Katherine Black sued two defendants for defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Ultimately, the trial did not go as Katherine had hoped, and the jury rejected her claims.
Katherine now argues that her trial was riddled with errors and asks that we overturn the jurys verdict for several reasons. However, our analysis discloses no errors warranting a reversal, and therefore, Katherines request for a new trial is denied.
I. Background
Plaintiff Katherine Black
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and her husband Bernard are professors at Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law. In 2012, Bernards mother passed away and left behind a roughly $3 million estate. The Blacks expected to inherit about one-third of that estate, but it turns out that Bernards mother cut them out of her will and left virtually the entire estate to Bernards homeless and mentally ill sister, Joanne, who lived in Denver. So in late 2012, Bernard had himself appointed Joannes conservator and then worked to redirect much of her inheritance to himself and Katherine.
Meanwhile, Bernards cousin, Defendant Cherie Wrigley, sought to locate Joanne and contacted Esaun Pinto—Joannes friend and a private investigator—to find her. Pinto was successful.
Joanne relocated to New York in 2013. Upon her return, Bernard filed suit in New York state court seeking to be appointed guardian of Joannes property. Wrigley filed a cross-petition to be appointed Joannes guardian instead.
Back in Denver, Joannes guardian ad litem, Gayle Young, discovered that Bernard had diverted much of Joannes inheritance to himself. As a result, Young hired Defendant Pamela Kerr, a forensic accountant, to investigate Bernard as well as Pinto. Pinto served as Joannes representative payee and had been withdrawing funds from her account.
On April 2, 2015, the Denver probate court held a hearing that became contentious and, that day, entered an order suspending Bernard as Joannes conservator and stating that “Pinto shall provide a complete accounting with documentation of all funds that were held under his control to Ms. Kerr” so that she could investigate.
The hearing stoked tensions; afterward, Wrigley allegedly said to Katherine, “you, you, you need a sex change operation. And I will arrange this for you, whether you want it or not.” Wrigley then allegedly confronted Katherine at the airport and threatened to file a false report with child services to have her children taken away.
The Denver probate court ultimately resolved the dispute against Bernard and found that he committed civil theft by stealing $1.5 million from Joanne. After trebling damages under Colorado law, the court entered a $4.5 million judgment, which was affirmed on appeal. See Black v. Black, 422 P.3d 592 (Colo. App. 2018).
The New York guardianship proceedings continued. On January 7, 2016, Katherine submitted a twenty-three-page letter to the New York court laying out her contentions regarding Joanne and the Denver probate case. Katherines letter bore a Northwestern University letterhead and, among other things, alleged “theft and misappropriation of Joannes assets by Pinto” and asserted that “the Colorado Judge Found those Allegations credible Enough to Authorize an Investigation of Pintos Conduct by a Forensic Accountant.”
Soon afterward, Wrigley called the deans of Northwesterns law and business schools (Bernard worked in both) to complain that Katherine had used Northwestern letterhead to make a false statement to the court. Kerr also called the law school dean and sent a draft letter to Wrigley that she had prepared for the dean. In pertinent part, Kerrs letter quoted the above portion of Katherines letter and asserted that this claim was “100% false” and “completely false.”
Kerr did not send this letter to Northwestern. But Wrigley thought she had, so Wrigley attached it to an ethics complaint that she then submitted to Northwestern. Wrigleys complaint also asserted that Katherine was “using [Northwesterns] letterhead to slander people and fight a personal case.”
On January 6, 2017, Katherine sued Wrigley and Kerr in federal district court in Chicago. She brought claims against both of them for defamation (based on the various statements submitted to Northwestern) and against Wrigley for intentional infliction of emotional distress (based on the threats she had allegedly made to Katherine).
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Trial began in August 2019 and lasted about a week. Nothing went as Katherine had hoped—especially on Friday, which was supposed to be the day of closing arguments, when Katherines trial counsel, Donald Homyk, informed the court that he had just “been advised by [Katherine] that she elects to present her own closing argument.” The court denied the request because Katherine was “not a pro se litigant” and was “represented by counsel.” Katherine asked if she could “fire [her] counsel now,” to which the court responded, “That would be what I call gamesmanship. ․ So the answer is no.”
After a break, Homyk asked the court to reconsider its ruling and also asked “for an emergency motion to continue the closing arguments until Monday morning.” He represented that if the court granted the continuance, he, not Katherine, would give the closing. The court denied the motion to reconsider, reiterating its belief that Katherine was attempting “to manipulate the proceeding.”
Homyk again asked for a continuance until Monday and said, “I guess set me up for malpractice. Whatever. ․ I really dont care anymore, Judge.” He said he knew he could “pull [it] together ․ by Monday” but was “not emotionally ready to do this right now.”
The court assured Homyk that he had “done a more than competent job” during trial. Then the court addressed Katherine directly and explained that it could not “trust [her] to follow the rules” based on her performance as a witness, during which she repeatedly violated the courts instructions not to volunteer information inappropriately.
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Katherine promised the court that if the case were continued to Monday, she “will not represent [her]self.” But then she indicated that she might bring in a different lawyer, and the court responded, “This is why Im not continuing the closing argument. ․ The request is denied. We are starting the closing arguments in ten minutes.”
Then things escalated further, when Homyk implored:
I need to put this on the record right now, Judge. Im physically ill right now. ․ Im physically unable to continue with the closing argument today. ․ Ill tell you, Judge. Hold me in contempt. Im physically ill right now. I am. Im sorry. I hate to say that in front of a courtroom full of people. I cant do it right now. I will for sure be able to do it on Monday.
The experienced trial judge again, however, exercised a helpful degree of patience, relented, and continued closing arguments until Monday. But he appropriately added a stern warning that if Homyk did not appear, “a warrant is going to be issued to hold you in contempt. ․ [T]heres going to be hell to pay ․ if something goes wrong between now and then.”
True to his word, Homyk showed up on Monday and finished the trial. Still, the jury rejected Katherines claims and returned a verdict for Defendants. Katherine appeals pro se (evidently having dispensed with Homyk) and presents no shortage of issues for us to resolve.
II. Analysis
Katherine maintains that the district court erred in several ways: first, by excluding numerous pieces of evidence that should have been admitted; second, by allowing improper statements by defense counsel in closing argument; third, by declining to give a jury instruction on one of her defamation claims; and fourth, by denying Katherines request to give her own closing argument, or hire new counsel to do so, after her lead lawyer suffered some sort of breakdown after the close of evidence. We address these asserted errors in turn.
A. Evidentiary Decisions
Katherine argues that the district court erred in excluding six pieces of evidence. Such evidentiary decisions are normally reviewed for abuse of discretion. Fields v. City of Chicago, 981 F.3d 534, 543 (7th Cir. 2020) (citing Lewis v. City of Chi. Police Dept, 590 F.3d 427, 440 (7th Cir. 2009)). But if there were no objections to a district courts decisions at trial, we may review only for plain error, under which one must show “(1) that exceptional circumstances exist, (2) that substantial rights are affected, and (3) that a miscarriage of justice will result if the [plain-error] doctrine is not applied.” Stringel v. Methodist Hosp. of Ind., Inc., 89 F.3d 415, 421 (7th Cir. 1996) (quoting Prymer v. Ogden, 29 F.3d 1208, 1214 (7th Cir. 1994)).
First, Katherine claims that the district court erred by admitting the wrong portion of her January 7, 2016 letter to the New York court. She contends that the court should have admitted the portion of the letter stating that “the Colorado Judge Found those Allegations credible Enough to Authorize an Investigation of Pintos Conduct by a Forensic Accountant.” This is the statement that Kerrs letter later called “100% false” and “completely false” (which are, in turn, the alleged defamatory statements). Instead, the court admitted a passage of the letter that Katherine argues was materially different and gave Defendants room to argue that the allegedly defamatory statements were true.
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“As we have noted in the past, ‘a party cannot complain of errors which it has committed, invited, induced the court to make, or to which it consented.’ ” Sanchez v. City of Chicago, 880 F.3d 349, 360 (7th Cir. 2018) (quoting Intl Travelers Cheque Co. v. BankAmerica Corp., 660 F.2d 215, 224 (7th Cir. 1981)). And a deferential, line-by-line reading of the transcript here shows that Katherines attorney consented to the inclusion of the language that was admitted at trial.
The portion of Katherines letter that the court admitted began on the bottom of page 17 and carried over to the top of page 18. (The passage that Katherine argues should have been admitted was in the middle of page 17.) At trial, the court asked Katherines lawyer, Homyk, what part of the letter should come in. Homyk answered, “page 22, at the bottom,” before realizing that he was mistakenly reading the documents Bates number. Defense counsel corrected him: “17, your Honor.” The court responded, “Okay. So its the ․ carryover paragraph at the bottom of page 17 and the top of page 18 of the letter by the plaintiff on the 7th of January. Is that what youre saying?” Defense counsel replied, “Correct,” and Homyk said nothing. Moments later, the court reiterated its understanding that both parties agreed “that the carryover paragraph at the bottom of page 17 and the top of page 18 should come in. Thats fine.” Homyk again did not object.
Homyks acquiescence to the courts decision is confirmed by an exhibit that he later submitted—a redacted version of the letter showing only the passage that Katherine now claims is incorrect. We therefore find that Katherine, through Homyk, consented to the courts admission, so we do not find plain error.
Second, Katherine sought to introduce parts of the transcript from the April 2, 2015 Denver probate court hearing, but the district court excluded the transcript in part because it was “unnecessarily cumulative in a way that significantly outweighs its probative value.” In particular, the portions of the transcript that Katherine wanted admitted provided information that was already contained in the Denver courts April 2, 2015 order, which was admitted at trial. We see no abuse of discretion in that decision.
Third, Katherine says that the district court erred by excluding certain emails between Kerr and Bernard, which would have shown that Kerr knew her statements were false. The emails Katherine discusses in her brief were included at trial, but assuming shes referring to the emails that were actually excluded, we do not see how the district court abused its discretion; the court explained that Kerr already testified about her specific communications with Bernard and that Katherine already established all she could have hoped to establish from the emails.
Fourth, Katherine sought to introduce several documents from the New York guardianship proceedings, including a temporary restraining order entered against Wrigley based on her supposed threats to Katherine. The district court excluded this evidence as “highly and unfairly prejudicial because the jury would understand it as some sort of third-party judicial confirmation of the accuracy of the allegations in this case, which would have been misleading.” There was no abuse of discretion in this conclusion.
Fifth, Katherine moved to introduce under Federal Rule of Evidence 803 a memo purportedly written by a Northwestern administrator. The court excluded this memo as inadmissible hearsay. On appeal, Katherine makes the entirely new argument that the document was admissible under Rule 801(d)(1)(B) to rebut a recent charge of fabrication. That argument is forfeited, “and we decline to exercise our discretion to review further because [Katherine] has not cleared the high bar of plain error by showing extraordinary circumstances resulting in a miscarriage of justice.” Walker v. Groot, 867 F.3d 799, 807 (7th Cir. 2017).
Finally, Katherine claims that she sought to introduce evidence to show that Wrigley lied under oath, including Wrigleys deposition transcript and a privilege log from separate litigation. But she never attempted to use or introduce the privilege log at trial, and she only sought to use the deposition after her last witness testified. In any event, the court thoroughly explained after trial that the deposition transcript was unfairly prejudicial, “did not go to the merits of any of the claims against Wrigley,” and “would not reasonably lead to the inference that Wrigley committed perjury in this case.” There was no error, let alone plain error, in these conclusions.
We therefore conclude that none of the district courts evidentiary decisions warrants a new trial.
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B. Statements at Closing Argument
Katherines next argument for a new trial concerns allegedly improper statements that defense counsel made during closing arguments.
“[T]he ‘district court has considerable discretion in supervising the arguments of counsel, and we will reverse a verdict only where the court has abused that discretion.’ ” Jones v. Lincoln Elec. Co., 188 F.3d 709, 730 (7th Cir. 1999) (quoting Trytko v. Hubbell, Inc., 28 F.3d 715, 727 (7th Cir. 1994)). “To warrant a new trial, ‘[s]tatements made during closing argument must be plainly unwarranted and clearly injurious to constitute reversible error.’ ” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Gruca v. Alpha Therapeutic Corp., 51 F.3d 638, 644 (7th Cir. 1995)). No surprise, then, that “improper comments during closing argument rarely rise to the level of reversible error.” Id. (quoting Probus v. K-Mart, Inc., 794 F.2d 1207, 1210 (7th Cir. 1986)).
Whats more, when a party in a civil case fails to object to improper statements in closing argument, we have steadfastly refused to review even for plain error. Kafka v. Truck Ins. Exch., 19 F.3d 383, 385 (7th Cir. 1994) (“[N]o plain error doctrine exists [in civil cases] to remedy errors which are alleged to have occurred during closing argument.” (alteration in original) (quoting Deppe v. Tripp, 863 F.2d 1356, 1364 (7th Cir. 1988))). Katherine concedes that she objected to only one statement during the defenses closing argument, so thats the only statement we discuss, and the rest are waived. See Soltys v. Costello, 520 F.3d 737, 745 (7th Cir. 2008).
Katherine objected that defense counsel “lied” when he argued in closing that Katherine “invented another wrongdoer to deflect attention from Bernard Black. Thats poor Mr. Esaun Pinto.” The court overruled the objection because defense counsel “was suggesting an inference based on the evidence, which attorneys have leeway to do in their closing argument.”
We agree with the district court. “Attorneys have ․ leeway in closing arguments to suggest inferences based on the evidence, highlight weaknesses in the opponents case, and emphasize strengths in their own case.” Id. (citing Jones, 188 F.3d at 731). What one invested litigant might call a lie, an impartial observer might call a permissible inference based on the evidence. Moreover, the court instructed the jury that “closing arguments ․ are not evidence,” and “[i]f the evidence as you remember it differs from what the lawyers said, your memory is what counts.” “We have repeatedly found that jury instructions of this sort mitigate any prejudicial effect of potentially improper remarks made by counsel during closing argument.” Jones, 188 F.3d at 732.
Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Katherines objection.
C. Jury Instructions
Katherine next argues that the district court erred by omitting a jury instruction on her defamation claim against Wrigley. Once again, Katherine never objected to the courts “failure to give an instruction.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 51(d)(1)(B). Thus, we “may consider a plain error [only] if the error affects substantial rights.” Id. 51(d)(2); see McLaughlin v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 30 F.3d 861, 868 (7th Cir. 1994).
We agree that Katherine was likely entitled to an instruction on her defamation claim against Wrigley. Based on the complete record, we cannot agree with Defendants that Katherine dismissed that claim before trial. Although Katherines attorney at first represented to the court that they “d[id] not intend to pursue the defamation claim against Wrigley at trial,” leaving only the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim, he then filed a motion (pursuant to the courts request) specifically seeking dismissal of only the “defamation claim for Cherie Wrigleys statement about ‘slander’ ” (emphasis added). That motion made clear that “Katherine continues to allege ․ that Wrigleys action in uploading to ․ Northwestern ․ Kerr[s] defamatory letter constitutes defamation per se as to both Kerr, who wrote the letter, and Wrigley, who uploaded the letter to Northwestern University” (emphasis added).
The court granted the motion, and afterward, Defendants submitted revised jury instructions to “account for the latest changes in the contours of the case following the dismissal of one of the defamation claims against Ms. Wrigley” (emphases added). Sure enough, Defendants proffered an instruction on the defamation claim against Wrigley based on the letter to Northwestern.
It thus appears that Katherines defamation claim against Wrigley based on the “100% false” and “completely false” statements simply fell through the cracks. She had good reason to expect an instruction on it, such as the one Defendants themselves submitted. It is therefore possible that the district court committed plain error by omitting an instruction on that claim and by omitting the claim from the verdict form.
Despite all this, even if “the district court clearly erred by [omitting the] instruction, we find that [Katherine] has not met [her] ‘burden of establishing that the error affected substantial rights, i.e., that the outcome probably would have been different without the error.’ ” Prod. Specialties Grp., Inc. v. Minsor Sys., Inc., 513 F.3d 695, 700 (7th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Pree, 408 F.3d 855, 869 (7th Cir. 2005)). “[W]here appellants cannot articulate how they were affected by the refused jury instruction, let alone how their ‘substantial rights’ were affected, there is no reason for this court to interfere” with the jurys verdict. Consumer Prod. Rsch. & Design, Inc. v. Jensen, 572 F.3d 436, 440 (7th Cir. 2009) (citing Ammons–Lewis v. Metro. Water Reclamation Dist. of Greater Chi., 488 F.3d 739, 751 (7th Cir. 2007); Higbee v. Sentry Ins. Co., 440 F.3d 408, 409 (7th Cir. 2006)).
Given the evidence and arguments presented at trial, plus the jurys verdict in favor of Defendants on every one of Katherines claims, “[w]e conclude that the jury probably would have found” for Wrigley “even if it had been [properly] instructed.” Prod. Specialties Grp., Inc., 513 F.3d at 700. Most tellingly, the jury found that Kerr did not commit defamation in making the exact same statements that formed the basis of the defamation claim against Wrigley. Katherine does not persuasively explain how or why the same jury probably would have come to a diametrically opposite conclusion on the defamation claim against Wrigley. After all, the main issue of the case, as presented to the jury by both the plaintiff and the defense, was whether the allegedly defamatory statements were true or false.
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Defendants argument that the statements were true evidently succeeded as to Kerr, and there is no reason to suspect that it would have failed as to Wrigley, as both claims were based on the same statements.
In sum, Katherine falls short of showing that any error the court may have committed in its instructions affected her substantial rights. She thus fails to show that the omitted jury instruction requires reversal under plain-error review.
D. Attorney Incapacity
Finally, Katherine argues that the district court erred by refusing her requests to allow her either to present closing arguments herself or to hire a new attorney after her trial counsel, Homyk, suffered what Katherine calls “an unexpected, severe collapse of cognitive function.”
We note initially that some of Katherines argument sounds in ineffective assistance; she complains about Homyks lack of preparation and general failure to represent her effectively at trial. But “civil litigants have no constitutional right to ․ effective assistance of counsel,” so such arguments form no basis to reverse a jurys verdict in a civil case. Stroe v. I.N.S., 256 F.3d 498, 500 (7th Cir. 2001) (citing, among other cases, Anderson v. Cowan, 227 F.3d 893, 901 (7th Cir. 2000)). Instead, “[w]hen lawyers fail, the remedy is malpractice litigation against the wrongdoer, not more litigation against an innocent adversary in the original litigation.” Choice Hotels Intl, Inc. v. Grover, 792 F.3d 753, 754 (7th Cir. 2015); see also Cavoto v. Hayes, 634 F.3d 921, 924 (7th Cir. 2011) (“A retrial is not a proper remedy for deficient representation in a civil action.”).
As we said in DeSilva v. DiLeonardi, “[l]itigants who hire their own counsel in civil cases may not point to their lawyers gaffes as reasons to rerun the litigation.” 181 F.3d 865, 869 (7th Cir. 1999). Katherine acknowledges DeSilva but argues that its reasoning does not apply here because Homyk was effectively “foisted on [her] by the” court, id., when it refused her requests to allow her either to present closing arguments herself or to hire a new attorney. Thats not how we see things. Refusing to allow a troublesome litigant to terminate her retained counsel the day of closing arguments is not “foisting” an attorney upon her. To say otherwise assumes that litigants have unfettered freedom to hire and fire and swap and drop attorneys at will in the middle of a trial. That is plainly not so; courts have wide discretion to manage the withdrawal and appearance of attorneys during proceedings. See N.D. Ill. L. R. 83.17 (“The attorney of record may not withdraw, nor may any other attorney file an appearance ․, without first obtaining leave of court ․”).
Likewise, courts have “[b]road discretion ․ to control closing arguments.” Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Balmoral Racing Club, Inc., 831 F.3d 815, 836 (7th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Sands, 815 F.3d 1057, 1063 (7th Cir. 2015)). And although civil litigants, like criminal defendants, have a statutory right to proceed pro se, 28 U.S.C. § 1654, that right is “not absolute,” and “after trial has begun[,] the grant or denial of the right to proceed [p]ro se rests within the sound discretion of the trial court,” United States v. Lawrence, 605 F.2d 1321, 1324 (4th Cir. 1979) (citing United States v. Dunlap, 577 F.2d 867, 868 (4th Cir. 1978)).
All these principles merge with significant force here, where the district court had good reason to suspect that Katherine would not follow the rules and was attempting to manipulate the proceedings. See United States v. Dougherty, 473 F.2d 1113, 1124 (D.C. Cir. 1972) (explaining that courts may refuse pro se representation “after trial has begun” when the litigant engages in “disruptive behavior”).
The bulk of Katherines argument, however, focuses not on Homyks mistakes, as such, but on his alleged “incapacity.” And we grant that Homyk suffered some sort of breakdown on Friday and flatly refused to give a closing argument on pain of contempt. But his request for a continuance was granted, and he capably gave his argument on Monday. So its not quite clear to us how Homyks temporary “incapacity” on Friday had any effect on his performance over the four preceding days or the next week. And we dont see how Katherines hiring a new lawyer for closing argument or doing it herself would have cured Homyks alleged errors, most of which occurred before she even made her requests.
Katherine does fault the court for prohibiting Homyk from filing “any new motions” before Monday, and she alleges that that caused her prejudice because Homyk refused to file motions that she requested. But the court only barred “any motions over the weekend ․ to terminate Mr. Homyks services, withdraw him from the record, anything like that” (emphasis added). To the extent Homyk misunderstood the courts instruction as precluding him from filing any motions whatsoever, thats an issue Katherine must take up with Homyk, not this court: “If a partys lawyer is guilty of professional malpractice (and mental illness is not a defense to ․ professional malpractice), the party has a remedy against him, but it [cannot] shift the burden of its agents neglect to the district court and the defendants.” Tango Music, LLC v. DeadQuick Music, Inc., 348 F.3d 244, 247 (7th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted) (citing, among other authorities, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 283C (Am. L. Inst. 1979)).
Moreover, even assuming an attorneys incapacity could ever justify a new trial in a civil case, Katherine fails to mention that she had two lawyers. We have previously explained that “[t]he physical incapacity of one of the two lawyers representing plaintiff does not entitle plaintiff to relief ․ in the absence of a strong showing that other counsel could not have acted for h[er] under the circumstances then existing.” Flett v. W. A. Alexander & Co., 302 F.2d 321, 323 (7th Cir. 1962).
In her reply, Katherine shrugs off her second attorney as a “de facto paralegal” because she primarily handled exhibits and served as second chair. But “[t]he record clearly shows that the other counsel was present in court and, indeed, acted as plaintiffs spokes[person]” several times throughout trial, id., including when the parties debated jury instructions and evidentiary issues. Neither Katherine nor Homyk ever proposed that the other lawyer conduct the closing argument. Thus, Katherines argument, “under all the circumstances shown by the record, is wholly without merit. In any event, it was addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court and we find no abuse of discretion ․” Id.
III. Conclusion
For the above reasons, there is no cause to overturn the jurys verdict. The judgment of the district court is therefore AFFIRMED.
FOOTNOTES
1
. Katherine also goes by the last name Litvak.
2
. Katherine also sued Melissa Cohenson and her law firm, Brian A. Raphan, P.C., who represented Wrigley in the New York court proceedings. Those claims, and other claims against Wrigley and Kerr, were dismissed and are not relevant to this appeal.
3
. Katherine had at least one outburst in court, as well, which caused the court to admonish her: “What just happened here ․ this will not happen again. If it happens again, you will be held in contempt of court. It is not appropriate. You have a lawyer. You chose to have a lawyer. You chose to have several lawyers. You are not representing yourself. Do you understand what Im telling you?”
4
. The separate but similar passage admitted at trial stated, “The Colorado court found allegations of Pintos misconduct sufficiently credible and troublesome to order an investigation of Pinto by the court-appointed forensic accountant, Pamela Kerr.”
5
. Katherine also argues that the cumulative effect of the district courts evidentiary errors warrants a new trial. That argument was forfeited in the district court. Regardless, it cannot succeed given our above conclusions. See Christmas v. City of Chicago, 682 F.3d 632, 643 (7th Cir. 2012) (requiring “multiple errors” that “were so severe as to have rendered [the] trial fundamentally unfair” (quoting United States v. Powell, 652 F.3d 702, 706 (7th Cir. 2011)).
6
. Katherines attorney, for example, argued to the jury that “the only issue for you to decide is whether it was a hundred percent false that ․ Kerr ․ was authorized to conduct any investigation of Pinto.” The defense argued: “[T]he main issue in this case ․ is, is this statement that [Katherine] made to [the New York court] true or false?”
Kanne, Circuit Judge.