Vincent Savarese, a federal prisoner, appeals from the District Courts revocation of his supervised release and imposition of a five-year mandatory minimum prison sentence. Mr. Savarese argues that 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k), the statutory provision mandating Savareses five-year term of imprisonment, is unconstitutional as applied to him in light of United States v. Haymond, 588 U.S. ––––, 139 S. Ct. 2369, 204 L.Ed.2d 897 (2019). After careful consideration and with the benefit of oral argument, we vacate Mr. Savareses sentence and remand for the District Court to consider the application of Haymond in the first instance.
I.
In January 2010 Mr. Savarese was convicted of possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). He was sentenced to 78-months imprisonment followed by a ten-year term of supervised release, which began in June 2015. In May 2018, while under supervision, Mr. Savarese searched and viewed images of child pornography on a public computer, in violation of § 2252A. In addition to this conduct resulting in Mr. Savarese being charged with a new crime, it also constituted a violation of the terms of his supervised release, which prohibited him from violating any law and from viewing, accessing, or possessing sexually explicit materials. In September 2018 Mr. Savarese pled guilty to accessing child pornography in violation of § 2252A.
After he pled guilty, but while Mr. Savarese was waiting to be sentenced for this new criminal conviction, his revocation proceedings continued. Mr. Savareses supervised release was imposed for a crime charged as a Class C felony. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252(b)(2), 3559(a)(3). As a result, he would ordinarily “not be required to serve ․ more than 2 years in prison” for violating supervision. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3). However, because Mr. Savareses alleged violation was also new criminal conduct under § 2252A, he was required to face a mandatory minimum of five-years imprisonment under § 3583(k).
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Specifically, § 3583(k) provides, in relevant part:
If a defendant required to register under the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act commits any criminal offense under chapter 109A, 110, or 117, or section 1201 or 1591, for which imprisonment for a term longer than 1 year can be imposed, the court shall revoke the term of supervised release and require the defendant to serve a term of imprisonment under subsection (e)(3) without regard to the exception [allowing for home confinement as an alternative to incarceration] contained therein. Such term shall not be less than 5 years.
18 U.S.C. § 3583(k).
In October 2018 Mr. Savarese moved the District Court to find this portion of § 3583(k), which requires a minimum five-year term of imprisonment, unconstitutional “as written and as applied” to him. He argued that these two sentences violated his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights, because they “strip the sentencing judge of discretion to impose punishment within the statutorily prescribed range” and “impose heightened punishment on sex offenders expressly based ․ on new conduct for which they have not been convicted by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Mr. Savarese urged the District Court to adopt the Tenth Circuits approach in United States v. Haymond, 869 F.3d 1153 (10th Cir. 2017), vacated, 588 U.S. ––––, 139 S. Ct. 2369, 204 L.Ed.2d 897 (2019), where that court held this portion of § 3583(k) was unconstitutional. He advised his sentencing court that the Supreme Court had granted certiorari in Haymond but had not yet rendered a decision. The District Court denied Mr. Savareses motion.
The District Court convened a single hearing for Mr. Savareses final revocation hearing and his sentencing for the underlying criminal conviction. The court asked whether Mr. Savarese “intended to contest the two [supervision] violations,” and his counsel responded that he “believe[d] it is Mr. Savareses intention to admit the violations,” noting that Savarese had “already pled guilty to the underlying case.” This colloquy followed:
THE COURT: The record should reflect that there was an entry of a guilty plea in the related criminal case. That guilty plea deals with the same facts, essentially, but I need to satisfy myself that you are making a knowing and intelligent and voluntary decision to plead guilty to the two violations of supervised release. So you have been advised and I advised you at the beginning of this hearing what the two violations are, that is, the access and attempting to access child pornography on May 24th, and also accessing or possessing explicit material on the same date, [May] 24th, essentially the same facts. Is it your intention to admit those violations, sir, or would you like to have this matter contested?
THE DEFENDANT: Your Honor, I feel that I have already expressed myself before that I am – I am going to admit to it. ․
THE COURT: ․ Do you admit or do you contest whether or not you accessed or attempted to access child pornography on May 24th, 2018? ․
THE DEFENDANT: Yes. Im admitting to it, yes.
THE COURT: And the same conduct would give rise to the second violation, which is viewing or attempting to view sexually explicit material on the same date. Do you admit that you engaged in that conduct as well? ․
THE DEFENDANT: Yes. Yes, I am. I am admitting to doing this.
The court found Mr. Savarese guilty of the violations of his supervised release and sentenced him to the mandatory minimum five-year prison term under § 3583(k). The court then went on to sentence Mr. Savarese to the ten-year mandatory minimum prison term for the underlying criminal offense. The court decided that the two sentences should run consecutively, resulting in a total term of 15-years imprisonment.
Mr. Savarese appealed the judgment entered for his supervised release revocation. After Mr. Savarese filed his notice of appeal from that judgment, but before briefing in this Court, the Supreme Court decided United States v. Haymond, 588 U.S. ––––, 139 S. Ct. 2369, 204 L.Ed.2d 897 (2019). Haymond ruled that § 3583(k) was unconstitutional as applied in that case. Id. at 2386 (Breyer, J., concurring).
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Mr. Savareses argument here is that, under Haymond, § 3583(k) is unconstitutional as applied to him as well.
II.
We review a district courts revocation of supervised release for abuse of discretion. United States v. Frazier, 26 F.3d 110, 112 (11th Cir. 1994). However, “[c]hallenges to the constitutionality of a statute are reviewed de novo.” United States v. Cunningham, 607 F.3d 1264, 1266 (11th Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (quotation marks omitted).
III.
In Haymond, a fractured Supreme Court held that § 3583(k) was unconstitutional as applied. 139 S. Ct. at 2385 (plurality opinion), 2386 (Breyer, J., concurring). In that case Mr. Haymond, while on supervised release for a conviction of possessing child pornography, was alleged to have possessed child pornography again. Id. at 2374. As here, the government sought to revoke Mr. Haymonds supervised release and secure an additional prison sentence. Id. A district judge, acting without a jury, found by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Haymond knowingly downloaded and possessed child pornography. Id. Therefore, although Mr. Haymonds original crime triggered a maximum of two years imprisonment for violating supervision under § 3583(e)(3), the court imposed § 3583(k)’s five-year mandatory minimum prison term because possession of child pornography is an enumerated offense under that provision. Id. at 2374–75.
Justice Breyers binding concurrence held that “this specific provision of the supervised-release statute, § 3583(k), is unconstitutional.” Id. at 2386 (Breyer, J., concurring). In his view, § 3583(k) is “difficult to reconcile” with the general understanding of supervised release as part of the penalty for the original offense. Id. Instead, § 3583(k) is “more like punishment for a new offense.” Id. He identified three features of the provision that compel this conclusion:
First, § 3583(k) applies only when a defendant commits a discrete set of federal criminal offenses specified in the statute. Second, § 3583(k) takes away the judges discretion to decide whether violation of a condition of supervised release should result in imprisonment and for how long. Third, § 3583(k) limits the judges discretion in a particular manner: by imposing a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of ‘not less than 5 years’ upon a judges finding that a defendant has ‘commit[ted] any’ listed ‘criminal offense.’
Id. He explained that “[t]aken together, these features of § 3583(k) more closely resemble the punishment of new criminal offenses, but without granting a defendant the rights, including the jury right, that attend a new criminal prosecution.” Id. “And in an ordinary criminal prosecution, a jury must find facts that trigger a mandatory minimum prison term.” Id. (citing Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 103, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 2155, 186 L.Ed.2d 314 (2013)).
Here, the District Court revoked Mr. Savareses supervised release—and denied his motion to find the final two sentences of § 3583(k) unconstitutional—without the benefit of the Supreme Courts decision in Haymond. We therefore vacate the sentence imposed for Mr. Savareses violation of supervised release and remand this case so the District Court can decide in the first instance how Haymond applies to Savarese.
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See United States v. Hollman, 774 F. Appx 303, 304 (7th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (unpublished) (remanding “to allow the district court to hear [the parties’] competing positions and consider the proper application of Haymond”); Thomas v. Atty Gen., Fla., 795 F.3d 1286, 1294 (11th Cir. 2015) (remanding and directing the District Court “to consider the intervening changes” in Supreme Court caselaw).
VACATED AND REMANDED.
I concur in the Courts opinion. I write separately to underscore the limited nature of our decision and my limited disagreement with my dissenting colleague.
Before his combination revocation-and-sentencing hearing, Savarese argued in the district court that the mandatory revocation and five-year minimum sentence provided by 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k) are unconstitutional under the Sixth Amendment, both facially and as applied. To support his argument, he relied on the Tenth Circuits decision in United States v. Haymond, 869 F. 3d 1153 (10th Cir. 2017). In evaluating Savareses motion, the district court held that “[t]he issue before the Tenth Circuit in Haymond is the same issue that confronts this court.” But, unlike the Tenth Circuit and, later, the Supreme Court, the district court rejected the proposition that there is any constitutional infirmity in Section 3583(k), holding that the statute “does not implicate the right to a jury” at all.
Because of the Supreme Court, we now know that the district court was wrong to hold that Section 3583(k) does not implicate the right to a jury trial. But, because the district court denied Savareses motion based on this reasoning, the litigation proceeded on that basis. Savarese ultimately pleaded guilty in a related prosecution and made concessions in this one. Importantly, the Government has not argued that Savareses concessions waived, forfeited, or otherwise failed to preserve his arguments about the constitutionality of Section 3583(k). The upshot is that this case now turns on a question that the district court never addressed: whether or how to revoke Savareses term of supervised release in light of Section 3583(k)’s – now recognized – constitutional defect.
Under these circumstances, I believe a remand is the most prudent course of action. It is what the Supreme Court and Tenth Circuit did in Haymond. And it is consistent with what other courts of appeals have done in light of Haymond. Because “we are a court of review, not first view,” Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 718, n. 7, 125 S.Ct. 2113, 161 L.Ed.2d 1020 (2005), we should vacate the results of the district courts denial of Savareses motion and give the district court the opportunity to apply Haymond in the first instance.
My dissenting colleague says that we have declined to remand in similar circumstances in the past. But the authorities he cites are inapposite because, unlike Savarese, the defendants in those cases had not raised the relevant constitutional argument in the district court. See United States v. Harris, 741 F.3d 1245, 1248 (11th Cir. 2014) (“Because Harris raised the Alleyne argument for the first time on appeal, the proper standard of review is for plain error.”); United States v. Orduno-Mireles, 405 F.3d 960, 961 (11th Cir. 2005) (“As for Orduno-Mireless Blakely/Booker argument, since he raises it for the first time of appeal, we review the issue only for plain error.”); United States v. Walker, 228 F.3d 1276, 1278 n.1 (11th Cir. 2000) (“As Walker pled guilty in this case and accepted the contents of the PSI, he lost any right to appeal on the basis of this argument.”). This case would be different if the district court had not denied Savareses constitutional challenge based on reasoning that the Supreme Court has since rejected.
There are many ways to interpret the fractured decision in Haymond. On remand, the district court should not feel itself constrained by our decision to reach any particular outcome.
The majority opinion vacates Vincent Savareses five-year mandatory sentence under 18 U.S.C. section 3583(k) for violating his supervised release and remands for the district court to “decide in the first instance” how United States v. Haymond, ––– U.S. ––––, 139 S. Ct. 2369, 204 L.Ed.2d 897 (2019) applies to this case. Maj. Op. at 452. I respectfully dissent because Haymond does not apply to Savareses section 3583(k) sentence. Thus, a remand is unnecessary.
Haymond applies where the district court imposes the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence for violating supervised release based only on the courts factfinding by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed “any criminal offense under chapter 109A, 110, or 117, or section 1201 or 1591, for which imprisonment for a term longer than 1 year can be imposed.” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k). Here, unlike Haymond, the district court didnt base its section 3583(k) mandatory five-year sentence on a court-made factfinding that Savarese committed a chapter 110 offense. The district court didnt engage in judicial factfinding because it didnt need to. Savarese pleaded guilty to committing a new chapter 110 offense and waived his jury trial rights. Savareses guilty plea to possessing child pornography takes his case outside of Haymond and squarely inside the Supreme Courts decisions that allow the district court to impose a mandatory sentence based on the defendants prior convictions.
Haymond
In Haymond, the defendant was found guilty of possessing child pornography and sentenced to thirty-eight months in prison followed by ten years of supervised release. 139 S. Ct. at 2373 (plurality opinion). After he completed his prison sentence, and while he was on supervised release, the government found fifty-nine images on his computer and cellphone that appeared to be child pornography. Id. at 2374. The probation office filed a petition alleging that the defendant violated the conditions of his supervised release. Id. The Haymond defendant was not separately charged with possessing child pornography. Id.
The district court held an evidentiary hearing on the supervised release petition, without a jury, and “found it more likely than not” that the defendant “knowingly downloaded and possessed” thirteen images of child pornography. Id. In the normal case, if the district court finds “that a defendant has violated the conditions of his supervised release,” it could “impose a new prison term up to the maximum period of supervised release authorized by statute,” which would have been up to “two additional years in prison.” Id. (discussing 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3)). But, if the defendant is on supervised release for possessing child pornography, and the district court finds that he possessed child pornography again, the court “must impose an additional prison term of at least five years and up to life.” Id. (discussing 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k)). Because the Haymond defendant was on supervised release for possessing child pornography, and the district court found by a preponderance of the evidence that he possessed child pornography while on supervised release, the district court imposed the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence. Id. at 2374–75.
On appeal, the Tenth Circuit concluded that section 3583(k) violated the defendants right to a trial by jury because he faced a new mandatory minimum sentence “resting only on facts found by a judge by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 2375. The Tenth Circuit held that the parts of section 3583(k) mandating a five-year prison term were unconstitutional and unenforceable. Id. It vacated the defendants sentence and remanded for the district court to resentence him “without regard” to section 3583(k). Id.
A plurality of the Supreme Court agreed that, “[a]s applied here,” section 3583(k) violated the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. Id. at 2373 (emphasis added). The plurality “concluded that the application of [section] 3583(k)’s mandatory minimum in this case violated [the defendant]’s right to trial by jury.” Id. at 2384–85 (emphasis added). Section “3583(k) can,” the plurality said, “at least as applied in cases like ours, expose a defendant to an additional mandatory minimum prison term well beyond that authorized by the jurys verdict—all based on facts found by a judge by a mere preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 2382 (first emphasis added).
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“[U]nder our Constitution,” the Haymond plurality explained, “when ‘a finding of fact alters the legally prescribed punishment so as to aggravate it’ that finding must be made by a jury of the defendants peers beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 2378 (quoting Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 114, 133 S.Ct. 2151, 186 L.Ed.2d 314 (2013)). “So just like the facts the judge found at the defendants sentencing hearing in Alleyne, the facts the judge found here increased ‘the legally prescribed range of allowable sentences’ in violation of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments.” Id. (quoting Alleyne, 570 U.S. at 115, 133 S.Ct. 2151).
The plurality opinion was careful to emphasize how narrow its decision was. “As we have emphasized, our decision is limited to [section] 3583(k) ․ and the Alleyne problem raised by its [five]-year mandatory minimum term of imprisonment.” Id. at 2383. And: “The Court has recognized two narrow exceptions to Apprendi’s general rule, neither of which is implicated here: [p]rosecutors need not prove to a jury the fact of a defendants prior conviction, or facts that affect whether a defendant with multiple sentences serves them concurrently or consecutively.” Id. at 2377 n.3 (citations omitted).
Justice Breyer concurred in vacating the Tenth Circuits judgment and remanding for further proceedings, but on narrower grounds. Id. at 2386 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment); see also id. (Alito, J., dissenting) (“I do not think that there is a constitutional basis for todays holding, which is set out in Justice Breyers opinion, but it is narrow․”). Justice Breyer said he “would not transplant the Apprendi line of cases to the supervised-release context.” Id. at 2385 (citing Alleyne, 570 U.S. at 122, 133 S.Ct. 2151 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment)). But “three aspects” of section 3583(k) led him “to think it is less like ordinary revocation and more like punishment for a new offense, to which the jury right would typically attach.” Id. at 2386.
First, [section] 3583(k) applies only when a defendant commits a discrete set of federal criminal offenses specified in the statute. Second, [section] 3583(k) takes away the judges discretion to decide whether violation of a condition of supervised release should result in imprisonment and for how long. Third, [section] 3583(k) limits the judges discretion in a particular manner: by imposing a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of “not less than [five] years” upon a judges finding that a defendant has “committed any” listed “criminal offense.”
Id. (alterations adopted). “Taken together, these features of [section] 3583(k) more closely resemble the punishment of new criminal offenses, but without granting a defendant the rights, including the jury right, that attend a new criminal prosecution.” Id. (emphasis added). “[A] jury must find facts that trigger a mandatory minimum prison term.” Id. (citing Alleyne, 570 U.S. at 103, 133 S.Ct. 2151).
Savareses Case
Like the Haymond defendant, Savarese was convicted of possessing child pornography, sentenced to prison followed by supervised release, and then while on supervised release he possessed more child pornography. Like the Haymond defendant, Savarese moved the district court to find that the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence violated the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. And like in Haymond, the district court denied the motion to find the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence unconstitutional.
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But the parallels end there.
Unlike the Haymond defendant, Savarese was indicted for this second possession of child pornography offense around the same time the probation office filed the petition alleging that he violated his supervised release in his first case. On September 19, 2018, before anything happened with his supervised release violation, Savarese pleaded guilty to the new child pornography charge. Months later, on March 28, 2019, Savarese told the district court that he intended to admit he violated his supervised release by possessing child pornography because he already pleaded guilty to the underlying case. The district court found that Savarese violated his supervised release and imposed the five-year mandatory sentence under section 3583(k).
Haymond Does Not Apply to Savareses Case
Haymond does not apply to Savareses case because: (1) his section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence does not fit the third of the three “features” identified in Justice Breyers concurring opinion; (2) even if Savareses five-year mandatory sentence did fit all three features in Justice Breyers concurring opinion, and Savarese had the right to a jury trial on the critical fact whether he possessed child pornography again, he waived that right by pleading guilty; and (3) because Savarese pleaded guilty to possessing child pornography, the new conviction could be used without a jury finding to impose the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence.
First, Savareses case is missing one of the three aspects that, “considered in combination” and “[t]aken together,” made the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence in Haymond unconstitutional. 139 S. Ct. at 2386 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment). Justice Breyer said that the section 3583(k) mandatory sentence was unconstitutional because “the judges discretion” was limited “by imposing a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of ‘not less than 5 years’ upon a judges finding that a defendant has ‘commit[ted] any’ listed ‘criminal offense.’ ” Id. (alteration in original).
But, in Savareses case, the district court did not impose the section 3583(k) mandatory sentence based on a non-jury factfinding by a preponderance of the evidence that Savarese possessed child pornography. Here, the district court imposed the section 3583(k) mandatory sentence based on Savareses guilty plea that he possessed child pornography. Because one of Justice Breyers “three aspects” was missing from Savareses section 3583(k) sentence, unlike the Haymond defendants, his sentence was not unconstitutional and does not need to be remanded to address the question of remedy. Id.
The Ninth Circuit dealt with a similar situation in United States v. Hanson, 936 F.3d 876 (9th Cir. 2019). There, as here, the defendant was on supervised release for possessing child pornography and he was found with more child pornography on his laptop and hard drive. Id. at 879. The defendant was indicted for receiving and possessing child pornography, and his probation officer filed a petition recommending revocation of his supervised release. Id. First, a jury found the defendant guilty of receiving child pornography. Id. Later, the district court concluded that, based on the jurys verdict, he violated his supervised release. Id. at 880. The district court sentenced the defendant to the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence. Id. at 879–80. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit explained that it didnt need to “consider the impact of” Haymond “[b]ecause a jury found that [the defendant] had committed the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 887 n.10.
Here, as in Hanson, we dont need to consider the impact of Haymond because Savareses five-year mandatory sentence was not imposed based on the district courts finding by a preponderance of the evidence that he possessed child pornography. Instead, the district court imposed the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence based on Savareses guilty plea that he possessed child pornography. Haymond cant apply because one of Justice Breyers “three aspects” that made the Haymond sentence unconstitutional is missing here. See United States v. Badgett, 957 F.3d 536, 540 n.15 (5th Cir. 2020) (observing that Justice Breyer listed the “three features” of section 3583(k) that were constitutionally problematic in the conjunctive).
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Second, even if Savareses sentence met all of Justice Breyers “three aspects” for punishment for a new offense “to which the jury right would typically attach,” Savarese waived his jury trial rights. Justice Breyer explained that, considered in combination, his “three aspects” of section 3583(k) led him to conclude that the five-year mandatory sentence was “more like punishment for a new offense, to which the jury right would typically attach.” Haymond, 139 S. Ct. at 2386 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment). “Taken together,” his three features of section 3583(k) “more closely resemble[d] the punishment of new criminal offenses, but without granting a defendant the rights, including the jury right, that attend a new criminal prosecution.” Id. Therefore, had all three aspects been met, Savareses right to a jury would attach.
But, unlike the Haymond defendant, Savarese waived his jury trial rights on the critical fact whether he possessed child pornography. Not only did the government file the petition seeking to revoke his supervised release, but Savarese was also indicted for possessing child pornography. Prior to trial on the new child pornography charge or a hearing on the supervised release violation, Savarese pleaded guilty to this new substantive offense. By pleading guilty, Savarese waived his jury trial rights on the elements of his child pornography charge, including that he possessed child pornography. See Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 187, 125 S.Ct. 551, 160 L.Ed.2d 565 (2004) (“By entering a guilty plea, a defendant waives constitutional rights that inhere in a criminal trial, including the right to trial by jury, the protection against self-incrimination, and the right to confront ones accusers.”); Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748, 90 S.Ct. 1463, 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970) (A “plea is more than an admission of past conduct; it is the defendants consent that judgment of conviction may be entered without a trial—a waiver of his right to trial before a jury or a judge.”); Stano v. Dugger, 921 F.2d 1125, 1140 (11th Cir. 1991) (“By pleading guilty, a defendant waives several constitutional rights, including the Fifth Amendment privilege against compulsory self-incrimination and the Sixth Amendment rights to a jury trial and to confrontation of ones accusers.”). Unlike in Haymond, the district court didnt violate Savareses jury trial rights because he waived them.
Third, even if Justice Breyers “three aspects” applied to Savareses case, and the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence was like punishment for a new offense, the district court did not violate Savareses jury trial rights because it imposed the mandatory sentence based on his prior conviction for possessing child pornography. Savarese not only waived his jury rights, but he also pleaded guilty to possessing child pornography and was convicted before he had his supervised release hearing and sentence. Once he pleaded guilty, the district court could use that conviction to impose the section 3583(k) mandatory sentence without a jury finding on whether he violated the child pornography statutes.
Thats because “the fact of a prior conviction is not an ‘element’ that must be found by a jury.” United States v. Harris, 741 F.3d 1245, 1249 (11th Cir. 2014). Under Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998), “prior convictions are excepted from the general rule that a jury must find any fact that will increase the penalty for an offense.” Harris, 741 F.3d at 1249.
Although it is ordinarily true that all elements of a crime must be alleged by indictment and either proved beyond a reasonable doubt or admitted by a defendant, there is an exception for prior convictions. Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 247, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 1232–33, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998). The Constitution does not require that “[t]he government ․ allege in its indictment and ․ prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [a defendant] had prior convictions for a district court to use those convictions for purposes of enhancing a sentence.”
United States v. Smith, 775 F.3d 1262, 1266 (11th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted; alterations and omissions in original).
Here, the district court imposed the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence because Savarese was convicted of possessing child pornography while he was on supervised release. As Justice Breyer explained, citing Alleyne, “in an ordinary criminal prosecution, a jury must find facts that trigger a mandatory minimum prison term.” Haymond, 139 S. Ct. at 2386 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment) (citing Alleyne, 570 U.S. at 103, 133 S.Ct. 2151). But in Alleyne, the Supreme Court recognized that Almendarez-Torres created “a narrow exception to this general rule for the fact of a prior conviction.” Alleyne, 570 U.S. at 111 n.1, 133 S.Ct. 2151. And the Haymond plurality reiterated that “[p]rosecutors need not prove to a jury the fact of a defendants prior conviction.” 139 S. Ct. at 2377 n.3 (plurality opinion) (citing Almendarez-Torres, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S.Ct. 1219).
The district court did not err in imposing the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence, without a jury trial, based on Savareses guilty plea and prior conviction for possessing child pornography while he was on supervised release. Savarese was not entitled to a jury trial on the question of his prior conviction.
A Remand Is Unnecessary
Because Haymond doesnt apply to Savareses case, a remand for the district court to consider “how Haymond applies to Savarese,” Maj. Op. at 452, is unnecessary. We know how Haymond applies—it doesnt. Savareses sentence lacks one of the key “aspects” identified by Justice Breyer that made the Haymond defendants sentence unconstitutional. To the extent Savareses sentence does fit within the “three aspects” that Justice Breyer relied on, and jury trial rights attach, Savarese has waived his right for a jury to find the critical fact under section 3583(k): that he possessed child pornography. And Savarese was not entitled to a jury finding on the critical fact whether he possessed child pornography because the district court could use his prior conviction for possessing child pornography to enhance his sentence without a jury finding.
Under similar circumstances—where a defendant pleaded guilty and his sentence was enhanced based on a prior conviction followed by a new Supreme Court case that applied the jury trial right to facts that increased the defendants maximum sentence, increased his guideline range, or required a mandatory minimum sentence—we have not vacated a defendants sentence and remanded for the district court to consider the new case. After Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), where the Supreme Court held that any fact (other than a prior conviction) that increased the penalty for a crime beyond the statutory maximum must be found by the jury, we did not vacate and remand a defendants sentence to consider the new case in the first instance where the defendant had “pl[eaded] guilty ․ and accepted the contents of the [presentence investigation report].” See United States v. Walker, 228 F.3d 1276, 1278 n.1 (11th Cir. 2000). After United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), where the Supreme Court held that the mandatory application of the sentencing guidelines violated the Sixth Amendments jury trial right, we did not vacate and remand a defendants sentence to consider the opinion in the first instance where the “defendants sentence was enhanced based on a prior conviction” because “[t]he Courts holding in Booker ․ [was] not implicated.” See United States v. Orduno-Mireles, 405 F.3d 960, 962 (11th Cir. 2005). And after Alleyne, where the Supreme Court held that any fact which increased the mandatory minimum sentence for an offense must be found by the jury, we did not vacate and remand a defendants mandatory minimum sentence to consider the new case in the first instance where the mandatory minimum was imposed based on the defendants prior convictions because “the fact of a prior conviction [was] not an ‘element’ that must be found by a jury.” See Harris, 741 F.3d at 1249–50.
The concurring opinion says that Walker, Orduno-Mireles, and Harris “are inapposite because, unlike Savarese, the defendants in those cases had not raised the relevant constitutional argument in the district court.” But the concurring opinion fails to appreciate that the results in Walker, Orduno-Mireles, and Harris didnt turn on whether the constitutional argument was preserved or unpreserved, or whether we reviewed it for plain or harmless error. Preservation was not relevant to our decision in those cases. We affirmed not because the constitutional argument was waived or abandoned or had some impossible standard of review to overcome, but because the jury trial right didnt apply where the sentence was enhanced based on a prior conviction. There was no need to vacate and remand in those cases (not because the constitutional issue was raised for the first time on appeal but) because Apprendi, Booker, and Alleyne dont apply to mandatory sentences based on prior convictions.
Savareses case is no different. Haymond, like Apprendi, Booker, and Alleyne, does not apply because Savarese waived his jury trial rights and the section 3853(k) five-year mandatory sentence was imposed because he pleaded guilty to the new child pornography possession charge. Vacating Savareses sentence and remanding for the district court to consider Haymond would be like vacating and remanding for the district court to consider that there will be a full moon tonight and its forty-seven degrees outside. All of it is interesting, and relevant to some cases, but none of it has any impact on Savareses sentence.
On remand, the district court will reinstate the same section 3853(k) five-year mandatory sentence because: Savareses sentence doesnt fit within all “three aspects” of Justice Breyers concurring opinion; even if it did, and he was entitled to a jury trial on the critical fact whether he possessed child pornography while on supervised release, Savarese waived his jury trial rights when he pleaded guilty to the new charge; and Savarese was not entitled to a jury trial on a mandatory sentence based on a prior conviction. Because Savareses sentence will be the same, a remand is unnecessary. We should do as we did in the post-Apprendi, Booker, and Alleyne cases where the defendants sentence was enhanced based on a guilty plea or prior conviction and affirm.
FOOTNOTES
1
. The relevant enumerated offense under § 3583(k) is a “criminal offense under chapter ․ 110.” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k). Violation of § 2252A is a criminal offense under chapter 110. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252A.
2
. Justice Breyers opinion controls because he “concurred in the judgment[ ] on the narrowest grounds.” Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188, 193, 97 S. Ct. 990, 993, 51 L.Ed.2d 260 (1977) (quotation marks omitted).
3
. The dissenting opinion says remand is unnecessary because Haymond does not apply to Mr. Savareses case. Dissenting Op. at 453. Nevertheless, the District Court sentenced Mr. Savarese to a five-year term of imprisonment based on § 3583(k), and the Supreme Court has since held that statute to be unconstitutional – at least as applied to Mr. Haymond. In our view, it is best for the District Court to conduct a new revocation hearing for Mr. Savarese and consider the parties’ arguments regarding § 3583(k), this time with the benefit of the Supreme Court ruling in Haymond.
1
. The circuit courts have read Haymond, as the majority opinion does, see Maj. Op. at 451 (“Haymond ruled that [section] 3583(k) was unconstitutional as applied in that case”), as an as-applied challenge to section 3583(k). The Fourth Circuit has explained that Haymond “involved an as-applied constitutional challenge to 18 U.S.C. [section] 3583(k).” United States v. Ka, 982 F.3d 219, 222 (4th Cir. 2020); United States v. Coston, 964 F.3d 289, 291 (4th Cir. 2020) (“After Costons sentencing, the Supreme Court held that a different mandatory revocation provision, 18 U.S.C. [section] 3583(k), was unconstitutional in an as-applied challenge.”). The Tenth Circuit, on remand from the Supreme Court, described the Supreme Courts “ultimate[ ] determin[ation] that, as applied to [the Haymond defendant], [section] 3583(k) violated the Fifth and Sixth Amendments.” United States v. Haymond, 935 F.3d 1059, 1063 (10th Cir. 2019) (citing Haymond, 139 S. Ct. at 2373 (plurality opinion)).
2
. Because this is an appeal from the district courts order denying Savareses motion to find the section 3583(k) five-year mandatory sentence unconstitutional, it seems odd for the concurring opinion to recycle the “we-are-a-court-of-review-not-first-view” line. The district court, as the concurring opinion acknowledges, ruled that Savareses jury trial rights were not violated by applying section 3583(k) to his case. Savarese has appealed the district courts decision. Unlike in Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 718 n.7, 125 S.Ct. 2113, 161 L.Ed.2d 1020 (2005), where the issues argued by the respondent “were not addressed” by the lower court, were not viewing the section 3583(k) issues for the first time—the district court decided that section 3583(k) was not unconstitutional as applied to Savareses case and were reviewing that decision. Nothing more.
3
. The concurring opinion says that vacating and remanding in light of Haymond “is consistent with what other courts of appeals have done.” But this is only true where, as they were in Haymond, all “three aspects” in Justice Breyers concurring opinion were met. Where, as it is here, at least one of Justice Breyers “three aspects” is missing, the courts of appeals havent consistently vacated and remanded in light of Haymond. See, e.g., Hanson, 936 F.3d at 887 n.10 (explaining that the court didnt need to “consider the impact of” Haymond “[b]ecause a jury found that [the defendant] had committed the offense beyond a reasonable doubt”); United States v. Daughenbaugh, 793 F. Appx 237, 241 (5th Cir. 2019) (explaining that its “doubtful that Haymond would be of any help” to the defendant because “unlike the defendant in that case, Daughenbaugh was charged separately for the underlying criminal conduct and was therefore afforded the opportunity to have a jury determine beyond a reasonable doubt whether he committed the latest offense”—“[h]e instead chose to plead guilty”).
MARTIN, Circuit Judge: