Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
Eric Turner was found guilty of aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon and was sentenced to thirty years incarceration following a jury trial at which Turners co-defendants, Katelin Jordan and Asa Mannette, identified Turner as the individual who committed the robbery.
On appeal, Turner complains that the evidence is legally insufficient because the State did not adequately corroborate the testimony of his co-defendants as required by Article 38.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN . art. 38.14 (West 2005). Because we find that the State sufficiently corroborated the accomplice-witness testimony, we affirm the trial courts judgment.
I. Background
On June 10, 2017, Valerie Thompson and her husband, Michael Thompson, received a Facebook message from Mannette to purchase marihuana from the Thompsons. The Thompsons made arrangements to meet Mannette and Jordan at Mannettes house in New Boston. When the Thompsons arrived at Mannettes house, Jordan and Valerie met in the backyard to consummate the purchase while Michael and Mannette remained in the front yard. As Jordan was examining the marihuana, a man ran up and pointed a gun in Valeries face.
The gun-wielding man, described by Valerie as a short, stocky-ish black man who was wearing a mask, threatened to shoot Valerie if she said anything. When Valerie screamed, the man shot the ground next to her feet. Valerie testified that there was a second shot, but she could not recall exactly when that happened. The man never pointed the gun at Jordan and did not shoot in her direction. His actions were only directed at Valerie. Valerie ran from the backyard to the neighbors house without retrieving her marihuana from Jordan.
The neighbor-now aware of the disturbance-called the police. Valerie, although quite shook up, gave a short statement to the police in which she identified Mannette. She could not, however, identify the man who threatened her with a gun or the others involved in the robbery.
When Valerie was asked at trial if she could identify Turner-the man seated at the defense counsel table-as the gunman, she stated that she could not identify him from the face. Turner was then asked to stand next to the counsel table. At that point, Valerie testified that Turner matched the physical description of the man who threatened her. She testified that Turner is a black male who is short and stocky-as was the man who threatened her with the gun. Valerie cried as she gave her testimony, explaining, [H]e just scares me. Nevertheless, Valerie was unable to positively identify Turner as the man who threatened her with a gun. Michaels version of these events and the description of the gunman was much the same.
According to Michael, he and Mannette waited in front of the house while the sale was supposed to be taking place. When Michael heard the gunshot, he ran to the back of the house where he saw Jordan and Dakota Firth-a white male-jump in the ravine. Michael gave chase and was able to catch Jordan. At that point, a short, stocky black man in a red, white and blue mask emerged from the bushes and started circling Michael with a gun pointed at his leg. The man fired three or four shots at the ground by Michaels foot. Michael asked the gunman if he had hurt Valerie. The gunman responded that he had not and that Michael should go check on her. Jordan, Mannette, Firth, and the gunman then took off running. The gunman was the only individual wearing a mask. Consequently, Michaels identification of the gunman was based on his body type and the mask he wore during the robbery.
At trial, Michael was able to view Turner as Turner stood at the counsel table. He testified that Turner had the same short, stocky body type as the individual with the gun. In earlier statements to the police, Michael only described the gunman as a black man, as he was never asked for a full description. He was also shaken up by the entire incident and had not previously seen or met any of the individuals he encountered on the day of the robbery.
Later, Michael and Valerie researched Facebook, hoping to discover the identities of the other individuals involved in the robbery. Utilizing this tool, they were able to identify Jordan and Firth as two of the individuals involved in the incident. Valerie also located Turner on Facebook-a person who matched the description of the individual who fired the weapon. She subsequently questioned law enforcement about Turners involvement in the robbery. Jordans and Mannettes trial testimony, however, established that Turner was the gunman.
Jordan testified that she had pled guilty to the June 10, 2017, aggravated robbery involving Valerie and Michael. According to Jordan, she met with Turner, Firth, and Mannette in her apartment on June 10 to set up a drug buy that culminated in aggravated robbery. The plan was to meet Michael and Valerie and to rob Valerie of the marihuana.
The four traveled in Turners car from Jordans apartment to Mannettes parents house, where the marihuana purchase was to take place. Turner was carrying a black handgun and Mannette had a BB gun. Turner, who was driving the car, parked some distance away from the house, so nobody would see the getaway car. Jordan and Mannette then walked to his parents house. Jordan proceeded to speak with Valerie behind the house. According to the plan, Jordan was supposed to take the marihuana from Valerie and run off with it.
Before Jordan was able to run off with the marihuana, Turner emerged from the bushes wearing a red, white, and blue mask and carrying a gun. Turner told Valerie that if she screamed, he would shoot her. When she screamed, Turner shot twice at Valeries feet. Jordan and Turner then ran through a field in the direction of the car. Michael chased the two and was able to catch Jordan, at which time Turner shot at Michael. She testified that Firth was not carrying a gun and that Turner was the only black male with Jordan. After Turner shot at Michael, the four escaped in Turners car and returned to Jordans apartment.
Like Jordan, Mannette testified that he pled guilty to aggravated robbery and was a co-defendant in the case. His testimony mirrored that of Jordan in most key areas. He testified of the meeting in Jordans apartment with Jordan, Firth, and Turner, the plan to steal the marihuana, Turner firing a pistol at Valeries feet while wearing a red, white, and blue mask, and later firing the pistol at Michaels feet before he, Jordan, Firth, and Turner sped away in Turners car. He did not know what Turner did with the gun and the mask, as neither was discovered by the police.
Finally, New Boston police officer Brandon Harbison testified that he assisted in a traffic stop approximately two to three weeks prior to the robbery. During that traffic stop, Officer Harbison observed Turner and Jordan together.
II. The Accomplice-Witness Testimony Was Sufficiently Corroborated
Turner maintains that the accomplice-witness testimony of Jordan and Mannette was not sufficiently corroborated to satisfy the accomplice-witness rule found in Article 38.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. Article 38.14 states, A conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense committed; and the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows the commission of the offense. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN . art. 38.14.
When evaluating the sufficiency of corroborating evidence under Article 38.14, we eliminate the accomplice testimony from consideration and then examine the remaining portions of the record to see if there is any evidence that tends to connect the accused with the commission of the crime. Solomon v. State , 49 S.W.3d 356, 361 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). The tends-to-connect standard does not present a high threshold as the evidence need not prove the defendants guilt beyond a reasonable doubt by itself. Id. ; see Cantelon v. State , 85 S.W.3d 457, 461 (Tex. App.-Austin 2002, no pet.). Rather, the evidence must simply link the accused in some way to the commission of the crime. Malone v. State , 253 S.W.3d 253, 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
Such evidence is sufficient corroboration if it shows that rational jurors could have found that it sufficiently tended to connect the accused to the offense. Smith v. State , 332 S.W.3d 425, 442 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Simmons v. State , 282 S.W.3d 504, 508 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) ). According to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals,
No precise rule can be formulated as to the amount of evidence required to corroborate. The non-accomplice evidence does not need to be in itself sufficient to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Nor must the non-accomplice evidence directly link the accused to the commission of the offense. While the accuseds mere presence in the company of the accomplice before, during, and after the commission of the offense is insufficient by itself to corroborate accomplice testimony, evidence of such presence, coupled with other suspicious circumstances, may tend to connect the accused to the offense. Even apparently insignificant incriminating circumstances may sometimes afford satisfactory evidence of corroboration.
Dowthitt v. State , 931 S.W.2d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citations omitted). In determining whether the non-accomplice evidence tends to connect the defendant to the commission of the offense, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jurys verdict. Brown , 270 S.W.3d at 567. When viewed in that light, we find that the corroborating evidence is sufficient to connect Turner to the robbery.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury verdict, the non-accomplice evidence in this case established that (1) four people committed the aggravated robbery on June 10, 2017, (2) only one of the participants in the robbery was carrying a firearm, (3) the gunman fired shots at Valeries and Michaels feet, (4) the gunman did not threaten Jordan, who was holding the marihuana at the time of the robbery, (5) Turner and Jordan were seen together by a police officer a few weeks before the robbery, (6) Valerie and Michael both described the gunman as a short, stocky, black man, (7) only one of the participants in the robbery was a black man, (8) Valerie and Michael both testified at trial that Turner matched the physical description of the gunman, (9) Valerie was visibly shaken when she faced Turner at trial to identify his physical characteristics, and (10) Valerie identified Turner on Facebook as the person she believed to be the gunman prior to the time of trial.
As the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has explained, the tends-to-connect standard does not present a high threshold. See Solomon , 49 S.W.3d at 361. Here, the non-accomplice evidence tends to connect Turner with the offense. Although Valerie and Michael could not positively identify Turner as the gunman because he was wearing a mask, both testified that Turner looked like the gunman based on his build and skin color. Michael further identified Turner based on his height. See Cooper v. State , 631 S.W.2d 508, 510 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (holding that a less-than-positive identification may be sufficient to corroborate accomplice-witness testimony), overruled on other grounds by Bell v. State , 994 S.W.2d 173, 175 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) ; Griffin v. State , 486 S.W.2d 948, 950 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (same); In re C.M.G. , 905 S.W.2d 56, 59 (Tex. App.-Austin 1995, no pet.) (less-than-positive identification sufficient to corroborate accomplice-witness testimony, even without additional corroborating evidence). Even before she confronted Turner at trial, Valerie had identified Turner as the man she believed to be the gunman based on her Facebook research. In addition, Harbisons non-accomplice testimony revealed that Jordan and Turner knew each other prior to the robbery, and Valeries non-accomplice testimony revealed that the gunman never threatened Jordan during the robbery. Finally, Valeries emotional reaction to seeing Turner at trial could have been interpreted by the jury as supportive of the identification testimony.
We conclude that, based on the totality of the non-accomplice testimony, a rational juror could find that this evidence tends to connect Turner to the offense. See Reed v. State , 744 S.W.2d 112, 126 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (combined cumulative weight of the incriminating evidence furnished by the non-accomplice witnesses which tends to connect the accused with the commission of the offense supplies the test). The evidence is, therefore, sufficient to support Turners conviction.
III. Conclusion
We affirm the trial courts judgment.
DISSENTING OPINION
Dissenting Opinion by Justice Burgess
I respectfully dissent. The majority affirms Turners conviction because it concludes there is independent evidence that tends to connect Turner to the offense. Specifically, the majority identifies (1) the testimony of Officer Harbison that approximately two or three weeks before the robbery, he was present at a traffic stop involving Turner and Jordan; (2) Valerie and Thompson both described the gunman as a short, stocky, black man; (3) only one of the participants in the robbery was a black man; (4) Valerie and Thompson both testified at trial that Turner matched the physical description of the gunman in that he was a short, stocky, black man, and (5) Valerie identified Turner on Facebook as the person she believed to be the gunman prior to the time of trial. I would hold that the totality of this testimony, even when viewed in the light most favorable to the jury verdict, is insufficient because it does not tend to connect Turner to the robbery.
The accomplice witness rule requires that [a] conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense committed; and the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows the commission of the offense. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN . art. 38.14. This Rule reflects a legislative determination that accomplice testimony implicating another person should be viewed with a measure of caution, because accomplices often have incentives to lie, such as to avoid punishment or shift blame to another person. Zamora v. State , 411 S.W.3d 504, 509-10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (quoting Blake v. State , 971 S.W.2d 451, 454 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) ). The underlying rationale is that the accomplice is a corrupt source who may well have improper incentives when testifying against the accused-e.g., to redirect blame or to gain favor with the state in exchange for a reduced punishment. Gaston v. State , 324 S.W.3d 905, 909 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. refd) (citing Wincott v. State , 59 S.W.3d 691, 698 (Tex. App.-Austin 2001, pet. refd) ). And, although the tends-to-connect standard does not present a high threshold as it need not prove the defendants guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, Solomon v. State , 49 S.W.3d 356, 361 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001), it must do more than point the finger of suspicion at the defendant. Paulus v. State , 633 S.W.2d 827, 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). Moreover, the non-accomplice evidence must point toward the defendants commission of the offense, rather than merely corroborating the accomplice testimony on extraneous matters. Munoz v. State , 853 S.W.2d 558, 563 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has recognized that evidence placing a defendant in the company of the accomplice before, during, and after the commission of the offense, when coupled with other suspicious circumstances, may tend to connect the accused to the offense. Dowthitt v. State , 931 S.W.2d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) ; see Rhymes v. State , 536 S.W.3d 85, 93 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2017, pet. refd) (evidence that defendant was in the company of an accomplice at or near time or place of the offense is proper corroborating evidence). Here, however, the majority relies on evidence that Jordan and Turner were together at a traffic stop two or three weeks before the robbery. This type of evidence, attenuated in time and locale, has never been recognized as the type of evidence which would tend to connect the accused to a crime. At most, this evidence merely indicates that Jordan and Turner were acquainted before the robbery; it does not tend to connect Turner to the robbery.
Neither Valerie nor Thompson could identify Turner as the gunman because the gunman was wearing a mask. Yet, the majority relies on their testimony that Turner was black, as was the gunman, and that he was short and stocky, as was the gunman, as tending to connect Turner to the robbery. This vague physical description is far too general to connect Turner to the robbery. As in Gaston , this evidence merely points the finger of suspicion at Turner.
In Gaston , our sister court determined that the non-accomplice testimony was insufficient to connect the defendant to a robbery of a convenience store. Gaston , 324 S.W.3d at 909-10. There, a non-accomplice witness testified that she saw the defendant and the accomplice together on the afternoon of the robbery, that she loaned them her car, and that, when they returned with the car after an unspecified length of time, the defendant had a wad of five-dollar bills. Id. at 909. Even though the defendant was in the company of the accomplice near the time of the offense, our sister court recognized that guilt by association will not alone satisfy Article 38.14. Id. Further, the non-accomplice testimony did not indicate the purpose, destination, or duration of the defendants trip. Id. The fact that the defendant paid the witness for the use of her car from a wad of money likewise did not tend to connect him to the robbery; there was no evidence to reflect whether the defendant had any money before borrowing the car, or whether he possessed it after the robberys commission. Id.
The State also relied on the convenience store surveillance footage of the robbery as tending to connect the appellant to the robbery. Because the video depicted a masked offender, fully concealed under black clothing, it did not reveal any distinguishing marks or characteristics of the offender. Id. at 911. The court found that the general silhouette in the video was insufficient to connect the appellant to the robbery. Id.
Finally, the State relied on non-accomplice testimony from a witness who claimed she purchased a gun from the appellant that resembled the same gun used in a different convenience store robbery. The court recognized that, while this evidence might tend to connect the appellant to the robbery of a different convenience store, it did not tend to connect him to the robbery of the convenience store in the case before the court. Id.
The non-accomplice evidence in this case is even weaker than that presented in Gaston . Valeries and Thompsons testimony that they identified Turner on Facebook as the gunman does nothing to strengthen the corroborative force of the evidence regarding the gunmans general physical description and Turners presence with Jordan weeks before the robbery. The entirety of Valeries testimony in this regard was that, when she gave the police a second statement, she went into more detail about the information that [she] either knew or discovered through talking with [her] husband and looking on Facebook. Thompsons testimony in this regard was:
Q All right. Did yall go back and do Facebook searches to see if --
A Yeah, Valerie did a lot of research. She was trying to figure out who everyone was.
Q All right. And did you locate names and faces on Facebook?
A We did.
Q All right. Who were the individuals that you were able to locate on Facebook?
A [Jordan]. Of course, we already knew [Mannette]. And then Dakota Firth.
Q All right. And did you see an individual that matched the physical description of the individual that fired a weapon at you?
A She did. I dont really look at Facebook very often. She was the one who was doing most of the digging.
Q All right. But she found -- Valerie found a person on Facebook that met that description that was similar to the person that youve pointed out here in the courtroom?
A Yes, sir.
Q And what was the name of that individual on Facebook?
A Eric Turner.
This testimony is nothing more than an attenuated version of Valeries and Thompsons trial testimony that the gunman was a short, stocky, black man and that Turner matched that description. See Fernandez v. State , 989 S.W.2d 781, 786 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1998, pet. refd) (insufficient corroboration where vague description of body type could match hundreds or thousands of other men in the area).
The majority is correct that the issue of whether the evidence is sufficient to prove a defendants guilt beyond a reasonable doubt is different from the issue of whether the evidence is sufficient to corroborate accomplice testimony. The majority is also correct that, if all we were concerned with here was the sufficiency of the evidence, Jordans testimony would be sufficient under the federal Jackson standard. And, it is true that the accomplice-witness rule is not a federal constitutional standard, but a state, statutory standard.
Nevertheless, to hold that the testimony in this case is sufficient detail that tends to connect Turner to the offense would-in my opinion-render this state, statutory standard no standard at all. If testimony that the gunman was a short, stocky, black man and that Turner matched that description, is sufficient corroboration to satisfy the accomplice-witness rule, then it is difficult to imagine what evidence would be insufficient. Accordingly, because the entirety of the non-accomplice evidence does nothing more than point the finger of suspicion at Turner, I would reverse the judgment of conviction and enter a judgment of acquittal.
Michael described the gunmans mask as resembling an American flag.
Jordan testified that she, Mannette, and Firth had been friends for a few years at the time of the robbery and that Turner was her boyfriend. Jordan and Turner had been dating approximately six months when the robbery happened.
Turner was wearing the mask earlier at Jordans apartment.
Callan Neff, an officer with the New Boston Police Department, responded to the call of shots fired in the vicinity of North Miller Street. Neff located two nine-millimeter shell casings behind the Mannette house.
Police recovered a gun from an apartment occupied by Turners uncle. Forensic testing revealed that that gun was not the gun used by Turner in the robbery. Jordan testified that she did not know what Turner did with the gun used in the robbery.
An accomplice is someone who participates with the defendant before, during, or after the commission of a crime and acts with the required culpable mental state. Brown v. State , 270 S.W.3d 564, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing Paredes v. State , 129 S.W.3d 530, 536 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) ). It is undisputed that Jordan and Mannette participated in the aggravated robbery and pled guilty to that offense. Consequently, both are accomplices as a matter of law. See Paredes v. State , 129 S.W.3d 530, 536 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (An accomplice as a matter of law is one who is susceptible to prosecution for the offense with which the accused is charged or a lesser included offense.).
The dissent compellingly argues that the evidence supporting corroboration in this case is thin. However, we would note that the issue of whether the evidence is sufficient to prove a defendants guilt beyond a reasonable doubt is different from the issue of whether the evidence is sufficient to corroborate accomplice testimony. In determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction, the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia , 443 U.S. 307, 320, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) ; see also Brooks v. State , 323 S.W.3d 893, 913 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.). On the other hand, as noted above, when deciding whether the evidence is sufficient to support corroboration, we eliminate the accomplice testimony from consideration and then examine the remaining portions of the record to see if there is any evidence that tends to connect the accused with the commission of the crime. Solomon , 49 S.W.3d at 361.
We concede that Valeries and Michaels testimony would not be sufficient-by itself-to establish that any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson , 443 U.S. at 320, 99 S.Ct. 2781 ; Brooks , 323 S.W.3d at 913. But the State does not rely solely on Valeries and Michaels testimony. Rather, the State also relies on Jordans testimony that Turner was the masked gunman. Jordans testimony is sufficient to convict under the federal Jackson standard, and if this case were in federal court, we would stop there.
Of course, under Texas law, the State must also corroborate Jordans testimony by other evidence tending to connect Turner to the offense. But, corroboration is not a constitutional requirement under either the Texas or Federal Constitutions; rather, it is a statutory standard under Texas law. To be sure, it is an important standard, and-as the dissent observes-the Legislature adopted this additional proof requirement to ameliorate the inherent incentive accomplice witnesses have to lie. See infra p. 289-90 (citing Zamora v. State , 411 S.W.3d 504, 509-10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) ). Yet, the Legislature did not make this an onerous standard. Rather, as noted, the State need only show that the corroborating evidence tends to connect Turner to the offense. Solomon , 49 S.W.3d at 361. It is not required to prove corroboration beyond a reasonable doubt.
As noted above, we believe that Valeries and Michaels testimony tends to connect Turner to the offense for purposes of the accomplice-witness rule even though it would not be sufficient to prove Turners guilt beyond a reasonable doubt by itself. Because Valeries and Michaels testimony is sufficient to corroborate Jordans testimony, and because Jordans testimony is sufficient to prove Turners guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, we find that the evidence is sufficient to support Turners conviction under the Jackson / Brooks standard.
Both Mannette and Jordan testified that they had pled guilty to the aggravated robbery pursuant to plea agreements under which they would receive ten-year sentences. The plea agreements were contingent on their testifying at Turners trial.