OPINION
A state trooper stopped Francis Soucies car after she observed the cars tires touch the edge of the fog line demarking the lane. The trooper found that Soucie was intoxicated, and the state charged him with drunk driving and suspended his driving privileges. Soucie unsuccessfully moved to suppress the evidence of his intoxication, arguing that the trooper lacked reasonable suspicion to stop him. In this consolidated appeal from his criminal conviction and administrative license suspension, we hold that Soucies driving justified the stop for violating the statute requiring drivers to operate within their lanes, and we affirm.
FACTS
Minnesota State Trooper Vanessa Heller was on patrol after midnight in August 2019 when she saw a car merge onto a highway and observed what she believed was a traffic violation. The cars movement is depicted on a video recording from the troopers dashboard camera. The trooper stopped the car and approached the driver, Francis Soucie. Trooper Heller smelled the odor of an alcoholic beverage and noticed that Soucies eyes were bloodshot and watery. Soucie admitted that he had been drinking, and the trooper suspected intoxication. She administered field sobriety tests and a preliminary breath test, both confirming her suspicion. She arrested Soucie. The state charged him with two counts of fourth-degree driving while impaired and revoked his driving privileges.
Soucie challenged the constitutionality of the stop and asked the district court to suppress the evidence of his impairment and reinstate his driving privileges. The district court held a joint omnibus and implied-consent hearing. Trooper Heller testified that she saw “the right ․ side of [Soucies] vehicle [move] completely over the fog line” and “occasionally touch[ ] the fog line.” The video recording seems to depict Soucies passenger-side tires cross the fog line entirely at the end of the entrance ramp as the car merged onto the highway, corroborating the troopers testimony. But the transcript of the hearing and the order that followed demonstrate that the district court did not discuss that movement across the fog line. The district court instead focused on the moment the cars tires later merely touched the fog line.
The district court denied Soucies motion to suppress, implicitly holding that, by touching the fog line with his tires, he violated Minnesota Statutes section 169.18, subdivision 7(1) (2020).
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The district court conducted a stipulated-evidence criminal trial and found Soucie guilty. Soucie first appealed the denial of his petition to rescind the revocation of his driving privileges and later appealed his conviction. We consolidated the appeals to decide the sole issue they present, which is whether the trooper violated the Fourth Amendment by stopping Soucie.
ISSUE
Does a law-enforcement officer who observes a cars tires touching a roadways fog line have reasonable suspicion to stop the car for violating Minnesota Statutes section 169.18, subdivision 7(1), which prohibits movement “from the lane” of traffic?
ANALYSIS
Soucie challenges his convictions and license revocation, contending only that the district court wrongly denied his motion to suppress. We review a district courts denial of a motion to suppress de novo, accepting the district courts factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. State v. Jordan, 742 N.W.2d 149, 152 (Minn. 2007). For the following reasons, we reject Soucies challenge.
Soucie bases his challenge on the theory that Trooper Hellers stop exceeded her constitutionally limited authority to seize him. The United States and Minnesota Constitutions prohibit unreasonable seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. This prohibition applies to investigative motor-vehicle stops. State v. McKinley, 305 Minn. 297, 232 N.W.2d 906, 908–09 (1975). But an officer does not violate the prohibition if she stops a vehicle to conduct an investigation based on the officers reasonable suspicion that the driver is engaging in criminal activity. State v. Anderson, 683 N.W.2d 818, 822–23 (Minn. 2004) (citing United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417–18, 101 S. Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981)). An officer who sees a driver violate even a minor traffic law has reasonable suspicion to stop the car. Id. at 823. Our decision therefore turns on whether the conduct the trooper observed constitutes a traffic violation, or at least afforded the trooper reason to suspect that a violation occurred.
Trooper Heller stopped Soucies car because she believed he had violated a statute requiring drivers to operate only within their own lane. That statute mandates that “a vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from the lane until the driver has first ascertained that the movement can be made with safety.” Minn. Stat. § 169.18, subd. 7(1). We clarify that we are not deciding this appeal based on the troopers observation of Soucies passenger-side tires passing entirely over and beyond the fog line. Although the video recording corroborates the troopers testimony (as acknowledged by both attorneys during oral argument on appeal), the district court apparently did not notice this on its viewing. The state raised no related appeal challenging the district courts factual omission as clear error, and neither party has briefed the question of whether an appellate court may hold a stop constitutional based on a violation that is unquestionably visible on a recording but that was apparently inadvertently missed by the district court. We therefore decide this appeal based on the factual findings of the district court, including specifically the finding that Soucies car (meaning his tires) touched the fog line. By “touched,” it is clear from the district courts description and our view of the recording that, only the outside edge of Soucies tires momentarily contacted the inside edge of the fog line.
Soucie argues in essence that this touching is too insignificant to meet the statutory prohibition. We need only look to how we have construed the clear prohibition of section 169.18, subdivision 7(1), to reject this argument. In Kruse v. Commissioner of Public Safety, we held that driving with ones outside tire completely on top of the fog line violates the statute. 906 N.W.2d 554, 556 (Minn. App. 2018). The officer there had seen Kruses tire “move right and onto ․ but not over the fog line,” and we determined that this conduct violated the statute, justifying the traffic stop. Id. at 556, 560. The Kruse decision inspires inferences that we apply here.
We infer two legal conclusions from the statutes express prohibition as applied in our Kruse holding, informing our understanding of what it means for a “vehicle” to move “from” a “lane.” First, we infer that, under the statute, a lane is comprised of the area between the painted lines that demark it and does not include the lines themselves. To borrow from sports, a lane is like the area of play in basketball (where a player stepping on the boundary line is out of bounds) and unlike the area of play in tennis (where a ball landing on the boundary line is in bounds). Second, the statutory violation of moving a vehicle from the lane occurs when even a fraction of the vehicle extends outside its lane. The idea that one violates the statute by unsafely moving even part of ones car from the lane arises not only from our holding in Kruse but also from a common-sense understanding of the danger the statute intends to avoid. It is self-evident that the statute aims to curb collisions with persons, obstacles, or vehicles outside of ones lane, and dangerous collisions can occur when even a small portion of a car extends out of bounds. See Kruse, 906 N.W.2d at 559 (“Moreover, driving on the fog line could compromise the safety of any stopped motorist, pedestrian, or cyclist on the right side of the fog line.”); State v. Al-Naseer, 734 N.W.2d 679, 681 (Minn. 2007) (“[A] car driven by Al-Naseer struck and killed a person who was changing a tire along the side of Highway 10.”). We can readily apply these premises to the facts here.
In this framework, we conclude that Trooper Heller had reason to suspect that Soucie moved his car “from the lane” when the outside edge of his tires touched the inside edge of the painted fog line. The district court found that Soucies vehicle weaved and briefly touched the edge of the line. Having reviewed the squad-car video, we cannot say that this finding is clearly erroneous. Common experience and cases like Al-Naseer remind us that the parts of a motor vehicle that can collide dangerously with persons or things include the fenders, quarter panels, and mirrors, and that these parts tend to extend somewhat beyond the outer plane of the tires. So when an officer sees that a cars tires even merely graze the inside edge of the fog line, she can usually be sure—and for our purposes, she at least has reasonable ground to suspect—that part of the car has moved from the lane, violating the statute.
DECISION
Because operating a car with its tires touching the edge of the fog line constitutes moving a vehicle from the lane under Minnesota Statutes section 169.18, subdivision 7(1), the district court correctly concluded that Trooper Heller had reasonable suspicion to stop Soucies car for a traffic violation.
Affirmed.
FOOTNOTES
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. The 2020 version of the statute includes nonsubstantive amendments to the subdivision in force during the traffic stop, Minnesota Statutes section 169.18, subdivision 7(a) (2018), and so we cite the current, 2020 version.
ROSS, Judge