Following a jury trial, at which he represented himself, Willie Frank Wright, Jr., was found guilty of aggravated assault and family violence battery. Wright filed a pro se motion for new trial, which was later amended by appellate counsel. The trial court denied the amended motion, and Wright, now represented by counsel, appeals.
1
Wright argues that the trial court erred (1) by failing to grant his post-waiver request for counsel; and (2) by failing to instruct the jury on the defense of insanity. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict,
2
the record shows that late in the evening on December 20, 2009, Wrights wife, K. Y., ended her shift at work, at which time Wright was supposed to have picked her up. Wright, however, had misplaced his keys, and the two argued over the phone when Wright could not come. K. Y. called her niece, who picked her up, and when K. Y. and Wright were both back at home, the two continued to argue about various subjects, including Wrights allegation that K. Y.’s nephew had damaged a car window.
As K. Y. walked out of the house, Wright pushed her off the porch to the ground. K. Y. then went back into the house and called the police from her teenaged daughters room, and when she exited that room, Wright was back in the house pointing a black handgun at her. Wright then shot K. Y. in the left shoulder. K. Y. testified that she believed that he shot her on purpose because of the way he was holding the weapon and pointing it at her with his finger on the trigger, and because he did not drop the gun or bump it on anything to indicate it would have accidentally discharged.
K. Y.’s daughter came out of her room, saw K. Y. on the floor, and heard Wright say “this is the last time you [are] going to call the police on me.” Wright implored the daughter to take the weapon and shoot him, but she refused and went next door, where she called the police. The daughter told the neighbor that her mother was lying in a “puddle of blood.”
Although he could not be found that night, Wright turned himself in at a local news station the following day; thereafter, although he initially denied shooting K. Y., he later told detectives where they could find the handgun.
Prior to trial, Wright, who had filed numerous pro se motions, maintained that he did not wish to be represented by the public defender, and his attorney filed a motion to withdraw, which the trial court granted. On the first day of trial during jury voir dire, however, Wright and the court had a discussion regarding motions, during which Wright stated, “I got a right to an attorney. Still got a right to an attorney.” Voir dire continued, and after recess for lunch, Wright filed a motion for a mental evaluation in which he also requested that the public defender be appointed as his attorney. The transcript of the proceedings does not show that the trial court ruled on this request, and Wright did not make any further request for an attorney.
At the conclusion of trial, the jury found Wright guilty of aggravated assault and family violence battery but acquitted him of cruelty to children. Wright filed a pro se motion for new trial, in which he enumerated as error (among other things) the trial courts failure to appoint counsel at his request. Wrights pro se motion for new trial was followed by several amended motions for new trial filed by first appellate counsel and current appellate counsel.
1. Wright first argues that he was wrongfully denied counsel after he made a post-waiver request for an attorney. We agree.
Assuming a defendants waiver of his right to counsel is proper, that right, once waived, is no longer absolute. The right to counsel, however, does not evaporate following a valid waiver, and a defendant may make a post-waiver request for counsel if, for example, he discovers he is overwhelmed by the trial process. Whether to grant or deny a defendants post-waiver request for counsel is within the broad discretion of the trial court. In considering a post-waiver request for counsel, a trial court may consider, among other things, the timing of the request. As the trial date draws nearer, the trial court can and should consider the practical concerns of managing its docket and the impact that a request may have on its general responsibilities for the prudent administration of justice. The possibility of a disruption of trial proceedings may be diminished, however, if a defendant has had standby counsel and requests that the standby counsel represent him. If an examination of the record reveals that a trial court has abused its discretion in denying a post-waiver request for counsel during trial, it is a structural Sixth Amendment violation, and is not subject to a harmless error analysis on direct appeal.3
Wright made a post-waiver request for counsel during voir dire when he stated, “I got a right to an attorney. Still got a right to an attorney.”
4
Wright argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to consider this a request for counsel and to make inquires into whether Wright wanted assistance from the public defender who was present during trial or to have him reappointed to represent Wright.
The State maintains that this exchange was not sufficient to constitute a post-waiver request for counsel. Considering this statement alone, we may have agreed with this conclusion; however, the same day as this oral request, Wright filed a handwritten “notice” with the trial court, which was accepted and bears the trial judges signature. The document is styled a “Notice of Intent of Defense to Raise Issue of Insanity or Mental Incompetence.” In the notice, Wright stated that he was giving notice that he intended to seek an insanity defense, requested “an evaluation,” and asked for “Mr. Frankie W. Hicks to be appointed as counsel.” The request was filed with the court after a continuance for lunch. At that time, voir dire (during which Wright had made the oral request) and opening statements were completed, and the States first witness had testified. The State would go on to call 12 more witnesses after the notice was filed. Nevertheless, there is no indication that the trial court ruled on Wrights written or oral request for reappointment of counsel.
Wright contends that this constituted an abuse of discretion and structural error, requiring reversal.
5
We agree. We are mindful of the record, which shows that Wright was antagonistic toward his appointed attorneys prior to trial and during post-trial proceeding, and he filed multiple pro se motions prior to trial. Nevertheless, failure to appoint counsel post-waiver may constitute structural error, which can never be harmless,
6
and a trial courts failure to exercise its discretion is in itself an abuse of discretion.
7
Although Wright did not request a ruling on his written motion for reappointment of counsel,
8
it was the second request for reappointment made by Wright at that point. Most of the trial remained to be conducted, and the trial courts failure to consider and rule on the motion was error. Accordingly, the judgment of conviction is reversed.
2. Wright also argues that the trial court erred by refusing his request to give a charge to the jury on his defense of insanity. Our review of the record reveals no testimony or evidence supporting an inference that Wright lacked the capacity to distinguish right from wrong or was laboring under a mental disease, injury, or deficiency such that he could not resist committing a crime.
9
Nevertheless, based on our conclusion in Division 1, we need not address this argument. Upon retrial, the decision to instruct the jury on this issue would depend upon the evidence presented at that time.
Judgment reversed.
FOOTNOTES
1
. Between the time Wright filed the first notice of appeal, on August 19, 2010, and the trial courts March 5, 2020 disposition of the amended motion for new trial, nearly ten years passed. It is unclear why the delay occurred, although it is at least in part due to Wrights repeated conflicts with his appointed attorneys. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court of Georgia has explained that long post-conviction pre-appeal delays “put at risk the rights of defendants and crime victims and the validity of convictions obtained after a full trial.” See Owens v. State, 303 Ga. 254, 258 (4), 811 S.E.2d 420 (2018) (“reiterat[ing] that it is the duty of all those involved in the criminal justice system ․ to ensure that the appropriate post-conviction motions are filed, litigated, and decided without unnecessary delay”).
2
. See Walker v. State, 315 Ga. App. 821, 728 S.E.2d 334 (2012), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B), 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
3
. (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Tyner v. State, 334 Ga. App. 890, 894 (1), 780 S.E.2d 494 (2015), quoting Wilkerson v. State, 286 Ga. 201, 204 (2) (b), 686 S.E.2d 648 (2009).
4
. The full conversation between the trial court and Wright is as follows:-The full discussion between Wright and the court was as follows:WRIGHT: Your Honor, I have not been able to have my motion to suppress evidence. I dont have nothing. Im not prepared.COURT: But your time for motions is long past.WRIGHT: No, sir. This is suppress —COURT: There are no motions going to be heard now.WRIGHT: I dont have no evidence. I dont have no affirmative defense.COURT: Well, let me tell you what. Thats your problem. You want to represent yourself. Here we are. And were going to pick a jury and proceed. Have a seat.WRIGHT: (No response.)COURT: You hear me?WRIGHT: Well, Im going to be silent for the rest of the proceedings then. Im not going to — Im not going to pick the jury. You pick it.COURT: Thats up to you. Have a seat.WRIGHT: You cant pick the jury.COURT: Watch.WRIGHT: You watch. You can hold me in contempt.COURT: Dont —WRIGHT: It dont matter to me, sir. I told you Im not ready. I just told you that. I dont have what I need.COURT: Dont make any more comments to me of that nature.WRIGHT: Im going to make more comments.COURT: No, youre not either.WRIGHT: Im telling you Im not ready. There aint nothing you can do but send me back to the County jail. I know that, and you know that. I told you Im not ready. Im not ready.COURT: The trial is going forward.WRIGHT: I am not ready. Its not going to go forward. Im not ready. I done told you that. (Unintelligible.)COURT: Were fixing to get down to it.WRIGHT: I told you I aint ready. Ill say it in front of the jury. Dont make no difference. Going to be on the record that I told you Im not ready. You going to be — you supposed to be — you supposed to be impartial. Im (unintelligible) —DEPUTY: You want to talk to him out of the presence of the potential jurors, your Honor?COURT: Just leave him.WRIGHT: I asked him to recuse hisself (sic). I got a — I got a affidavit right here right now. Motion to recuse. I got a constitutional right to freedom of speech. You cant make me shut up, man. You shut up. (Unintelligible.) Its my constitutional right. You want to revoke it, revoke it. Go on and put it on the record. Told you I aint ready.I got a right to an attorney. Still got a right to an attorney. Im going to make motions whether you deny them, deny them or not. You want to deny them on over, deny them on the record․WRIGHT: The Court of Appeals going to see your impartial [sic] decisions. Court of Appeals will see your impartial [sic] decisions, [be]cause I will bring them forth on the record. She got to record everything said in the courtroom here․
5
. See Tyner, 334 Ga. App. at 894 (1), 780 S.E.2d 494. See also Wilkerson, 286 Ga. at 204 (2) (b), 686 S.E.2d 648.
6
. See Tyner, 334 Ga. App. at 895-896 (1), 780 S.E.2d 494.
7
. See, e.g., Gresham v. State, 281 Ga. App. 116, 117, 635 S.E.2d 316 (2006) (holding an abuse of discretion occurred when the court failed to exercise discretion as to admission of evidence based on an erroneous finding that a non-applicable statute prohibited said admission).
8
. See Brooks v. State, 309 Ga. 630, 638 (3), 847 S.E.2d 555 (2020) (“It is the duty of counsel to obtain a ruling on his motions or objections,” and failure to do so will result in waiver for purposes of appeal.”). Cf. Wilkerson, 286 Ga. at 206-207 (2) (b), 686 S.E.2d 648 (applying the premise of waiver for failure to object in a case involving waiver of counsel and an erroneous statement of law by the trial court during a hearing pursuant to Faretta v. California, 422 U. S. 806, 835, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 2541, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975)); Kelly v. State, 344 Ga. App. 433, 810 S.E.2d 197 (2018) (“a party may not fail to object to an erroneous ruling or statement of a trial court and then attack that ruling on appeal”) (punctuation omitted).
9
. See OCGA §§ 16-3-2, 16-3-3.
Doyle, Presiding Judge.
McFadden, C. J., and Hodges, J., concur.