurys verdicts found Appellant guilty only of-indeed, could have found him guilty only of-the Class B misdemeanor offenses. The Harris County District Attorneys Office conceded this error in its reply brief on direct appeal, and the court of appeals reformed the judgment accordingly, and remanded the cause to the trial court for re-assessment of punishment within the Class B misdemeanor range.
In a motion for rehearing in the court of appeals, the State Prosecuting Attorney [SPA] intervened for the first time to argue that the court of appeals mis-characterized the error on original submission. According to the SPA, the true nature of the error in the case was not an illegal sentence; it was a defect in the jury charge. The charge was defective in that it omitted an essential element of the Class A misdemeanor, the public servant element. Moreover, the SPA asserted, the error in the case-as so reformulated-was subject to an analysis for harm, under settled federal constitutional precedents of the United States Supreme Court, and of this Court; and it was harmless, to boot. When the court of appeals denied the motion for rehearing sans comment, the SPA renewed the claim in a petition for discretionary review in this Court. We refashioned the SPAs ground for review somewhat, but essentially granted discretionary review to examine the SPAs contention.
Now the Court accepts the SPAs argument that the issue in this case is one of jury charge error, and it remands the cause to the court of appeals for proceedings consistent with its opinion-presumably to conduct a harm analysis of the federal constitutional error in the jury charge. I dissent to this reformulation of Appellants appellate complaint on several grounds. First, I believe the federal cases upon which the SPA depends are materially distinguishable from this case. Second, the State did not preserve any objection to the jury charge-and it should be the States obligation to object on the facts presented here, not Appellants. And finally, even if it is appropriate to convert Appellants point of error on appeal into a jury charge issue rather than an illegal sentence issue, Appellant should be given the latitude on remand to argue that the error was structural as a matter of state, if not federal, constitutional law. I will develop each of these arguments in turn.
I.
In Neder v. United States , 527 U.S. 1, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d 35 (1999), the appellant was convicted of several federal fraud offenses even though the jury charge did not require the jury to determine materiality, a necessary element of those offenses. Instead, the trial judge in Neder had taken it upon himself to supply the necessary findings on that element, and so the issue devolved into a question of whether an improper entity made that elemental finding necessary to conviction, in violation of the appellants Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. Id. at 6, 119 S.Ct. 1827. The United States Supreme Court acknowledged that the appellants constitutional right had been violated, but it held that such a violation did not amount to structural error, and was therefore subject to the federal harmless error rule. Id. at 8, 119 S.Ct. 1827. On the facts of Neder itself, the Supreme Court found the error harmless. Id. at 17, 119 S.Ct. 1827.
Washington v. Recuenco , 548 U.S. 212, 126 S.Ct. 2546, 165 L.Ed.2d 466 (2006), involved a similar situation in which a trial judge commandeered a fact-finding function that the Sixth Amendment properly assigns to the jury-namely, whether the appellant used a firearm in the commission of his offense, which, if true, would mandate a three-year enhancement of the sentence. Relying upon Neder , the Supreme Court declared this Apprendi violation to be subject to the federal harmless error rule as well. Id. at 220, 126 S.Ct. 2546. But again, in Recuenco , at least the trial judge had made the firearm finding, even if the jury did not. Id. at 215, 126 S.Ct. 2546.
Here, there has simply been no finding-by any fact-finding entity-of the element that would justify raising the level of Appellants terroristic threat offense to a Class A misdemeanor. This is not a question of whether the correct entity made the requisite finding. It is a question of whether Appellant may be sentenced beyond the range of punishment justified by the only fact-findings that have been made -by any entity, properly or not. In short, Appellant appropriately presented his point of error on appeal in the form of an illegal sentence claim. Such a claim may be raised for the first time on appeal. We have no occasion to reformulate Appellants point of error for him.
II.
Even assuming, for the sake of argument, that it is somehow acceptable to transform Appellants claim into something it was not, it is unclear to me that the State is in any position to urge that transformation now. The State made no objection to the lack of the elevating element in the jury charge. The Appellant cannot reasonably have been expected to level such an objection-for all he knew, the States failure to object manifested a deliberate abandonment of the greater offense. As the Court observes, during his closing argument, the prosecutor did not even mention the necessity of finding the public servant element. Majority Opinion at 567. That the State later conceded that Appellant was punished beyond the statutorily authorized range is consistent with the inference of abandonment.
To illustrate the anomaly of allowing the State at this late date to unilaterally alter the character of Appellants point of error on appeal, consider the following thought experiment: Suppose that, following the jurys verdict in this case, the trial court took note of the fact that the charge it gave to the jury failed to authorize a finding on the public servant element, but that the verdict otherwise wholly supported a conviction for the Class B misdemeanor offense. Suppose that, in accordance with Article 37.12, the trial court therefore entered a judgment of guilt for that lesser offense. Suppose further that, unhappy with some perceived trial error in the case, Appellant appealed the conviction, and that the State, pursuant to Article 44.01(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, then filed a cross-appeal. Suppose that, in that cross-appeal, the State argued that the trial court erred to enter judgment for the lesser, Class B misdemeanor offense. An appellate court would be justified, under this scenario, to reject the States argument on the ground of procedural default-that the State failed to object to the jury charge. In that case, the States attempt to convert the appellants conviction for the lesser offense into something greater would surely fail.
It seems anomalous to me, then, that we should allow the State to convert Appellants true point of error on appeal into a claim of jury charge error that the State did nothing within its power at trial to prevent . It is the classic straw man-the State takes an argument it should lose and (belatedly) transforms it into an argument it thinks it can win. I would not tolerate such a transformation, at least in the absence of a trial objection from the State that the jury charge was inadequate to justify a conviction for the greater offense it sought. And I would therefore affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.
III.
But now that the Court has (belatedly) accepted the SPAs invitation to reformulate the issue, the Appellant should at least be permitted to argue, on remand, that the jury charge did not simply violate the federal constitution-it violated the Texas Constitution as well. Indeed, he should even be allowed to claim, in supplemental briefing, that this charge error should not be regarded as subject to a harmless error analysis at all , under principles of our own constitution. Unlike the Sixth Amendment, Article I, Section 15, of the Texas Constitution proclaims that [t]he right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. There is ample room for argument that the failure of the jury to render a verdict that passed on every element necessary to constitute the offense that is reflected in the judgment is structural error for state constitutional purposes, and not subject to a harm analysis at all. Moreover, the right to a jury trial is a waiver-only right, and Appellant did nothing to waive his right to have the jury pass on every element necessary to constitute the offense reflected in the judgment. The court of appeals may well conclude that Appellants state constitutional right to a jury trial was denied him; that this error was not subject to a harm analysis; and that he is entitled to an entirely new trial, not just a new punishment proceeding.
But this assumes that the Court is correct to reformulate the issue at all. Because I would simply affirm the court of appeals judgment, I respectfully dissent.
Appellant later turned over at least eleven guns, among them a TEC-9 with a barrel extension (SE 36); a Marlin lever action rifle, caliber 2520 (SE 33); a Mauser Action hunting rifle (SE 34); a Smith and Wesson AR-15 (SE 44); two 12-gauge shotguns (SE 46 & 56); two Marlin 22-caliber semi-automatic rifles (SE 48 & 50); a vintage Japanese military bolt action rifle (SE 58); a Jennings semi-automatic pistol (SE 52); and, a Rossi revolver, 38 Special (SE 54). The weapons were admitted for demonstrative purposes; photos of them were admitted into evidence. In opening, Appellants attorney said, about a year-and-a-half, a year before the incident in question here, Niles inherited a large drove of guns from an uncle of his. Niles is not a massive gun guy, but his uncle died and left him with a bunch of guns, all of which Im sure the prosecution will introduce into evidence.
Appellant did not make an argument based upon the Texas Constitution, and the Texas Constitution was not the basis for the court of appeals decision.
When a misdemeanor defendant faces incarceration, as here, the due process principles involved in felony trials are equally applicable to misdemeanor trials. Argersinger v. Hamlin , 407 U.S. 25, 32-33, 92 S.Ct. 2006, 32 L.Ed.2d 530 (1972).
Appellant argued
In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court clearly held that under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the notice and jury trial guarantees of the Sixth Amendment, any fact (other than a prior conviction) that increases the maximum penalty for a crime must be charged in an indictment, submitted to a jury, and proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466, 476, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000) (quoting Jones v. United States, 526 U.S. 227, 243, 119 S.Ct. 1215, 143 L.Ed.2d 311 (1999) ). Because the fact that the complainants were public servants could raise Niles punishment range, it had to be found by the jury.
Appellants Br. 44-45.
The State, in its brief-acknowledged the Apprendi error
To obtain a conviction for terroristic threat against a public servant, the elements of the offense must be included in the charging instrument, submitted to a jury, and proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Jones v. U.S., 526 U.S. 227, 232, 119 S.Ct. 1215, 143 L.Ed.2d 311 (1999) ; see also Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000) (holding that, other than a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt). An element of the offense is defined as the forbidden conduct, the required culpability, any required result, and the negation of any exception to the offense. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(22) (West 2015).... Whether the complainant was a public servant is a fact that changes the degree of the offense; therefore, it was an element of the offense that should have been submitted in the jury charge.
States Br. 26-27.
States Brief on Direct Appeal at 27.
Niles v. State , Nos. 14-15-00498-CR & 14-15-00499-CR, 2016 WL 7108248, at *10-11 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 6, 2016) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
Neder v. United States , 527 U.S. 1, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d 35 (1999) ; Washington v. Recuenco , 548 U.S. 212, 126 S.Ct. 2546, 165 L.Ed.2d 466 (2006) ; Olivas v. State , 202 S.W.3d 137 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
See Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000) (holding that, other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury).
The Court notes that, in response to Appellants motion for new trial, the trial judge said of the public servant element, The Houston Department firefighter, they got that. Majority Opinion at 567. Even assuming this vague comment could count as a finding of fact in support of the written judgment reflecting a conviction for the Class A misdemeanor, it would have come too late.
Perhaps it could be argued that, by entering the written judgment reflecting a conviction for the Class A misdemeanor, the trial court made an implied finding with respect to the public servant element of that greater offense. But it makes no sense to me to recognize such an implied finding when both Neder and Recuenco stand for the proposition that such a finding would be constitutionally prohibited (even if not structural error) unless the accused had waived his constitutional right to jury trial. The Appellant did not waive his right to jury trial here. It would be inappropriate to imply a finding of fact that the trial court was not authorized to make.
See Mizell v. State , 119 S.W.3d 804, 806 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (A trial or appellate court which otherwise has jurisdiction over a criminal conviction may always notice and correct an illegal sentence.).
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.08 (In a prosecution for an offense with lesser included offenses, the jury may find the defendant not guilty of the greater offense, but guilty of any lesser included offense.). In fact, the State can abandon an element of the charged offense without prior notice and proceed to prosecute a lesser-included offense. Grey v. State , 298 S.W.3d 644, 650 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). What would Appellants objection have been at this point? Your Honor, I object to the prosecutor apparently exercising his unfettered discretion to abandon the greater offense!
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 44.01(c) (The state is entitled to appeal a ruling on a question of law if the defendant is convicted in the case and appeals the judgment.).
I presume that the Almanza standard, allowing for the review of unobjected-to jury charge errors, would not operate to benefit the State in this scenario. See Almanza v. State , 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (on States mot. for rehg) (when the defendant objects to jury charge error, he must only demonstrate some harm to obtain a reversal; when he does not object, he must demonstrate egregious harm). Almanza construed Article 36.19 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which speaks to claims of jury charge error when raised by the defendant, not by the State.
It is true that Appellant has made no such argument up to this point. But that is because he has consistently taken the position that the court of appeals was correct to take his point of error at face value-as a challenge to the legality of the sentence. We cannot fairly expect him to abandon that claim and contest the SPAs suggested resolution of the issue as reformulated unless and until he has to-i.e. , after this Courts opinion today remanding the case to the court of appeals.
Compare U.S. Const. amend. VI ([T]he accused shall enjoy the right to ... trial, by an impartial jury[.]), with Tex. Const. art. 1, § 15 (The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.). We have said before that there is no difference in scope between the Sixth Amendments right to a jury trial and that of Article I, Section 10, of the Texas Constitution. Jones v. State , 982 S.W.2d 386, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). The Jones opinion, however, took no account of Article I, Section 15.
See Lake v. State , 532 S.W.3d 408, 419 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (Yeary, J., concurring) (I am not inclined to straightjacket our construction of [the harmless error rule] as the plurality continues to do today, in derogation of this Courts authority to, for example, declare certain state constitutional violations to be immune to harm analysis[.]); Neder , 527 U.S. at 34, 38, 119 S.Ct. 1827 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (The underlying theme of the Courts opinion is that taking the element of materiality from the jury did not render Neders trial unfair, because the judge certainly reached the right result. But the same could be said of a directed verdict against the defendant-which would be per se reversible error no matter how overwhelming the unfavorable evidence . The very premise of structural-error review is that even convictions reflecting the right result are reversed for the sake of protecting a basic right. * * * Harmless-error review applies only when the jury actually renders a verdict-that is, when it has found the defendant guilty of all the elements of a crime.) (internal citation omitted).
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts. 1.12 -1.14 (providing that the right to a jury trial in criminal cases shall remain inviolate[,] while providing express mechanisms which must be followed before it may be concluded that the right has been waived); Marin v. State , 851 S.W.2d 275, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (failure of the trial court to implement waivable rights is an error which might be urged on appeal whether or not it was first urged in the trial court).