DECISION & ORDER
In an action, inter alia, to recover damages for tortious interference with contract, the defendant Michael Hong appeals from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Nassau County (Vito M. DeStefano, J.), entered August 22, 2018. The judgment, insofar appealed from, upon a decision of the same court dated April 9, 2018, made after a nonjury trial, is in favor of the plaintiff Stuarts, LLC, and against the defendant Michael Hong in the principal sum of $1,436,128.
ORDERED that the judgment is modified, on the law and the facts, (1) by deleting the provision thereof awarding the plaintiff Stuarts, LLC, the principal sum of $543,689 against the defendant Michael Hong as damages for tortious interference with business relations, and substituting therefor a provision dismissing that cause of action insofar as asserted by the plaintiff Stuarts, LLC, against the defendant Michael Hong, and (2) by deleting the provision thereof awarding the plaintiff Stuarts, LLC, the principal sum of $719,064 against the defendant Michael Hong as damages for unfair competition, and substituting therefor a provision dismissing that cause of action insofar as asserted by the plaintiff Stuarts, LLC, against the defendant Michael Hong; as so modified, the judgment is affirmed insofar as appealed from, without costs or disbursements.
This appeal arises from a dispute in connection with the alleged diversion of assets and business from one clothing and apparel distributor, the plaintiff Stuarts, LLC (hereinafter Stuarts), to another, the defendant Level 8 Apparel, LLC (hereinafter Level 8). Stuarts alleged, among other things, that the defendant Michael Hong was an employee of Stuarts until February 24, 2009, and was also a principal of Level 8, and that Hong, along with several other individual defendants, wrongfully diverted business and assets away from Stuarts to Level 8. Stuarts and its principal, Wayne Galvin, commenced this action against, among others, Hong. As relevant to this appeal, the tenth cause of action sought damages for tortious interference with contract, the twelfth cause of action sought damages for tortious interference with business relations, and the thirteenth cause of action sought damages for unfair competition.
Following a nonjury trial, in a decision dated April 9, 2018, the Supreme Court, inter alia, found that all of the defendants had (1) tortiously interfered with a contract between Stuarts and nonparty Tumi, Inc. (hereinafter Tumi), damaging Stuarts in the amount of $173,375; (2) tortiously interfered with Stuarts business relationship with nonparty Aeropostale, Inc. (hereinafter Aeropostale), damaging Stuarts in the amount of $543,689; and (3) engaged in unfair competition with Stuarts, damaging Stuarts in the amount of $719,064. The court entered a judgment on August 22, 2018, inter alia, in favor of Stuarts and against Hong in those principal amounts. Hong appeals.
In reviewing a determination made after a nonjury trial, the power of this Court “is as broad as that of the trial court and ․ it may render the judgment it finds warranted by the facts, taking into account in a close case the fact that the trial judge had the advantage of seeing the witnesses” (Northern Westchester Professional Park Assoc. v. Town of Bedford, 60 N.Y.2d 492, 499, 470 N.Y.S.2d 350, 458 N.E.2d 809 [citations and internal quotation marks omitted]).
To recover damages for tortious interference with contract, the plaintiff must prove the existence of a valid contract with a third party, the defendants knowledge of that contract, the defendants intentional and improper procurement of a breach of that contract, and damages (see 106 N. Broadway, LLC v. Lawrence, 189 A.D.3d 733, 740, 137 N.Y.S.3d 148; Rose v. Different Twist Pretzel, Inc., 186 A.D.3d 631, 632, 126 N.Y.S.3d 911; Ferrandino & Son, Inc. v. Wheaton Bldrs., Inc., LLC, 82 A.D.3d 1035, 1036, 920 N.Y.S.2d 123). Here, the facts adduced at trial warranted the Supreme Courts finding that Hong tortiously interfered with Stuarts contract with Tumi. Specifically, the trial record reflected: (1) the existence of a valid licensing agreement between Stuarts and Tumi; (2) Hongs knowledge and awareness of Stuarts licensing agreement with Tumi; (3) Hongs intentional procurement of Tumis breach of that agreement without justification by Hongs actions in conspiring with several defendants to transfer the licensing agreement with Tumi from Stuarts to Level 8; and (4) damages as a direct result of the aforementioned conduct. To the extent that Hong relies upon his own trial testimony which was contradictory to evidence presented by the plaintiffs, the court found his testimony in this regard to be not credible. Based upon our review of the evidence and testimony, we find no basis to disturb the courts credibility determination (see generally Garcia v. Garcia, 187 A.D.3d 859, 863, 133 N.Y.S.3d 631; Moshell v. Alter, 186 A.D.3d 702, 703, 127 N.Y.S.3d 332).
“To prevail on a claim for tortious interference with business relations, a party must prove: (1) that it had a business relationship with a third party; (2) that the defendant knew of that relationship and intentionally interfered with it; (3) that the defendant acted solely out of malice or used improper or illegal means that amounted to a crime or independent tort; and (4) that the defendants interference caused injury to the relationship with the third party” (106 N. Broadway, LLC v. Lawrence, 189 A.D.3d at 741, 137 N.Y.S.3d 148; see 684 E. 222nd Realty Co., LLC v. Sheehan, 185 A.D.3d 879, 879–880, 128 N.Y.S.3d 273). “While a cause of action for interference with prospective contract or business relationship is closely akin to one for tortious interference with contract, the former requires proof of more culpable conduct on the part of defendant” (106 N. Broadway, LLC v. Lawrence, 189 A.D.3d at 740, 137 N.Y.S.3d 148; see Carvel Corp. v. Noonan, 3 N.Y.3d 182, 189–190, 785 N.Y.S.2d 359, 818 N.E.2d 1100). “This standard is met where the interference with prospective business relations was accomplished by wrongful means or where the offending party acted for the sole purpose of harming the other party” (Law Offs. of Ira H. Leibowitz v. Landmark Ventures, Inc., 131 A.D.3d 583, 585, 15 N.Y.S.3d 814; see 106 N. Broadway, LLC v. Lawrence, 189 A.D.3d at 733, 137 N.Y.S.3d 148). “Wrongful means” has been defined to include “physical violence, fraud or misrepresentation, civil suits and criminal prosecutions, and some degrees of economic pressure” (Carvel Corp. v. Noonan, 3 N.Y.3d at 191, 785 N.Y.S.2d 359, 818 N.E.2d 1100 [internal quotation marks omitted]). “[A]s a general rule, the defendants conduct must amount to a crime or an independent tort. Conduct that is not criminal or tortious will generally be ‘lawful’ and thus insufficiently ‘culpable’ to create liability for interference with prospective contracts or other nonbinding economic relations” (id. at 190, 785 N.Y.S.2d 359, 818 N.E.2d 1100; see Law Offs. of Ira H. Leibowitz v. Landmark Ventures, Inc., 131 A.D.3d at 586, 15 N.Y.S.3d 814). In addition, conduct which is motivated by economic self-interest cannot be characterized as solely malicious (see Law Offs. of Ira H. Leibowitz v. Landmark Ventures, Inc., 131 A.D.3d at 586, 15 N.Y.S.3d 814).
The Supreme Courts determination that Hong tortiously interfered with Stuarts business relations with Aeropostale was not warranted by the facts. The court made no specific findings of fact or credibility determinations concerning this cause of action and Hong individually, and the trial record reflects a lack of incriminating evidence that Hong used “wrongful means” to interfere with Stuarts business relationship with Aeropostale. Furthermore, to the extent that the court tacitly concluded that Hongs conduct harmed Stuarts business relationship with Aeropostale, any such conduct would presumably have been motivated by Hongs economic self-interest, and cannot be characterized as solely malicious (see Tri–Star Light. Corp. v. Goldstein, 151 A.D.3d 1102, 1107, 58 N.Y.S.3d 448; Law Offs. of Ira H. Leibowitz v. Landmark Ventures, Inc., 131 A.D.3d at 586, 15 N.Y.S.3d 814; Devash LLC v. German Am. Capital Corp., 104 A.D.3d 71, 79, 959 N.Y.S.2d 10; Out of Box Promotions, LLC v. Koschitzki, 55 A.D.3d 575, 577, 866 N.Y.S.2d 677; RSA Distribs., Inc. v. Contract Furniture Sales, 248 A.D.2d 370, 371, 669 N.Y.S.2d 842). Accordingly, the court should have dismissed the twelfth cause of action, which alleged tortious interference with business relations, insofar as asserted by Stuarts against Hong.
“To establish a cause of action for relief based on unfair competition, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant wrongfully diverted the plaintiffs business to itself. In the absence of a restrictive covenant, an employee may freely compete with a former employer unless trade secrets are involved or fraudulent methods are employed” (McKinnon Doxsee Agency, Inc. v. Gallina, 187 A.D.3d 733, 737, 132 N.Y.S.3d 144 [citations and internal quotation marks omitted]; see Baldeo v. Majeed, 150 A.D.3d 942, 944, 55 N.Y.S.3d 340; Pearlgreen Corp. v. Yau Chi Chu, 8 A.D.3d 460, 461, 778 N.Y.S.2d 516). “Unfair competition encompasses ‘[t]he principle that one may not misappropriate the results of the skill, expenditures and labors of a competitor’ ” (McKinnon Doxsee Agency, Inc. v. Gallina, 187 A.D.3d at 738, 132 N.Y.S.3d 144, quoting Electrolux Corp. v. Val–Worth, Inc., 6 N.Y.2d 556, 567, 190 N.Y.S.2d 977, 161 N.E.2d 197).
The Supreme Courts determination that Hong had engaged in unfair competition was not warranted by the facts. The trial record did not demonstrate that Hong, as opposed to several of the other defendants, acted wrongfully in allegedly diverting Stuarts business to Level 8. Tumis representative testified that Hong never had any discussion or involvement with Tumi concerning the transfer to Level 8 of any assets or rights belonging to Stuarts, and that Hongs only involvement with Tumi pertained to issues concerning product and/or design. Further, testimony from Aeropostales representative evidenced no involvement by Hong in Aeropostales severing of its business ties to Stuarts, nor any involvement by Hong in Aeropostales entering into any agreements with Level 8. At trial, Hong vehemently denied removing any proprietary information from Stuarts, and no witness testified to the contrary. Thus, any implicit finding by the court that Hong acted wrongfully was not warranted by the facts (see Baldeo v. Majeed, 150 A.D.3d at 944–945, 55 N.Y.S.3d 340). Accordingly, the court should have dismissed the thirteenth cause of action, which alleged unfair competition, insofar as asserted by Stuarts against Hong.
Hongs remaining contentions either are without merit or need not be reached in light of our determination.
RIVERA, J.P., MILLER, BARROS and BRATHWAITE NELSON, JJ., concur.