Thomas R. Frierson, II, J.
In this post-divorce action involving the fathers petition to modify the parties existing permanent parenting plan and the mothers subsequent counter-petition, the trial court increased the fathers co-parenting time by ten days during the summer, for a total of 130 parenting days per year, and granted the mother sole decision-making authority with respect to the childrens education and extracurricular activities. The father has appealed. Discerning no reversible error, we affirm the trial courts ruling in all respects.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Courtney P. Brunetz (Mother) and Neil A. Brunetz (Father) were divorced by final decree of the Hamilton County Circuit Court (trial court), entered October 22, 2013. The parties had two minor children born during the marriage: I.B., who was nine years of age at the time of entry of the final decree, and M.B., who was five years of age (collectively, the Children). At the time of the divorce, Mother and Father executed a Marital Dissolution Agreement (MDA) and a Permanent Parenting Plan (PPP). Pursuant to the PPP, Mother was designated primary residential parent and enjoyed 245 days of co-parenting time per year. Father enjoyed the remaining 120 days per year with the Children. All major decisions required joint agreement of the parents, and mediation was the anticipated means of resolution to any impasse.
Regarding the choice of schools for the Children, the PPP outlined the following in relevant part:
It is contemplated at this time that the children will attend Baylor, McCallie or GPS; however, as otherwise set forth in this plan, the parties will together make these decisions at the appropriate time and with both parties reserving the right to engage mediation or court intervention regarding any disagreement, circumstance or related issues which may arise in the future. The parties shall divide the cost of private school tuition at St. Nicholas and whichever secondary private school the children attend through 12th grade, including McCallie, Baylor and/or GPS, and any other incidentals, pro rata according to the percentages derived from their prior years income. The costs to be divided pro rata include tuition, books, supplies and fees. This obligation will begin in conjunction with the 2014-2015 school year.
On May 25, 2016, Father filed a petition in the trial court, seeking to modify the existing PPP due to an alleged material change in circumstance. Father, a practicing attorney, stated in his petition that by reason of the length of time he had been employed at his law firm, his work schedule had recently become more flexible such that he would be able to exercise more co-parenting time with the Children. Father also stated that the methods and behavior of the Mother had begun to negatively affect the Children. According to Father, Mother often disparaged him in the presence of the Children, interfered with his co-parenting time, failed to encourage the Childrens relationship with him, and threatened to withhold his co-parenting time unless he paid expenses that were not his obligation. Father requested that Mother be ordered to submit to a mental health evaluation by a third-party professional, and he further sought a change in the parenting plan to maximize available co-parenting time between minor children and both of their parents pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106. Father attached a new proposed parenting plan to his petition, which suggested an allocation of parenting time of 182.5 days annually for each parent.
Father concomitantly filed a separate motion seeking a court-ordered psychological examination or parental fitness assessment for Mother pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 35.01. On June 10, 2016, the judges of the Eleventh Judicial District entered an order recusing themselves from this matter.
On July 15, 2016, Mother filed an answer and counter-petition, denying the allegations of Fathers petition and alleging, inter alia , that the Children were intimidated by Fathers abusive, controlling, [and] domineering personality in the presence of his new live-in girlfriend. Mother asserted that the only substantial and material change in circumstance was Fathers behavior, which she characterized as belligerent, demanding, and threatening. Mother also alleged that Father had been placing undue stress on the Children by insisting on communicating with Mother through the Children. Mother claimed that Fathers proposed modifications to the parenting plan were designed for him to exert greater control over the children and the Mother and were further motivated by his effort to minimize his financial obligations on behalf of his children. Mother submitted a counter-proposal for an amended PPP that added a provision stating, Father shall exercise no overnight visitation with the parties minor children while having overnight guests of the opposite sex, unless such person is married to the Father. Mother also sought to increase Fathers monthly child support payments based on a purported increase in Fathers gross monthly income.
On August 8, 2016, then Chief Justice Sharon G. Lee of the Tennessee Supreme Court assigned Senior Judge Don R. Ash to preside over this matter. Subsequently, on September 30, 2016, Judge Ash entered a scheduling order, which provided, inter alia , for a parental fitness assessment and evaluation to be performed with regard to each parent. On October 10, 2016, the trial court appointed Dr. Thomas Biller to perform such assessment and evaluation of the parents.
On March 9, 2017, Father filed an answer to Mothers counter-petition, denying all substantive allegations and raising several affirmative defenses. In his answer, Father noted in particular that the PPP contained no restriction against either party moving on with the social component of their respective lives.
On April 4, 2017, the trial court conducted a bench trial upon the petition and counter-petition for modification, hearing testimony solely from the parties. The trial court also considered the deposition testimony and reports of Dr. Biller. In its subsequent order entered June 11, 2017, the trial court determined that there had been a material change in circumstance affecting the best interest of the Children and modified the existing PPP. The courts modifications to the PPP included (1) an increase in Fathers co-parenting time by the courts award of ten additional days annually with the Children during the summer and (2) designation of Mother as sole decision-maker with respect to educational decisions and extracurricular activities. In support of its decision to modify the decision-making authority of the parties, the trial court explained in its memorandum opinion:
It seems to me this major decision-making is not working. Sorry about that, but its not. Yall continue to fuss over that. And this private school thing, which is provided for in the child support issue, thats what it says. So, maam, in regard to educational decisions, Im going to let you be the decider on that. Im going to take that out of the joint box.... Then Im also going to modify it where the mom is the decision maker in regard to extracurricular activities.
The trial court also suggested that the parents find a counselor to help with communication skills and parenting and modified the PPP to forbid communication via either parent sending messages through the children. Father timely appealed.
II. Issues Presented
Father presents three issues for our review, which we have restated slightly:
1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by increasing Fathers parenting time by only ten days annually instead of dividing co-parenting time equally between the parties.
2. Whether the trial courts division of tuition payments for private schools of Mothers choosing constituted an upward deviation in Fathers child support obligation.
3. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by sua sponte granting Mother the sole decision-making authority with respect to education and extracurricular activities.
III. Standard of Review
With regard to the proper standard of review in a case involving modification of a co-parenting schedule, our Supreme Court has elucidated:
In this non-jury case, our review of the trial courts factual findings is de novo upon the record, accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the findings, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d) ; Kendrick v. Shoemake , 90 S.W.3d 566, 570 (Tenn. 2002) ; Hass v. Knighton , 676 S.W.2d 554, 555 (Tenn. 1984). We review the trial courts resolution of questions of law de novo, with no presumption of correctness. Kendrick , 90 S.W.3d at 569. Statutory interpretation is a question of law, which we review de novo. Mills v. Fulmarque , 360 S.W.3d 362, 366 (Tenn. 2012).
A trial courts determinations of whether a material change in circumstances has occurred and whether modification of a parenting plan serves a childs best interests are factual questions. See In re T.C.D. , 261 S.W.3d 734, 742 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). Thus, appellate courts must presume that a trial courts factual findings on these matters are correct and not overturn them, unless the evidence preponderates against the trial courts findings. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d) ; In re C.K.G. , 173 S.W.3d [714,] 732 [ (Tenn. 2005) ] ; Kendrick , 90 S.W.3d at 570 ; Hass , 676 S.W.2d at 555.
Because decisions regarding parenting arrangements are factually driven and require careful consideration of numerous factors, Holloway v. Bradley , 190 Tenn. 565, 230 S.W.2d 1003, 1006 (1950) ; Brumit v. Brumit , 948 S.W.2d 739, 740 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997), trial judges, who have the opportunity to observe the witnesses and make credibility determinations, are better positioned to evaluate the facts than appellate judges. Massey-Holt v. Holt , 255 S.W.3d 603, 607 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). Thus, determining the details of parenting plans is peculiarly within the broad discretion of the trial judge. Suttles v. Suttles , 748 S.W.2d 427, 429 (Tenn. 1988) (quoting Edwards v. Edwards , 501 S.W.2d 283, 291 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1973) ). It is not the function of appellate courts to tweak a [residential parenting schedule] in the hopes of achieving a more reasonable result than the trial court. Eldridge v. Eldridge , 42 S.W.3d 82, 88 (Tenn. 2001).
A trial courts decision regarding the details of a residential parenting schedule should not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court ... appl[ies] an incorrect legal standard, reaches an illogical result, resolves the case on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or relies on reasoning that causes an injustice. Gonsewski v. Gonsewski , 350 S.W.3d 99, 105 (Tenn. 2011). A trial court abuses its discretion in establishing a residential parenting schedule only when the trial courts ruling falls outside the spectrum of rulings that might reasonably result from an application of the correct legal standards to the evidence found in the record. Eldridge , 42 S.W.3d at 88.
* * *
Once a permanent parenting plan has been incorporated in a final divorce decree, the parties are required to comply with it unless and until it is modified as permitted by law. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-405 (2010). In assessing a petition to modify a permanent parenting plan, the court must first determine if a material change in circumstances has occurred and then apply the best interest factors of section 36-6-106(a). Id. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B)-(C) (2010), -106(a) (2010 & Supp. 2013); see also Kendrick , 90 S.W.3d at 570 ; Boyer [v. Heimermann ], 238 S.W.3d [249,] 255 [ (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) ]. Finally, pursuant to the modification procedures described in section 36-6-405(a), the court must apply the fifteen factors of section 36-6-404(b), so as to determine how, if at all, to modify the residential parenting schedule. Just as the courts processes for determining the childs best interests and residential schedule when making its initial custody decisions overlap substantially, here again the two analyses are likely to be quite similar. Compare Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a), with Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b).
Armbrister v. Armbrister , 414 S.W.3d 685, 692-93, 698-99 (Tenn. 2013). Subsequently, in 2014, the General Assembly amended Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-404(b) to replace its list of factors with a reference to the revised list of factors contained in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a). See 2014 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 617 (S.B. 1488). Therefore, following such amendment, once the trial court determines that a material change of circumstance has occurred, the court should proceed[ ] to determine whether modification of the schedules is in the best interest of the child[ren], utilizing the factors at § 36-6-106(a). See Allen v. Allen , No. W2016-01078-COA-R3-CV, 2017 WL 908319, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 7, 2017) (quoting Wheeler v. Wheeler , No. M2015-00377-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 3095695, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 24, 2016) ).
IV. Division of Co-Parenting Time
Father contends on appeal that the trial courts decision to modify the PPP to grant him only an additional ten days of co-parenting time, for a total of 130 days per year, failed to maximize his time with the Children. Father bases his argument on our Supreme Courts recognition that the statutory goal ... is to allow both parents to enjoy the maximum participation possible in the lives of their children. See Armbrister , 414 S.W.3d at 707 ; see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a) (2014).
Father acknowledges that the trial court properly determined that a material change in circumstance had occurred since entry of the previous PPP. See Allen , 2017 WL 908319, at *8. Father argues, however, that the trial court did not properly consider the factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a) because, inter alia , (1) the court did not accord the proper weight relative to the court-ordered evaluation suggesting shared parenting time and (2) the court improperly considered Fathers live-in girlfriend as a negative factor.
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a) provides the following concerning modification of a parenting plan:
(a) In a suit for annulment, divorce, separate maintenance, or in any other proceeding requiring the court to make a custody determination regarding a minor child, the determination shall be made on the basis of the best interest of the child. In taking into account the childs best interest, the court shall order a custody arrangement that permits both parents to enjoy the maximum participation possible in the life of the child consistent with the factors set out in this subsection (a), the location of the residences of the parents, the childs need for stability and all other relevant factors. The court shall consider all relevant factors, including the following, where applicable:
(1) The strength, nature, and stability of the childs relationship with each parent, including whether one (1) parent has performed the majority of parenting responsibilities relating to the daily needs of the child;
(2) Each parents or caregivers past and potential for future performance of parenting responsibilities, including the willingness and ability of each of the parents and caregivers to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and both of the childs parents, consistent with the best interest of the child. In determining the willingness of each of the parents and caregivers to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and both of the childs parents, the court shall consider the likelihood of each parent and caregiver to honor and facilitate court ordered parenting arrangements and rights, and the court shall further consider any history of either parent or any caregiver denying parenting time to either parent in violation of a court order;
(3) Refusal to attend a court ordered parent education seminar may be considered by the court as a lack of good faith effort in these proceedings;
(4) The disposition of each parent to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care, education and other necessary care;
(5) The degree to which a parent has been the primary caregiver, defined as the parent who has taken the greater responsibility for performing parental responsibilities;
(6) The love, affection, and emotional ties existing between each parent and the child;
(7) The emotional needs and developmental level of the child;
(8) The moral, physical, mental and emotional fitness of each parent as it relates to their ability to parent the child ...;
(9) The childs interaction and interrelationships with siblings, other relatives and step-relatives, and mentors, as well as the childs involvement with the childs physical surroundings, school, or other significant activities;
(10) The importance of continuity in the childs life and the length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment;
(11) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other parent or to any other person. The court shall, where appropriate, refer any issues of abuse to juvenile court for further proceedings;
(12) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or frequents the home of a parent and such persons interactions with the child;
(13) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age or older. The court may hear the preference of a younger child upon request. The preference of older children should normally be given greater weight than those of younger children;
(14) Each parents employment schedule, and the court may make accommodations consistent with those schedules; and
(15) Any other factors deemed relevant by the court.
Our review of the trial courts memorandum opinion reveals that the trial court explicitly considered each and every factor contained in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a), making specific findings with regard to each factor. Having determined that a material change in circumstance had occurred, the court stated:
And then the next thing I do is I look at the factors and thats TCA 36-6-106. Stability and strength of a childs relationship with each parent including one parent performing the majority of the parenting responsibilities. Its obvious for me listening to this case that the mother has done that.
Next, each parents ability to facilitate a positive relationship with each other. I dont think either one of yall do that. I think, maam, I think occasionally youve become the advocate or the hero for the child and thats not good when the enemy is the dad. And, sir, I think sometimes you dont facilitate it either based upon some of the choices that youve made.
Number three is not applicable. Number four, disposition of each party to provide the child with food, clothing, etc. I think you both do a wonderful job at that. Next, the primary caregiver, thats the mother. Love and affection for the children, I think both of you love the children. Emotional needs of the child, at first I circled both because I read the good doctors report. To be quite honest, I think you both fall short in that. I think when we play the children to make the dad look bad, thats not serving their emotional needs. And, sir, when you make choices that is in your best interest instead of the childrens, youre not looking out for their emotional needs.
The moral, physical and emotional fitness of each parent, I think you both are, like I said, nice people. I just think youve gone down this path of war or making the other one feel bad or making you feel better and I think thats harmful.
The childrens interaction or relationship with siblings and family and childs involvement in significant activities, I think the mother primarily has done that. Length of time the children have been in a stable environment, I think thats the mother as well. The parents employment schedule. While the fathers schedule is better, I think the mothers schedule is better than his. And then finally any other factors. So I really dont find any additional factors.
Based on our thorough review of the evidence presented at trial, we determine that the proof supports the trial courts findings with regard to the applicable factors. The evidence demonstrated that Mother had provided a more stable home for the Children, performing a majority of parenting responsibilities with regard to the Childrens daily needs. Although both parents performed most parenting responsibilities well, neither had demonstrated a wholehearted willingness to facilitate and encourage the relationship between the Children and the other parent. Both parents amply provided for the Childrens physical and educational needs, although historically Mother had been the primary caregiver.
The evidence at trial further demonstrated that both parents maintained a loving and nurturing bond with the Children, although, as the trial court found, neither parent had necessarily placed the Childrens emotional needs before his or her own. Both parents were fit custodians, and there was no evidence of any type of abuse or neglect. The proof demonstrated that the Children had thrived in school, extracurricular activities, and relationships while Mother was the primary residential parent, and the court properly considered the importance of continuity for the Children. The court also properly considered that Mothers work schedule, which allowed her to work from home a great deal of the time, was much more flexible than Fathers, although his flexibility had improved in recent years. Overall, the evidence supported the trial courts decision to generally continue the previous co-parenting schedule with an award of additional days annually to Father in the summer.
The trial court specifically noted that Dr. Billers testimony and reports had been taken into consideration in its decision. However, Father argues that the court did not place enough emphasis on Dr. Billers recommendations. Although Dr. Biller did opine that a more equal co-parenting schedule might be beneficial to decrease arguing about who had more one way or the other and to increase the Childrens access to both parents, Dr. Biller also acknowledged that he had no concerns about placement of the Children primarily with either parent. As Mother points out in her appellate brief, Dr. Billers opinion was not binding upon the trial court and did not address every factor that the court was required to consider. See Sweeney v. Sweeney , No. 02A01-9212-CV-00335, 1993 WL 157668, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 14, 1993) (While Mr. Sweeney may take issue with the courts failure to accept [the experts] recommendation [with regard to custody], the court was not bound by this one piece of evidence....); see also Forrest Constr. Co., LLC v. Laughlin , 337 S.W.3d 211, 233 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) (The trial judge, as the trier of fact, is not compelled to unequivocally accept expert opinions.).
Furthermore, with regard to Fathers argument that the trial court placed undue emphasis on Fathers living situation with his girlfriend, our review of the courts memorandum opinion does not reveal that any improper weight was afforded. In fact, in its consideration of the above factors, the only reference that the trial court made to Fathers residential environment was regarding factor number seven, concerning the Childrens emotional needs. The court stated, referring to Father, when you make choices that is in your best interest instead of the childrens, youre not looking out for their emotional needs. However, the court also stated, referring to Mother, when we play the children to make the dad look bad, thats not serving their emotional needs. The court ultimately concluded that both parents fell short in their efforts to serve the emotional needs of the Children. Therefore, the trial courts analysis of this factor did not favor one parent over the other.
In conclusion, we determine that the trial courts decision regarding the co-parenting schedule was not an abuse of discretion. The trial courts ruling did not appl[y] an incorrect legal standard, reach[ ] an illogical result, resolve[ ] the case on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or rel[y] on reasoning that cause[d] an injustice. See Gonsewski v. Gonsewski , 350 S.W.3d 99, 105 (Tenn. 2011). Furthermore, [i]t is not the function of appellate courts to tweak a [residential parenting schedule] in the hopes of achieving a more reasonable result than the trial court. Eldridge v. Eldridge , 42 S.W.3d 82, 88 (Tenn. 2001). We therefore affirm the trial courts co-parenting residential schedule in this matter.
V. Modification of Decision-Making Authority
Fathers remaining issues relate to the trial courts determination that Mother should have sole decision-making authority concerning the Childrens education and extracurricular activities. Father contends that the trial courts decision to grant Mother sole decision-making ability was not raised by any party below, and neither party briefed it or argued it before the trial court. Father further asserts that the trial court did not make any factual findings explaining the rationale for its unfounded decision to change the Parenting Plan. In contrast, Mother argues that the trial court properly modified the allocation of decision-making authority in the PPP because to leave these two parties to jointly make the decisions with regard to the Childrens private school education and extracurricular activities would only result in more discord. Mother thereby asserts that the court made the appropriate modification in the best interest of the children. We agree with Mother.
We note at the outset that Fathers petition seeking modification of the PPP averred that a substantial and material change of circumstances exists which vests the Court with jurisdiction and requires implementation of a new [PPP] better catered to the best interests of these minor children. Father thus sought a modification of the [PPP] governing the rights and obligations of the parties with regard to these minor children. Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-404(a)(2), as part of its modification of the parties PPP, the trial court had the ability, authority, and the legislative directive, to [e]stablish the authority and responsibilities of each parent with respect to the child[ren], consistent with the criteria in this part. Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-404(a)(3) further directs the trial court to [m]inimize the child[ren]s exposure to harmful parental conflict.
During trial, both parties presented a considerable amount of testimony regarding their inability to cooperate when making major decisions, especially decisions concerning the Childrens school enrollment and extracurricular activities. The parties also acknowledged that their conflict with respect to these subjects detrimentally affected the Children. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court had the authority and sufficient justification to modify the decision-making authority of the parents in the modified PPP.
A modification in decision-making authority is analyzed utilizing the same standards governing any modification of the parenting plan. See Gider v. Hubbell , No. M2016-00032-COA-R3-JV, 2017 WL 1178260, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 29, 2017) (citing Colley v. Colley , No. M2014-02495-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 3633376, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 28, 2016), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 17, 2016) (analyzing a parents request for sole decision-making authority under the material change analysis) ). Therefore, once the existence of a material change in circumstance has been found, the trial court should consider the factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a) to determine whether a modification is in the childrens best interest. See Allen , 2017 WL 908319, at *8. As the trial court determined, the prior allocation of joint decision-making authority with regard to education and extracurricular activities was simply not working. The parties acknowledged numerous disputes regarding the Childrens school enrollment and extracurricular activities.
As previously explained, the best interest factors enumerated in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a) weighed in Mothers favor with regard to stability and continuity in school and at home, as well as encouragement of the Childrens involvement in activities and their interpersonal relationships with relatives and peers. Therefore, we again determine that the trial courts determination to afford Mother sole decision-making authority regarding education and extracurricular activities did not appl[y] an incorrect legal standard, reach[ ] an illogical result, resolve[ ] the case on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or rel[y] on reasoning that cause[d] an injustice. See Gonsewski , 350 S.W.3d at 105. We accordingly affirm the trial courts allocation of decision-making authority in the modified PPP.
Finally, Father contends that the original PPP did not contemplate the Childrens enrollment in private schools as a permanent arrangement, instead reserving educational decisions to be made jointly at the appropriate time. Father thus interprets the original PPP provision to mean that he should not be liable for tuition costs when the parties did not jointly agree on the private school. Accordingly, Father contends that the trial courts requirement that he pay tuition costs pro rata for a school unilaterally chosen by Mother would be an erroneous finding of an upward deviation of child support. We determine Fathers argument in this regard to be unavailing.
The parties original PPP provided the following concerning school enrollment:
It is contemplated at this time that the children will attend Baylor, McCallie or GPS; however, as otherwise set forth in this plan, the parties will together make these decisions at the appropriate time and with both parties reserving the right to engage mediation or court intervention regarding any disagreement, circumstance or related issues which may arise in the future. The parties shall divide the cost of private school tuition at St. Nicholas and whichever secondary private school the children attend through 12th grade, including McCallie, Baylor and/or GPS, and any other incidentals, pro rata according to the percentages derived from their prior years income. The costs to be divided pro rata include tuition, books, supplies and fees. This obligation will begin in conjunction with the 2014-2015 school year.
(Emphasis added.)
The modified PPP entered by the trial court on June 19, 2017, provides for a decrease in the amount of Fathers monthly child support obligation and further states:
[T]he parties shall divide the cost of private school tuition at St. Nicholas and McCallie, as well as whichever secondary private school the Mother chooses for the parties daughter ... to attend, including Baylor or Girls Preparatory School, through the 12th grade, and any other incidental [costs], pro rata according to the percentages derived from their prior years income. The costs to be divided pro rata include tuition, books, supplies and fees.
Ergo, the provision regarding private school tuition contained in the modified PPP is not materially different from the provision contained in the original PPP. Fathers position appears to be that if Mother unilaterally chooses to enroll the Children in a more costly private school at some point in the future, his obligation could increase. However, this Court cannot render an opinion in an appeal which is dependent upon future events or involves a purely hypothetical or theoretical set of facts. See, e.g. , Hurd v. Flores , 221 S.W.3d 14, 30 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).
We further note that the parties MDA, entered at the time of the divorce, provided that Fathers child support obligation includes an upward deviation associated with the childrens private school tuition. Thus, Fathers argument that the trial courts modified PPP somehow implemented an upward deviation that did not previously exist is unpersuasive. We further note that Father has never sought a modification of this provision in the MDA.
Father relies on this Courts opinion in Pua-Vines v. Vines , No. E2016-02472-COA-R3-CV, 2017 WL 3283415, at *4-7 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 23, 2017), in support of his argument regarding private school tuition cost. In Pua-Vines , the father and mother agreed at the time of their divorce that their children would attend a private Catholic school, and their parenting plan, which designated joint educational decision-making authority, provided that private school costs would be split equally between them. Id. at *6. Subsequently, the mother unilaterally decided to enroll the daughter in a different, non-Catholic private school. Id. This Court determined that [b]ecause Father was foreclosed from participating in the decision to enroll the older child at [the non-Catholic school], we conclude that he should not be made to pay tuition above what was contemplated in the [original] parenting plan. Id. at *6. As a result, this Court ordered the father to pay one-half of the annual [Catholic school] tuition going forward unless and until Mother and Father jointly agree to enroll the child in another school. Id.
In this case, Father objects to paying any tuition for a private school unilaterally chosen by Mother under the theory that they did not jointly agree to send the Children to a private school on a permanent basis. However, the parties original PPP contemplated that the Children would attend private school and that the parties would divide the costs pro rata, which has apparently been accomplished to date. The modified PPP presents no material change in this provision. Furthermore, Father has not demonstrated any unilateral educational decision by Mother that has resulted in his liability for increased costs, as was the case in Pua-Vines . We therefore determine Fathers reliance on this Courts opinion in Pua-Vines to be misplaced and conclude that the trial courts modification of educational decision-making authority did not constitute an upward deviation in Fathers child support obligation.
VI. Attorneys Fees on Appeal
In the argument section of their appellate briefs, both parties have requested an award of attorneys fees incurred on appeal; however, this issue has not been properly raised in the statement of the issues in either principal brief. As our Supreme Court has elucidated:
Appellate review is generally limited to the issues that have been presented for review. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b) ; State v. Bledsoe , 226 S.W.3d 349, 353 (Tenn. 2007). Accordingly, the Advisory Commission on the Rules of Practice and Procedure has emphasized that briefs should be oriented toward a statement of the issues presented in a case and the arguments in support thereof. Tenn. R. App. P. 27, advisory commn cmt.
Hodge v. Craig , 382 S.W.3d 325, 334 (Tenn. 2012) ; see also Forbess v. Forbess , 370 S.W.3d 347, 356 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011) (We may consider an issue waived where it is argued in the brief but not designated as an issue.). Therefore, both requests for attorneys fees on appeal are deemed waived.
VII. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial courts judgment in all respects. We remand this case to the trial court for enforcement of the judgment and collection of costs assessed below. Costs on appeal are assessed to the appellant, Neil A. Brunetz.
Mother withdrew her request for restricted overnight visitation by the time of trial.