¶1 Lindsey Dostal (hereinafter, “Dostal”) appeals a circuit courts grant of summary and declaratory judgment to State Farm Fire and Casualty Company (hereinafter, “State Farm”). The court concluded that State Farm did not provide coverage under Curtis Strands homeowners insurance policy (hereinafter, “the Policy”) for Dostals claims against Strand resulting from the death of Dostal and Strands infant daughter, Haeven Dostal (hereinafter, “Haeven”) while she was in Strands care. The court determined Haevens death was not the result of an occurrence, which is defined in the Policy as “an accident, including exposure to conditions” that results in bodily injury or property damage during the policy period. In particular, the court concluded that Strands criminal conviction of second-degree reckless homicide for causing Haevens death precluded Dostals claim that Strands actions were accidental because criminal recklessness requires more than accidental conduct. It reached this conclusion because, to find Strand guilty of that crime, the jury had to find that Strand created an unreasonable and substantial risk of great bodily harm to Haeven and that he acted with awareness of that risk.
¶2 Dostal argues that the Policy provides coverage for Haevens bodily injury and death because they resulted from an accident; at a minimum, she contends there are genuine issues of fact in that regard. Dostal asserts that the circuit court erred by failing to consider disputed facts regarding the injury-causing event that led to Haevens death. She further asserts that the courts holding is in error because it equates conduct where there is an awareness of a risk of harm with conduct that intentionally causes harm. Dostal contends that awareness of a risk of harm, by itself, does not mean that an injury-causing event cannot be an accident.
¶3 Under the undisputed facts of this case, we conclude that the Policy did not provide coverage for Dostals claims. A jury in a criminal trial rejected the argument that Strands actions were accidental and convicted him of second-degree reckless homicide. In doing so, the jury necessarily found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Strand was aware that his conduct created an unreasonable and substantial risk of harm to Haeven such that her death did not result from an accident. Accordingly, Strands conduct did not constitute an occurrence under the Policy. Because we conclude there was no occurrence, the Policy provides no coverage for Dostals claim against Strand. Accordingly, we affirm.
1
BACKGROUND
¶4 Dostal and Strand dated on and off for approximately seventeen years, during which time Dostal became pregnant. After being advised of the pregnancy, Strand told Dostal he did not want to be a father and that Dostal should have an abortion. Notwithstanding Strands objections, Dostal continued the pregnancy. Prior to the childs birth, Dostal and Strand signed a document whereby Strand essentially relinquished all rights and responsibility for the child. They agreed that Dostal would have sole custody and physical placement of their unborn child, and sole power to make all decisions regarding the childs schooling, residence, and healthcare. In addition, it was understood that Strand would have no contact with the child and would pay no support for her.
¶5 Haeven was born on April 3, 2017. Because Haeven was enrolled in insurance benefits through the State of Wisconsin, the State sought reimbursement for Haevens medical expenses from Strand. Shortly thereafter, the parties’ written agreement was rejected by the State. A child support agency initiated a paternity/child support action to establish Strands paternity and his obligation to provide support for Haeven.
¶6 Strand was subsequently formally adjudicated Haevens father. The circuit court ordered that the parties share joint legal custody of Haeven, and Dostal was granted primary physical placement. Strand was granted minimal temporary physical placement and was ordered to pay child support.
¶7 On July 11, 2017, while in Strands care, Haeven died after sustaining a skull fracture and an associated brain injury. As part of the subsequent investigation, Strand provided law enforcement with different versions of the events that led up to Haevens death. In each of Strands recitations, he stated that Haeven was involved in a fall. The medical examiner, however, determined that Strands explanations of the events occurring prior to Haevens death were inconsistent with the severity of her injuries. Ultimately, the medical examiner concluded that Haevens death was caused by anoxic encephalopathy following resuscitated cardiac arrest due to blunt force trauma.
¶8 Strand was charged with first-degree reckless homicide and obstructing an officer. Following a jury trial, Strand was convicted of second-degree reckless homicide and obstructing an officer.
¶9 Thereafter, Dostal commenced this civil lawsuit against Strand and his insurer,
2
alleging that Haevens “injuries were proximately caused by the negligent acts of [Strand], including, but not limited to negligent supervision, failing to properly hold or secure Haeven to prevent her from falling, [and] failing to contact emergency services in a reasonable manner.” Dostal also asserted a claim for wrongful death, alleging that she had sustained damages and loss of society and companionship as a result of Haevens death. Strand tendered this matter to State Farm seeking defense and indemnification under the Policy. Thereafter, State Farm moved to intervene and to bifurcate the issue of insurance coverage and stay proceedings on Strands liability until coverage was determined.
¶10 Strands policy with State Farm provides, in part:
SECTION II – LIABILITY COVERAGES
COVERAGE[ ] – PERSONAL LIABILITY
If a claim is made or a suit is brought against an insured for damages because of bodily injury or property damage to which this coverage applies, caused by an occurrence, we will:
1. pay up to our limit of liability for the damages for which the insured is legally liable; and
2. provide a defense at our expense by counsel of our choice. We may make any investigation and settle any claim or suit that we decide is appropriate. Our obligation to defend any claim or suit ends when the amount we pay for damages, to effect settlement or satisfy a judgment resulting from the occurrence, equals our limit of liability.
¶11 The Policy defines “occurrence” as “an accident, including exposure to conditions, which results in (a) bodily injury; or (b) property damage; during the policy period.” (Formatting and emphasis altered.) The Policy also contains an intentional acts exclusion, which excludes coverage for “bodily injury ․ which is either expected or intended by the insured.”
¶12 State Farm filed a motion for summary and/or declaratory judgment, arguing, in part, that there was no coverage for Dostals claims because there was no occurrence under the terms of the Policy. State Farm further argued that even if there was an occurrence, there was no coverage for the claims under the resident relative and intentional acts exclusions of the Policy. The circuit court granted State Farms motion, concluding in pertinent part:
As a matter of law[,] the conviction of second[-]degree reckless homicide prevents the events from being an “occurrence” due to the fact that the Jury had to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Strand recklessly caused the death of another human being by creating an unreasonable and substantial risk [of] great bodily harm and death and that Strand acted with awareness of that risk.
The court further concluded that the intentional acts exclusion barred coverage because Strands intent could be inferred as a matter of law. Dostal now appeals.
DISCUSSION
¶13 We independently review a grant of summary judgment, using the same methodology as the circuit court. Hardy v. Hoefferle, 2007 WI App 264, ¶6, 306 Wis. 2d 513, 743 N.W.2d 843. Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Wis. Stat. § 802.08(2) (2019-20).
3
Whether to grant or deny a declaratory judgment is within the discretion of the circuit court. Jones v. Secura Ins. Co., 2002 WI 11, ¶19, 249 Wis. 2d 623, 638 N.W.2d 575. When the exercise of that discretion turns on the interpretation of an insurance policy, which is a question of law, we independently review the circuit courts decision. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Acuity, 2005 WI App 77, ¶6, 280 Wis. 2d 624, 695 N.W.2d 883.
¶14 Our goal in interpreting an insurance policy is to give effect to the parties’ intent. American Fam. Mut. Ins. Co. v. American Girl, Inc., 2004 WI 2, ¶23, 268 Wis. 2d 16, 673 N.W.2d 65. We construe a policy as it would be understood by a reasonable person in the position of the insured. Id. If policy language is unambiguous, we enforce the policy as written; however, if it is ambiguous—that is, reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation—we construe it against the insurer and in favor of coverage. Marnholtz v. Church Mut. Ins. Co., 2012 WI App 53, ¶10, 341 Wis. 2d 478, 815 N.W.2d 708.
¶15 The circuit court concluded that Strands conduct in relation to Haevens death could not be an occurrence under the Policy because his conduct was not accidental. The court concluded as such because a jury had already found Strand guilty of second-degree reckless homicide under Wis. Stat. § 940.06 for causing Haevens death, which required the jury to believe, beyond a reasonable doubt, both that Strand recklessly caused Haevens death by creating an unreasonable and substantial risk of great bodily harm and death, and that he acted with awareness of that risk.
¶16 Dostal asserts that the circuit court erred by focusing exclusively on the criminal jury instruction and failed to consider all of the facts in the record regarding the injury-causing event—a fall, which she asserts was an accident and thus an occurrence. Dostal further contends that the “effect of the decision is a rule that criminal recklessness and accidental conduct cannot exist at the same time for purposes of insurance coverage.”
¶17 Dostal argues that material disputed facts regarding the injury-causing event are present here, and that the circuit court therefore erred in granting State Farms summary judgment motion. The only version of events heard during Strands criminal trial regarding how Haeven was injured was from Strands recorded interview, wherein Strand stated that Haevens injuries resulted from a fall. Strand told police that Haeven fell off his knee while he was trying to feed her. Alternatively, Strand stated that he dropped Haeven while trying to warm up her bottle. The forensic pathologists provided their opinions on the veracity of Strands statements; however, they never provided an alternative theory as to how the incident happened. Dostal asserts that Strands explanation that Haevens injuries resulted from a fall could support the conclusion that Haevens death was an accident. Dostal thus argues that this disputed issue of material fact prevented the courts grant of summary judgment.
¶18 Dostal contends that Estate of Sustache v. American Family Mutual Insurance Co., 2008 WI 87, 311 Wis. 2d 548, 751 N.W.2d 845, and Talley v. Mustafa, 2018 WI 47, 381 Wis. 2d 393, 911 N.W.2d 55, provide the proper analysis that a circuit court is required to conduct in these types of cases. In Sustache, Sustache was punched by a guest at an underage drinking party, which caused him to fall to the curb and sustain severe injuries that ultimately led to his death. Sustache, 311 Wis. 2d 548, ¶5, 751 N.W.2d 845. In assessing whether Sustaches injuries were the result of an occurrence, our supreme court focused on the definition of an “accident,” which is an “event which takes place without ones foresight or expectation. A result, though unexpected, is not an accident; rather, it is the causal event that must be accidental for the event to be an accidental occurrence.” Id., ¶46 (citation omitted). After reviewing the affidavits, the allegations contained in the complaint and the policy, the court determined that the policy at issue did not provide coverage for the claims because the injury-causing actions were not accidental and thus did not give rise to an occurrence. Id., ¶¶4, 56.
¶19 Talley involved negligent supervision claims arising out of an employee punching a customer in the face, and it focused on “what is the injury-causing event.” Talley, 381 Wis. 2d 393, ¶17, 911 N.W.2d 55 (citation omitted). After comparing the complaint and extrinsic evidence obtained through discovery to the language of the policy, the court determined that there was no coverage because one cannot “accidentally” intentionally punch someone in the face. Id., ¶¶26, 37.
¶20 Dostals reliance on Sustache and Talley is misplaced. Dostal argues that in accordance with Sustache and Talley, the circuit court must review the record to see if there are any disputed facts regarding the injury-causing event, and if there are, summary judgment should be denied. Unlike in the present case, neither of the aforementioned cases had a criminal adjudication against which to review the facts. As a result, the courts in those cases had to rely primarily on the plaintiffs’ complaints. The jurors in Strands criminal case, by contrast, heard the testimony of witnesses, weighed the credibility of those witnesses, considered the jury instructions, and then convicted Strand of second-degree reckless homicide. As part of the jury instructions, the court was explicit as to what constitutes criminally reckless conduct in Wisconsin:
Criminally reckless conduct is defined as conduct that creates a risk of death or great bodily harm to another person, and the risk of death or great bodily harm was unreasonable and substantial, and that the defendant was aware that his conduct created an unreasonable and substantial risk of death or great bodily harm.
The defendant, Mr. Strand, contends that he was not aware that his conduct created an unreasonable and substantial risk of death or great bodily harm, but that what happened was an accident.
If [Strand] did not act with an awareness required for this crime, he is not guilty of this crime.
¶21 After receiving these instructions, the jury deliberated and found Strand guilty, beyond a reasonable doubt, of second-degree reckless homicide. As noted, the circuit court had instructed the jurors that given Strands argument that his actions were an “accident,” their charge was to find him not guilty if he did not possess the required awareness of the unreasonable and substantial risk of death or great bodily harm to Haeven that he had created. By finding him guilty, the jury necessarily concluded that Strand was aware that his conduct created an unreasonable and substantial risk of death or great bodily harm and, therefore, his conduct was not an “accident.”
¶22 Intertwined with the foregoing considerations, Dostal further asserts that the circuit courts holding is in error because it equates conduct where there is an awareness of an unreasonable and substantial risk of harm with intentional conduct. According to Dostal, “[a]wareness of risk of harm, by itself, does not mean an injury causing event cannot be an accident.” She contends that a fall can be an accident even when there is an awareness of significant risk.
¶23 We do not disagree with Dostal insofar as we conclude that not all reckless conduct will reach the level of criminal recklessness. Such lesser “reckless” conduct, although more dangerous than merely negligent acts, still may require fact finding as to whether a resulting injury was accidental. However, when a jury has found an individuals conduct to be criminally reckless—which requires a finding that the individual was aware that his or her conduct created an unreasonable and substantial risk of death or great bodily harm—it is axiomatic that no accident occurred.
¶24 Citing case law from other jurisdictions, Dostal argues that for insurance coverage purposes, reckless conduct involves a different degree of volition than intentional conduct and should not be categorically excluded from the ambit of insurance coverage. Dostal asserts that if “State Farm wanted to exclude coverage for criminal or reckless conduct, it easily could have. It made specific exclusions for intentional conduct and could have inserted a similar exclusion for reckless conduct.” She further asserts a reasonable jury would conclude that Strands conduct, even if reckless, was an accident and constituted an occurrence. She therefore contends that the circuit court erred in granting State Farms motion.
¶25 Dostals arguments in this regard misapprehend the insurance policy language at play. Whether a plaintiffs injuries arose from an occurrence and whether the insured engaged in intentional conduct are separate and distinct analyses. In particular, the “occurrence” analysis asks in the first instance whether the injury-causing event was accidental, while the “intentional act” analysis asks if the insured expected or intended the injury. Wisconsins criminal code recognizes a degree of mens rea separate from accidental and intentional that is highly relevant to this case—recklessness. See Wis. Stat. §§ 939.23–939.25.
¶26 Wisconsin courts have long held that contracts must be interpreted “to give ‘reasonable meaning to each provision and without rendering any portion superfluous.’ ” Sonday v. Dave Kohel Agency, Inc., 2006 WI 92, ¶21, 293 Wis. 2d 458, 718 N.W.2d 631 (citation omitted). Interpretations which render insurance contract language superfluous are to be avoided where a construction can be given which lends meaning to the phrase. Bulen v. West Bend Mut. Ins. Co., 125 Wis. 2d 259, 263, 371 N.W.2d 392 (Ct. App. 1985). Merging the “occurrence” analysis with the “intentional act” analysis destroys this separation, violates principles of contract interpretation, and is incorrect as a matter of law.
¶27 As stated above, Wisconsin courts have interpreted the term “accident” to mean “an event which takes place without ones foresight or expectation.” American Girl, 268 Wis. 2d 16, ¶37, 673 N.W.2d 65. Furthermore, “[a] result, though unexpected, is not an accident; the means or cause must be accidental.” Id. Here, the circuit court correctly determined that no reasonable jury could find Haevens injuries and death resulted from an accident. The court ruled, as a matter of law, that Strands conviction for second-degree reckless homicide prevented the events resulting in bodily injury to Haeven from being an occurrence. In reaching that decision, the court considered the criminal jury instructions, which defined criminally reckless conduct as that which “creates a risk of death or great bodily harm to another person, and the risk of death or great bodily harm was unreasonable and substantial, and that the defendant was aware that his conduct created an unreasonable and substantial risk of death or great bodily harm.” With these jury instructions as a backdrop, the jury found that the State had proved, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Strand “recklessly cause[d] the death of another human being” by “creat[ing] an unreasonable and substantial risk of death or great bodily harm.” See Wis. Stat. §§ 940.06(1) and 939.24(1). Importantly, the jury also found that Strand acted with “aware[ness] of that risk,” see § 939.24(1), and in doing so, it necessarily rejected his claim that Haevens death was an accident.
¶28 Accordingly, we conclude that the circuit court properly determined the Policy provided no coverage for Dostals claims because Haevens bodily injuries and death did not result from an occurrence. The court properly granted State Farms motion for summary and declaratory judgment.
By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.
FOOTNOTES
1
. Dostal also argues the circuit court erred in holding that because Strand was convicted of second-degree reckless homicide, the Policys intentional acts exclusion precluded coverage for Dostals claims. In addition, in a cross-appeal, State Farm argues that the court erred in denying summary judgment on the alternative ground that the resident relative exclusion precluded coverage. We decline to decide these issues because we affirm on other grounds. See Barrows v. American Fam. Ins. Co., 2014 WI App 11, ¶9, 352 Wis. 2d 436, 842 N.W.2d 508 (2013) (“An appellate court need not address every issue raised by the parties when one issue is dispositive.”).
2
. The complaint named ABC Insurance Company as a placeholder defendant. State Farm ultimately intervened as the proper insurer.
3
. All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise noted.
GILL, J.