SUMMARY ORDER
Plaintiffs-Appellants appeal from the dismissal of their First Amended Complaint (the “Complaint”), alleging that they suffered injuries from taking Amiodarone, a generic drug manufactured by Taro Pharmaceutical U.S.A., Inc., for the off-label treatment of atrial fibrillation. The Complaint pleads seven claims against Taro: strict liability and negligent failure to warn (Counts I-II), negligent marketing and sale (Count III), negligence per se (Count IV), violation of New York General Business Law §§ 349 & 350 (Count V), fraud (Count VI), and wrongful death (Count VII).
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The District Court dismissed the entire Complaint, finding that the failure-to-warn and negligent marketing and sale claims were preempted under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq., and that the remaining claims were not plausibly pled. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.
“We review a district courts grant of a motion to dismiss de novo.” In re Synchrony Fin. Sec. Litig., 988 F.3d 157, 166 (2d Cir. 2021).
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This Court is “free to affirm on any ground that finds support in the record, even if it was not the ground upon which the trial court relied.” Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC v. Sappington, 884 F.3d 392, 396 n.2 (2d Cir. 2018).
We affirm the dismissal of the Complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) because none of the claims are plausibly pled under Rule 8 and, in the case of the fraud claim, Rule 9. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007))). Accordingly, we do not reach the questions whether, as Taro argues, certain claims are federally preempted or are barred by the state-law learned intermediary doctrine.
The thrust of the allegations is that Plaintiffs were seriously harmed when they took Amiodarone for the “off-label” treatment of atrial fibrillation, a heart condition for which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) has not officially approved the drug. Manufacturers—in particular, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc., which produced the original brand-name version of Amiodarone—allegedly encouraged this off-label use.
The Complaint pleads that Taro, as a subsequent generic manufacturer of Amiodarone, also bears responsibility. Underlying all seven claims against Taro are three basic factual theories: (1) Taro failed to make available to patients “Medication Guides” on the proper use and risks of Amiodarone as mandated in 21 C.F.R. § 208.24; (2) Taro failed to ensure the accuracy of information regarding Amiodarone in prescribing reference materials relied on by physicians, like the Physicians’ Desk Reference and Epocrates; and (3) Taro concealed information in its exclusive possession regarding adverse events that occurred from the use of Amiodarone to treat atrial fibrillation. Each of these three theories—and in turn, the seven claims they support—is fatally flawed because the Complaint does not plausibly allege Taros own involvement in wrongdoing.
First, the Complaint conclusorily asserts that Taro failed to make Medication Guides available to patients “in the manner required by law.” Appx at 200. But the Complaint offers no supporting allegations other than that Plaintiffs did not receive Medication Guides at the point of sale for Amiodarone. That this was the end result does not support a plausible inference that Taro committed wrongdoing. To the extent the theory is that Taro failed to ensure availability of the Medication Guides in accordance with 21 C.F.R. § 208.24, that regulation is minimally satisfied so long as Taro maintained “the means to produce Medication Guides.” Id. (b)(2) (emphasis added). It does not require that Taro distribute Medication Guides, let alone to patients at the point of sale, notwithstanding the Complaints suggestion otherwise. The Complaint lacks any allegation that Taro violated the minimal requirements of § 208.24. To the extent the theory is that Taro had a duty to provide Medication Guides beyond the manner set out in § 208.24, the Complaint does not say so or plead how Taro violated this hypothetical enhanced duty. See Appx at 200 (the allegations framing Taros “failure to provide each patient a Medication Guide” only in terms of a “violation of the FDAs mandate” in § 208.24).
Nor is the theory that Taro failed to ensure the accuracy of the prescribing reference materials viable. The Complaint alleges that “[i]n connection with Defendants’ unlawful promotion and/or sale of Amiodarone ․ they either directly or indirectly provided ․ to the distributor of the Physician[s’] Desk Reference (“PDR”) and the developer of Epocrates” “indications and usage information regarding Amiodarone” that was misleading. Appx at 171. But the Complaint does not allege what that misleading information was or adduce any examples, beyond vaguely asserting that the effect of the reference materials was to “deceive[ ] physicians into believing” that Amiodarone safely treated atrial fibrillation. Appx at 172. More critically, these allegations are not tailored to Taro. The Complaint suggests that the content of the reference materials is “considered ‘labeling’ ” subject to FDA approval, Appx at 173, but Taro, as a generic manufacturer, does not have control over this labeling. See PLIVA, Inc. v. Mensing, 564 U.S. 604, 613, 131 S.Ct. 2567, 180 L.Ed.2d 580 (2011) (explaining that only brand-name manufacturers are “responsible for the accuracy and adequacy” of drug labeling and a generic manufacturer must “ensur[e] that its warning label is the same as the brand names”). The Complaint does not explain what Taros contribution to or authority to correct the reference materials was. Indeed, the allegations are not framed in terms of Taros misconduct, but rather that of “Defendants” generally, presumably referring to the numerous unidentified Doe Defendants not parties to this appeal. The only allegation specific to Taro is that images of Amiodarone pills that it manufactured appear in Epocrates, but we cannot plausibly infer from this fact that Taro controlled the medical content of the reference materials.
Finally, the theory that Taro did not report adverse events from the use of Amiodarone is not plausibly pled. As Plaintiffs’ counsel conceded at oral argument, this theory is based on a broad statistical allegation, and is not specifically tied to Taros conduct. The Complaint alleges that:
There are millions or [sic] persons who are diagnosed with A-fib annually. Amiodarone over the years has become the number one prescribed drug for the treatment of A-fib. Based on the percentages of persons diagnosed just with pulmonary toxicity, there would be tens of thousands or [sic] adverse event reports submitted each year. Yet that does not appear to be even close to the number of these reports submitted to the FDA in connection with Amiodarone.
Appx at 191. This allegation merely posits that all entities in the Amiodarone market should have collectively reported more adverse events of pulmonary toxicity in light of the frequency of these events in the general population. We cannot draw from this allegation an inference that Taro itself concealed information in its possession.
Because none of the three theories on which all the claims depend is viable, the Complaint fails to state a plausible claim for relief under Rules 12(b)(6), 8, and 9.
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For the foregoing reasons, the District Courts judgment dismissing the Complaint is AFFIRMED.
FOOTNOTES
1
. The parties suggest that the state law of each Plaintiffs domicile, where the respective injuries occurred, may apply to each Plaintiffs claims. At this stage of the litigation, however, the parties cite only to New York law as an exemplar, on the assumption that “Plaintiffs home states all have equivalent common law.” Appellants’ Br. at 15 n.4.
2
. Unless otherwise noted, in quotations from caselaw, this Order omits all alterations, brackets, citations, emphases, and internal quotation marks.