Plaintiffs-Appellees (hereinafter, “Plaintiffs”), shareholders of Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., brought this class action lawsuit against Goldman Sachs and several of its former executives (collectively, “Goldman”) alleging that Goldman committed securities fraud by misrepresenting its conflict-of-interest policies and practices. The facts and procedural history, which we reference here only as necessary to explain our decision, are detailed in our previous opinions. See, e.g., Ark. Tchrs. Ret. Sys. v. Goldman Sachs Grp., Inc. (“ATRS I”), 879 F.3d 474, 478 (2d Cir. 2018).
BACKGROUND
In 2018,
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the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Crotty, J.) granted Plaintiffs’ motion to certify a class of shareholders under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3). See In re Goldman Sachs Grp., Inc. Sec. Litig., No. 10 CIV. 3461 (PAC), 2018 WL 3854757, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 14, 2018), affd sub nom. Ark. Tchr. Ret. Sys. v. Goldman Sachs Grp., Inc., (“ATRS II”), 955 F.3d 254 (2d Cir. 2020), vacated and remanded, ––– U.S. ––––, 141 S. Ct. 1951, 210 L.Ed.2d 347 (2021). To recover damages, Plaintiffs “must prove, among other things, a material misrepresentation or omission by [Goldman] and [Plaintiffs’] reliance on that misrepresentation or omission.” Goldman Sachs Grp., Inc. v. Ark. Tchr. Ret. Sys., ––– U.S. ––––, 141 S. Ct. 1951, 1958, 210 L.Ed.2d 347 (2021). Plaintiffs invoked the Basic presumption, a rebuttable presumption that all shareholders had relied on Goldmans public misrepresentations when they purchased its stock, premised on the theory that investors rely on all of a companys public misrepresentations when trading stock in an efficient market. See Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 246, 108 S.Ct. 978, 99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988). By allowing courts to infer reliance on a classwide basis, the Basic presumption helps plaintiffs in securities class actions to satisfy Rule 23(b)(3)’s requirement that “the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).
As Goldman acknowledged, Plaintiffs met their burden of proving the elements of the Basic presumption required for class certification: that Goldmans alleged “misstatements were publicly known, [its] shares traded in an efficient market, and [Plaintiffs] purchased the shares at the market price after the misstatements were made but before the truth was revealed.”
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ATRS I, 879 F.3d at 481, 484. However, the Basic presumption is not insuperable. A defendant may rebut the Basic presumption by making “[a]ny showing that severs the link between the alleged misrepresentation and either the price received (or paid) by the plaintiff, or his decision to trade at a fair market price.” Basic, 485 U.S. at 248, 108 S.Ct. 978. If a defendant can establish that the alleged misrepresentation “did not actually affect the market price of the stock”––i.e., that it had no “price impact”––“then Basic’s fundamental premise ‘completely collapses, rendering class certification inappropriate.’ ” Goldman, 141 S. Ct. at 1959 (quoting Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc., 573 U.S. 258, 283–84, 134 S.Ct. 2398, 189 L.Ed.2d 339 (2014)).
Plaintiffs brought this action under the inflation-maintenance theory. They allege that Goldmans statements regarding its conflicts-of-interest policies and practices in SEC filings and annual reports between 2006 and 2010, such as “[w]e have extensive procedures and controls that are designed to identify and address conflicts of interest,” J.A. 88, and “[w]e are dedicated to complying fully with the letter and spirit of the laws,” J.A. 93, were misleading because Goldman had pursued conflicted transactions during that period. Plaintiffs argue the statements maintained an already-inflated stock price “by preventing preexisting inflation from dissipating from the stock price,” and once the truth about Goldmans conflicts was revealed in government enforcement actions and news reports (the “corrective disclosures”), “the inflation in Goldmans stock price dissipated, causing the price to drop and shareholders to suffer losses.” Goldman, 141 S. Ct. at 1959–60 (citation omitted).
In the inflation-maintenance context, “price impact is the amount of price inflation maintained by an alleged misrepresentation—in other words, the amount that the stocks price would have fallen ‘without the false statement.’ ” Id. at 1961 (quoting Glickenhaus & Co. v. Household Intl, Inc., 787 F.3d 408, 415 (7th Cir. 2015)); see also In re Vivendi, S.A. Sec. Litig., 838 F.3d 223, 258 (2d Cir. 2016) (“[T]he proper question for purposes of our inquiry into price impact is not what might have happened had a company remained silent, but what would have happened if it had spoken truthfully.”).
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Goldman submitted evidence to show that its alleged misrepresentations had no price impact. It introduced expert testimony from Dr. Paul Gompers, who argued that the lack of movement in Goldmans stock price in response to news articles regarding Goldmans conflicts published on 36 dates prior to the corrective disclosures showed that the alleged misrepresentations had no price impact, and Dr. Stephen Choi, who suggested the price drops following the corrective disclosures were due to news of enforcement activities rather than Goldmans conflicts. It also submitted a report from Dr. Laura Starks, who concluded that Goldmans statements would not have influenced investors because of their generic nature. Plaintiffs’ expert Dr. John D. Finnerty challenged the methodologies and findings of Goldmans experts.
The district court concluded that Goldman failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that its alleged misrepresentations had no price impact. See In re Goldman, 2018 WL 3854757, at *6. It found Dr. Gomperss arguments unpersuasive, determining that “[t]he first corrective disclosure included new material information that had not been described in any of the 36 more generic reports on conflicts.” Id. at *4. It also rejected Dr. Chois findings as unreliable and credited Dr. Finnertys criticisms of Dr. Chois methodologies. See id. at *5–6. The court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. See id. at *6.
On a Rule 23(f) appeal,
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we affirmed the district courts order certifying the class. See ATRS II, 955 F.3d at 275. Goldman principally contended that the district court erred in applying the inflation-maintenance theory, arguing that “general statements, like those challenged here, are incapable of impacting a companys stock price as a matter of law.” Goldmans Br. at 46. It also argued that the court misconstrued its evidence and misapplied the preponderance of the evidence standard. We rejected Goldmans request to narrow the inflation-maintenance theory, holding that its proposal to exclude general statements as a matter of law too closely resembled the materiality inquiry, which is inappropriate at the class certification stage. See ATRS II, 955 F.3d at 267. We also concluded that the district court did not clearly err in its evaluation of the evidence and that it correctly applied the preponderance of the evidence standard. See id. at 271–74.
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The Supreme Court vacated our judgment and remanded for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. See Goldman, 141 S. Ct. at 1963. The Court determined that “it is unclear whether [this Circuit] properly considered the generic nature of Goldmans alleged misrepresentations in reviewing the [d]istrict [c]ourts price impact determination,” id., and instructed that on remand we “take into account all record evidence relevant to price impact, regardless whether that evidence overlaps with materiality or any other merits issue,” id. at 1961. The parties subsequently submitted supplemental briefing summarizing all evidence in the record relating to the price impact of the corrective disclosures, including the generic nature of Goldmans alleged misrepresentations.
DISCUSSION
The Supreme Courts decision instructs us to reassess the district courts price impact determination, upon which the courts class certification order rests. “We review a district courts grant of class certification for abuse of discretion,” Levitt v. J.P. Morgan Sec., Inc., 710 F.3d 454, 464 (2d Cir. 2013), reviewing de novo “the conclusions of law underlying that decision” and “for clear error the factual findings underlying” its ruling, such as the courts price impact determination, id. (quoting Teamsters Loc. 445 Freight Div. Pension Fund v. Bombardier Inc., 546 F.3d 196, 201 (2d Cir. 2008)). “Under the clear error standard, we may not reverse [a finding] even though convinced that had [we] been sitting as the trier of fact, [we] would have weighed the evidence differently. Rather, a finding is clearly erroneous only if although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Atl. Specialty Ins. Co. v. Coastal Envt Grp. Inc., 945 F.3d 53, 63 (2d Cir. 2019) (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
In its petition for certiorari, Goldman abandoned its argument before us that the inflation-maintenance theory should not apply to generic statements as a matter of law. See Petition for Writ of Certiorari, Goldman, 141 S. Ct. 1951. Instead, it argued that the generic nature of the statements is relevant to the price impact inquiry regardless of the overlap with materiality. See id. at 1963. Plaintiffs ultimately agreed the generic nature is relevant, and by the time of the Supreme Courts decision, the parties “disagree[d] only about whether [this Circuit] properly considered the generic nature of Goldmans alleged misrepresentations.” Goldman, 141 S. Ct. at 1961. Because the Court was left with “sufficient doubt on this score,” it remanded for us to take into account “all record evidence relevant to price impact,” including the generic nature of Goldmans statements.
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Id.
It is “our general policy that the trial court should consider arguments—and weigh relevant evidence—in the first instance.” Florez v. Cent. Intel. Agency, 829 F.3d 178, 189 (2d Cir. 2016). The district courts decision granting class certification did not discuss the generic nature of Goldmans alleged misrepresentations in its evaluation of the evidence relevant to price impact. Nor did it discuss Dr. Starkss expert report, which focused on the generic nature of Goldmans statements, or Dr. Finnertys rebuttal to Dr. Starkss arguments. See generally In re Goldman, 2018 WL 3854757. The parties’ supplemental briefs confirm that their arguments before us raise fact-intensive issues better evaluated by the district court in the first instance.
The Supreme Courts clarifications of the legal standard further support our decision to vacate and remand to the district court. See, e.g., United States v. Highsmith, 688 F.3d 74, 78 (2d Cir. 2012) (vacating and remanding to the district court for resentencing consistent with the panels opinion and the Supreme Courts intervening decision). Although the Supreme Court did not disturb our legal conclusions, it supplemented them with new ideas. For example, the Court made explicit that expert testimony as well as “common sense” should inform courts’ evaluation of the evidence and agreed with the parties that “a more-general statement will affect a securitys price less than a more-specific statement on the same question.” Goldman, 141 S. Ct. at 1960 (citation omitted). The Court also specified that the inference required for the inflation-maintenance theory—“that the back-end price drop equals front-end inflation—starts to break down when there is a mismatch between the contents of the misrepresentation and the corrective disclosure,” which “may occur when the earlier misrepresentation is generic ․ and the later corrective disclosure is specific.” Id. at 1961. Finally, on the burden of persuasion, the Court agreed with our holding that Goldman bears the burden but explained that “[t]he district courts task is simply to assess all the evidence of price impact—direct and indirect—and determine whether it is more likely than not that the alleged misrepresentations had a price impact. The defendants burden of persuasion will have bite only when the court finds the evidence in equipoise.” Id. at 1963.
Because it is unclear whether the district court considered the generic nature of Goldmans alleged misrepresentations, and in light of the Supreme Courts clarifications of the legal standard, we vacate the district courts order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion and the opinion of the Supreme Court. On remand, the district court should consider all record evidence relevant to price impact and apply the legal standard as supplemented by the Supreme Court. We express no views as to whether the evidence suffices to rebut the Basic presumption or whether the district court might want to accept additional briefing by the parties.
CONCLUSION
We VACATE the district courts August 14, 2018 order granting Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion and the Supreme Courts opinion. Any future appeals of the district courts decisions in this action shall be referred to this panel.
FOOTNOTES
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. The district court previously certified a class in 2015, see In re Goldman Sachs Grp., Inc. Sec. Litig., No. 10 CIV. 3461 PAC, 2015 WL 5613150, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 24, 2015), which we vacated and remanded upon finding that it was unclear whether the district court had applied the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard in determining whether Goldman rebutted the Basic presumption, see ATRS I, 879 F.3d at 486.
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. The Basic presumption also requires the alleged misrepresentation to be “material.” See Goldman, 141 S. Ct. at 1958. However, plaintiffs do not need to prove materiality before class certification. See id. at 1959 (“[M]ateriality should be left to the merits stage because it does not bear on Rule 23’s predominance requirement.”).
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. Although Glickenhaus, the Seventh Circuit case quoted by the Supreme Court, facially appears to conflict with our holding in Vivendi, Glickenhaus also explains that price inflation is measured by what would have happened if the defendant had told the truth. See Glickenhaus, 787 F.3d at 415 (“The best way to determine the impact of a false statement is to observe what happens when the truth is finally disclosed and use that to work backward, on the assumption that the lies positive effect on the share price is equal to the additive inverse of the truths negative effect.”). The Supreme Court also stated that it “need not and do[es] not” express its views on the “validity or ․ contours” of the inflation-maintenance theory. Goldman, 141 S. Ct. at 1959 n.1. Vivendi’s articulation of price impact in the inflation-maintenance context thus remains the law of this Circuit.
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. Rule 23(f) provides that “[a] court of appeals may permit an appeal from an order granting or denying class-action certification under [Rule 23].” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(f).
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. Judge Sullivan dissented, explaining that he would reverse the district courts finding because in his view, “the generic quality of Goldmans alleged misstatements, coupled with the undisputed fact that Goldmans stock price did not move on any of the 36 dates on which the falsity of the alleged misstatements was revealed to the public, clearly compels the conclusion that the stock drop following the corrective disclosures was attributable to something other than the misstatements alleged in the complaint.” See ATRS II, 955 F.3d at 278–79 (Sullivan, J., dissenting) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
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. Plaintiffs suggest in their supplemental briefing that “Goldman has forfeited any objection that the district court erred in failing to account for the nature of the statements.” Pls.’ Suppl. Br. at 3 n.1. In adherence to the Supreme Courts decision, we need not address whether Goldman sufficiently preserved the argument.
PER CURIAM: