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BLANC v. UNITED STATES (2021)

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.2021-04-23No. No. 20-13990

Summary

Holding. The appellate court affirmed the district court's denial of Blanc's motion for a writ of audita querela, holding that constitutional challenges to convictions and sentences must be brought under § 2255, and the audita querela writ is not available when relief is cognizable under that statute.

Kenny Blanc, a federal prisoner representing himself, appealed the district court's denial of his motion for a writ of audita querela. Blanc sought to use this ancient common-law writ to challenge the constitutionality of his convictions and sentences, largely relying on a recent Supreme Court decision. The appellate court determined that because Blanc's claims attacked the constitutional validity of his convictions and sentences, they must be pursued exclusively through the statutory remedy of 28 U.S.C. § 2255, a motion to vacate. Since Blanc had already filed one § 2255 motion, he would need appellate authorization to file a successive one—a procedural requirement that does not transform the audita querela writ into an available alternative remedy.

The court also rejected Blanc's claims for monetary damages, finding that he had not demonstrated his convictions or sentences had been reversed or declared invalid. In fact, Blanc sought their vacation in his motion, which contradicted any viable damages claim. The court found the case appropriate for summary disposition because there was no genuine legal question about the district court's ruling.

Summary generated by law.co from the public-domain opinion. The opinion text itself is public domain.

Key issues

  • Whether a federal prisoner may use audita querela to challenge the constitutionality of a conviction or sentence
  • Whether audita querela remains available when statutory relief under § 2255 applies
  • Whether a prisoner seeking money damages may proceed when his convictions remain valid
  • Procedures for successive § 2255 motions and appellate authorization requirements

Procedural posture

Blanc, a pro se federal prisoner, appealed the district court's denial of his motion for audita querela relief and monetary damages following his conviction and sentence, which the district court ruled must be pursued through § 2255 motions instead.

Authorities cited

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Opinion

Kenny Blanc, a pro se federal prisoner, appeals the district court order denying his motion for a writ of audita querela and its conclusion that he could only challenge his convictions and sentences in a motion to vacate under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The government has moved for summary affirmance and to stay the briefing schedule. After careful review, we grant the governments motion for summary affirmance.

Summary disposition is appropriate either where time is of the essence, such as “situations where important public policy issues are involved or those where rights delayed are rights denied,” or where “the position of one of the parties is clearly right as a matter of law so that there can be no substantial question as to the outcome of the case, or where, as is more frequently the case, the appeal is frivolous.” Groendyke Transp., Inc. v. Davis, 406 F.2d 1158, 1162 (5th Cir. 1969).

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We review de novo the question of whether a prisoner may challenge his sentence by filing a petition for a writ of audita querela. United States v. Holt, 417 F.3d 1172, 1174 (11th Cir. 2005). Additionally, we review questions of the district courts subject matter jurisdiction de novo. United States v. Al-Arian, 514 F.3d 1184, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008). “[W]e may affirm for any reason supported by the record, even if not relied upon by the district court.” Id. (quotations omitted). “Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally construed.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998).

A prisoner in custody may move the court that sentenced him to vacate, set aside, or correct the sentence, “claiming the right to be released upon the ground that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States ․ or is otherwise subject to collateral attack.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). Typically, collateral attacks on the validity of a federal conviction or sentence must be brought under § 2255. Sawyer v. Holder, 326 F.3d 1363, 1365 (11th Cir. 2003). When a prisoner has previously filed a § 2255 motion that was adjudicated on the merits, he must apply for and receive permission from the court of appeals before filing another one. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2244(b), 2255(h). Without authorization from our Court, the district court lacks jurisdiction to consider a second or successive § 2255 motion. Farris v. United States, 333 F.3d 1211, 1216 (11th Cir. 2003).

The All Writs Act provides that “[t]he Supreme Court and all courts established by Act of Congress may issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law.” 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a). When a statute specifically addresses the particular issue at hand, it is that authority, and not the All Writs Act, that controls. Carlisle v. United States, 517 U.S. 416, 429, 116 S.Ct. 1460, 134 L.Ed.2d 613 (1996). In the criminal context, “federal courts may properly fill the interstices of the federal postconviction remedial framework through remedies available at common law.” Holt, 417 F.3d at 1175 (quotations omitted).

The writ of audita querela “was an ancient writ used to attack the enforcement of a judgment after it was rendered” and was abolished in the civil context by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), but remains available in some criminal contexts. Id. at 1174-75. A writ of audita querela may not issue when relief is cognizable under § 2255. Id. at 1175. When a prisoner attacks his sentence “as violating the United States Constitution, the proper avenue of relief is § 2255.” Id. This rule applies even if a prisoners only remaining remedy is to seek leave to file a successive or second § 2255 motion because his original § 2255 motion already was denied. Id.

Finally, a prisoner cannot seek money damages through a civil action collaterally attacking a conviction or sentence unless the underlying conviction or sentence “has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into question by a federal courts issuance of a writ of habeas corpus.” Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486-87, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994).

Here, we grant the governments motion for summary affirmance because there is no substantial question that Blanc was not entitled either to audita querela relief or money damages. See Groendyke Transp., Inc., 406 F.2d at 1162; see also Al-Arian, 514 F.3d at 1189. Blancs claims challenged the constitutionality of his convictions and sentences, mostly under the Supreme Courts recent decision in United States v. Davis, ––– U.S. ––––, 139 S. Ct. 2319, 204 L.Ed.2d 757 (2019), but also under the Fifth Amendment and other constitutional provisions. Because weve squarely held that claims challenging the constitutionality of a conviction or sentence only are cognizable under § 2255, Blanc could not obtain a writ of audita querela to pursue them. See Holt, 417 F.3d at 1175; Carlisle, 517 U.S. at 428-29, 116 S.Ct. 1460. Moreover, because his claims are only cognizable under § 2255, Blanc would need our authorization to file a successive § 2255 motion and that hurdle does not make a writ of audita querela an available remedy. See Holt, 417 F.3d at 1174-75. Thus, the district court properly found that Blanc was not entitled to audita querela relief. It also properly noted that, if it construed Blancs motion as having been brought under § 2255, it would lack jurisdiction because Blanc has not obtained leave to file a second or successive § 2255 motion. Farris, 333 F.3d at 1216; 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h).

Nor did the district court err in concluding that Blancs claims for money damages were without merit since he did not show that his convictions or sentences had been reversed or declared invalid and, in fact, he sought their vacatur in his motion instead. See Heck, 512 U.S. at 486-87, 114 S.Ct. 2364. Accordingly, because there is no substantial question that the district court properly denied Blancs motion seeking audita querela relief and money damages, we GRANT the governments motion for summary affirmance and DENY as moot the governments motion to stay the briefing schedule. See Groendyke Transp., Inc., 406 F.2d at 1162.

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FOOTNOTES

1

.   In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted as binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions issued before October 1, 1981.

2

.   Finally, because no Judge in regular active service on the Court has requested that the Court be polled on hearing en banc (Rule 35 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure; Eleventh Circuit Rule 35-1), Blancs petition for hearing en banc is DENIED.

PER CURIAM: