PUBLISHED OPINION
¶ 1 In January 2017, Mitchell Heng set fire to the Sifton Market, a convenience store located in a commercial building in Vancouver. The fire spread throughout the building and destroyed not only the Sifton Market but also neighboring businesses. The body of Amy Hooser, a Sifton Market employee, was discovered in the rubble.
¶ 2 A jury later convicted Heng of murder in the first degree and arson in the first degree. Heng appeals, arguing that (1) under the rule of lenity, we must assume that the murder conviction was for felony murder predicated on the same arson that was the basis for the arson conviction and (2) the trial court placed Heng in double jeopardy by punishing him for both felony murder predicated on arson and the underlying arson. Because Hengs arson had an effect independent of the murder, we hold that punishing Heng for both crimes did not place him in double jeopardy.
¶ 3 We also hold that Hengs rule-based and constitutional excessive bail challenges are moot, defense counsels absence from Hengs bail setting does not require reversal, Heng fails to show that counsel was ineffective for not asking the court to revisit bail, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting a fire marshals opinion testimony as to the origins of the fire.
¶ 4 Therefore, we affirm.
FACTS
¶ 5 On January 15, 2017, at about 5:35 a.m., firefighters responded to a fire at a commercial building in Vancouver, Washington. The fire started in the Sifton Market, a convenience store in the building, and eventually “burned pretty much the whole building down,” destroying not only the Sifton Market but also a barber shop, a pet grooming business, and a pet supply store. Fire crews discovered a persons body in the markets deli area, which was situated in the part of the market farthest away from the main entrance. The body was later identified as Amy Hooser, a Sifton Market employee who had been working the morning of the fire. The Clark County medical examiner concluded that Hoosers cause of death was smoke inhalation and blunt force injuries to the head.
¶ 6 Surveillance videos recovered from the scene showed Hooser in the Sifton Market beginning at about 5:09 a.m.
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on the morning of the fire, getting the store ready to open. At about 5:11 a.m., Hooser unlocked the front door. About a minute later, a newspaper delivery person entered through the front door, unloaded a stack of newspapers onto a stand inside the store, and then exited the store. At 5:18 a.m., Hooser walked from the cash register area of the store, near the front door, across the sales floor toward the deli area, which itself was not visible on any surveillance footage. Sifton Markets general manager later testified that although there was a camera in the deli area, it was not functioning.
¶ 7 At 5:20 a.m., a man, later identified as Heng, entered the store through the front door. Heng was wearing a baseball cap, dark pants and shoes, and an unbuttoned flannel shirt with a white T-shirt visible underneath. Heng passed Hooser on the sales floor as she walked from the deli area back toward the front of the store.
¶ 8 At about 5:21 a.m., Heng approached Hooser at the front of the store, and Hooser retrieved an item, which Heng later identified as a key to the bathroom, and handed it to Heng. Hooser then walked across the sales floor into the deli area. This was the last time she was visible on any surveillance footage. A short time later, Heng also walked toward the deli area.
¶ 9 After Heng disappeared from the surveillance footage into the deli area, no one was seen on the video for about four minutes. At about 5:26 a.m., Heng emerged from the deli area onto the sales floor, opened and closed two cooler doors, and continued toward the front register area with a soft drink bottle in hand. He walked into the front office, where the footage showed that his white T-shirt now had a visible stain on the front—a stain that Heng later admitted was blood. Heng took a drink from the soft drink bottle and paced around the front office for a moment before taking a carton of cigarettes from the shelf. He then picked up what appeared to be a lighter from the cash register area before walking back across the sales floor into the deli area.
¶ 10 At about 5:30 a.m., Heng reentered the front office holding what appeared to be coffee filters. He opened a cabinet that contained the stores safe, and according to a detectives later testimony, “look[ed] like he[ ] touched the safe and ․ use[d] kind of the coffee filters to touch the safe some more, whether hes trying to access it or wipe it down, Im not certain.” The detective also testified that at this point in the footage from the front office, flickering light could be seen in the bottom right corner, and the video “bec[a]me cloudier until you cant see anything eventually. But, it appears to be smoke filling the room.” Heng then picked up a small bin with timecards in it, exited the front office area, and crossed the store again to the deli area. The video cut out a short time later, at around 5:34 a.m. Heng, Hooser, and the newspaper delivery person were the only people visible on the surveillance footage from the morning of the fire.
¶ 11 The State later charged Heng with murder in the first degree, robbery in the first degree, and arson in the first degree. On January 20, 2017, Heng made his preliminary appearance before the trial court. There, Heng confirmed his name and date of birth and requested that counsel be appointed for him. The court then stated,
All right. Were going to appoint [defense counsel]. We put word out to [defense counsel] trying to get him here this morning, but just not enough time. So, hes not here right now. But hell be – hes already been notified. So hell be getting in touch with you very shortly.
Im gonna now hear recommendations about bail and release. I will allow you to address those, but you do not want to talk at all about the alleged incidents that bring you – brings you here today. And then the next time youre in front of the court with [defense counsel] being present, well allow, if youre still in custody, bail to be reviewed with the aid of your attorney. Do you understand?
Heng confirmed his understanding, and the prosecutor asked the trial court to set bail at $2 million, arguing, “Based on the nature of the charges obviously, this was a violent and premeditated crime, very heinous in nature.” The prosecutor also represented that Heng had prior convictions for assault in the second degree and disorderly conduct, and that Hengs current address could not be verified. The trial court set bail at $2 million, indicating to Heng, “It can definitely be reviewed. Your attorney will have a chance to work things up and have an informed discussion with the court at the next court hearing.”
¶ 12 Heng, who remained in custody, appeared for his initial arraignment on February 1, 2017. When the court inquired about the “present bail situation,” Hengs counsel responded, “[J]ust to address that. Counsel was not present when I was appointed to represent Mr. Heng and so bail was set outside the presence of counsel. At some point in the future I may address it, but Im not gonna address it now.” The trial court responded, “[I]f you wish to then make sure we do it with some written notice to the State and ․ Ill be willing to hear it.” Counsel did not subsequently ask the court to revisit bail, and Heng remained in custody pending trial.
¶ 13 A jury trial was held over approximately two weeks in September 2019. Heng testified on his own behalf. Hengs defense theory was that someone else had killed Hooser, and that Heng had set fire to the Sifton Market under duress.
¶ 14 According to Heng, he went to the Sifton Market the morning of the fire to collect money from Hooser, who he claimed sold cocaine for him. Heng testified that when he went into the deli area after using the bathroom, Hooser was there with “Zip,” another dealer for whom Hooser sold methamphetamine. Heng testified that when Hooser paid Heng, Zip “got mad that she was giving [Heng] money” because “she obviously was not paying him and shed owed him a pretty good debt.” Heng claimed that Zip then demanded payment from Hooser, grabbed her and hit her several times, and eventually “grabbed [Hooser] by her clothing and hit her against the rack that she was right next to.”
¶ 15 According to Heng, Zip threatened Heng that if he “tried to be a hero,” Zip would “do the same to [Heng] and [Zip] knew where [Heng] lived.” Heng testified that Zip then “just pretty much told [Heng] what to do and [Heng] was scared and ․ didnt want to tell [Zip] no.” Heng testified that Zip told him to get him cigarettes, which Heng did after getting himself a drink “to kind of calm [him]self down.” Heng testified that after he returned to the deli area and gave Zip the cigarettes and a lighter, Zip then told Heng “to go into the safe and grab whatever and to catch the front on fire.” Heng testified that he complied because Zip had threatened him, and Heng was scared that Zip would “do something worse” to Heng and his family. He testified that when he returned to the deli area after starting the fire in the front office, he took the time cards with him to show Zip that nobody else was there. Heng testified that as the fire began to spread, he exited the store through the front door and went back to his apartment a couple of blocks away. He testified that on his way home, he discarded his flannel shirt and T-shirt in a neighborhood dumpster and changed into extra clothes he had in his truck. Heng testified that he did not know Zips real name or where he lived and could not remember what Zip was wearing the morning of the fire. But he described Zip as follows: “Hes Caucasian. I think he was mixed with Mexican just because of his color of hair and all his tattoos and stuff[;] probably like 6 feet tall.”
¶ 16 While cross examining Heng, the prosecutor played an excerpt from an interrogation detectives conducted with Heng. During the interview, Heng stated that he was told to rob the Sifton Market by a man wearing a black hoodie and standing “[o]n the corner right behind the spa” on the back side of the Sifton Market building. Heng described the man as “black [and] probably 5’10” [and] pretty stocky.” Heng said he “looked like a tweaker,” so Heng pulled over to ask him if he wanted to buy anything. Heng claimed during the interrogation that the man then threatened to shoot Heng unless Heng robbed the Sifton Market. Heng admitted at trial that this earlier account was not true.
¶ 17 The prosecutor also played excerpts of calls Heng made from jail. In some of those calls, Heng said that the person who “did it” was “a white boy” who Heng thought might have been another Sifton Market employee, who “came in through the roof and ․ came out the roof,” had a “wooden paddle,” and forced Heng to burn down the store by pointing a gun at his head. In other calls, Heng claimed not to know who killed Hooser. Heng testified at trial that he was lying on those calls. He also admitted to lying during another interrogation when he claimed that the person who was in the deli area with Heng and Hooser was Hoosers boyfriend, Stephen Gephart. Heng further acknowledged lying to detectives in earlier interrogations about what he did with his clothes and shoes and why he went to the Sifton Market in the first place. On redirect, Heng testified that he lied because he was afraid of Zip and because detectives told him they could not protect him and his family.
¶ 18 The surveillance videos were played for the jury during trial. Additionally, the State presented testimony from a number of witnesses, including a detective who testified that although law enforcement did not find the clothes or black shoes they believed Heng was wearing the morning of the fire, they found a pair of Nike brand Air Force One Premium 2007 shoes at Hengs apartment, as well as two boxes in his truck containing Air Force One Premium 2007 shoes in colors other than black. The State presented evidence that the tread marks on this model of shoe matched shoe prints found in the deli area that tested presumptively positive for blood. The State also presented evidence that two stains from the drivers side floor mat of Hengs truck contained DNA
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mixtures for which “a major component” matched Hoosers DNA profile.
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And, the State presented evidence that the roof hatch to the Sifton Market was padlocked and wired to the security system, that although the store had an employee entrance and an emergency exit, a person walking from those doors into the deli area would have appeared on the surveillance footage, and while there was also a window in a back office connected to the deli area, there was a motion sensor that would have triggered an alarm if someone were to enter the store through that window. The State also presented evidence that although detectives recovered a methamphetamine pipe in Hoosers purse, a search of Hoosers bedroom and car revealed no items of evidentiary value.
¶ 19 Additionally, the State presented testimony from Susan Anderson, a senior deputy fire marshal who investigated the fire. The prosecutor asked Anderson about, among other things, her “opinion based on [her] training and experience as to how many fires were set and the origin of where they were set.” Anderson began by responding that there were multiple areas of the building that experienced the “greatest loss of material,” including a shelf in the Sifton Markets front office and “on the victim herself,” at which point Heng objected. Heng argued outside the presence of the jury that, if Anderson planned to opine that there was a fire origin on Hoosers body based on the flame damage to and burn patterns near her body, “there has to be some foundation under Frye[
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] or Daubert[
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] to establish that that conclusion is ․ admissible as evidence.” Additionally, after confirming through voir dire that Anderson did not follow the method set forth in National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) 921
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when formulating her opinion as to the origins of the fire, defense counsel argued, “[T]heres nothing, there was no testing that was done, theres no sources cited. This is an eyeball analysis without any testing and ․ if shes gonna make that sort of conclusive statement, then ․ I would object.”
¶ 20 The prosecutor responded that Hengs objection went to weight and not admissibility, arguing that Anderson could testify based on her training and experience and no Frye hearing was necessary because “shes not gonna say with any scientific certainty that any person set a fire on Ms. Hooser.”
¶ 21 The trial court overruled Hengs objection. Anderson then testified “based on the damage to [Hoosers] body and the relative lack of damage in other combustible materials around her body that a fire was probably ignited on her body, clothing or near the body.”
¶ 22 During the States closing, the prosecutor argued, with regard to the charge of murder in the first degree, “There are three ways of committing Murder in the 1st Degree” and “[e]ach of those three ways is charged in this case.” First, the prosecutor argued, the evidence supported a finding that Heng caused Hoosers death with the premeditated intent to do so. Second, the prosecutor argued, the evidence supported a finding that Heng committed felony murder by causing Hoosers death in the course of or in furtherance of committed or attempted robbery or arson. And third, the prosecutor argued, the evidence supported a finding that Heng committed murder in the first degree by causing Hoosers death by engaging in conduct that created a grave risk of death under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to human life.
¶ 23 The jury found Heng guilty of murder in the first degree but did not specify the basis for its finding. The jury also found Heng guilty of arson in the first degree. It acquitted Heng of robbery in the first degree.
¶ 24 Multiple individuals, including Hoosers friends and family members, spoke at Hengs sentencing hearing. Sue Picchioni, who owned the pet grooming business that was destroyed in the fire and who had submitted a victim impact statement, also spoke at sentencing. Picchioni expressed that she hoped Heng would “think about ․ all the hurt [his] selfishness has caused,” including the loss of the grooming business that she and her family “have been building for over thirty years,” the death of family pets that were inside Picchionis shop at the time of the fire, and the destruction of the businesses on either side of Picchionis business.
¶ 25 The trial court sentenced Heng to a total term of confinement of 374 months, the high end of the standard range. Heng appeals.
ANALYSIS
Double Jeopardy
¶ 26 Heng argues that, by sentencing him for both arson in the first degree and murder in the first degree, the trial court placed him in double jeopardy by punishing him twice for the same offense. Thus, Heng contends, his conviction for arson in the first degree must be vacated. We disagree.
¶ 27 “The double jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution provides that no person shall ‘be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.’ ” State v. Muhammad, 194 Wash.2d 577, 615, 451 P.3d 1060 (2019) (Gordon McCloud, J., concurring and dissenting) (quoting U.S. Const. amend. V). “The Washington Constitution similarly provides that ‘[n]o person shall ․ be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.’ ” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Wash. Const. art. 1, § 9). “[T]hese two provisions ‘provide the same protections.’ ” Id. at 616, 451 P.3d 1060 (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Francis, 170 Wash.2d 517, 522 n.1, 242 P.3d 866 (2010)). Double jeopardy claims may be raised for first time on appeal, and we review them de novo. State v. Mutch, 171 Wash.2d 646, 661-62, 254 P.3d 803 (2011).
¶ 28 The prohibition on double jeopardy protects not only against a second trial for the same offense, but also, as relevant here, “ ‘against multiple punishments for the same offense.’ ” Muhammad, 194 Wash.2d at 616, 451 P.3d 1060 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Whalen v. United States, 445 U.S. 684, 688, 100 S.Ct. 1432, 63 L.Ed.2d 715 (1980)). In this latter context, “ ‘the Double Jeopardy Clause does no more than prevent the sentencing court from prescribing greater punishment than the legislature intended.’ ” Id. (quoting Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 359, 366, 103 S.Ct. 673, 74 L.Ed.2d 535 (1983)). Thus, “ ‘[w]here a defendants act supports charges under two criminal statutes, a court weighing a double jeopardy challenge must determine whether, in light of legislative intent, the charged crimes constitute the same offense.’ ” State v. Freeman, 153 Wash.2d 765, 771, 108 P.3d 753 (2005) (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Orange, 152 Wash.2d 795, 815, 100 P.3d 291 (2004)).
¶ 29 To do so here, we must first determine, given that the jury did not specify the basis for its verdict on the first degree murder charge, what type of murder Heng was convicted of committing. Heng contends that, applying the rule of lenity, we must assume that he was convicted of felony murder predicated on the same arson that was the basis for the arson conviction. The State concedes this point, and we accept the States concession. See State v. Deryke, 110 Wash. App. 815, 824, 41 P.3d 1225 (2002) (“Principles of lenity require us to interpret [an] ambiguous verdict in favor of [the defendant].”). Accordingly, our task is to determine whether the legislature intended to allow the trial court to punish Heng for both felony murder predicated on arson and the underlying arson.
¶ 30 Courts follow four analytical steps to determine whether the legislature intended to authorize cumulative punishment. First, we consider “any express or implicit legislative intent.” State v. Arndt, 194 Wash.2d 784, 816, 453 P.3d 696 (2019). “ ‘If there is clear legislative intent to impose multiple punishments for the same act or conduct, this is the end of the inquiry and no double jeopardy violation exists.’ ” Id. (quoting State v. Kelley, 168 Wash.2d 72, 77, 226 P.3d 773 (2010)). If legislative intent is unclear, we proceed to the second step of the test and apply the Blockburger,
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or “same evidence,” test. Id. Under Blockburger, “ ‘[w]here the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.’ ” Id. at 818, 453 P.3d 696 (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted) (quoting Orange, 152 Wash.2d at 817, 100 P.3d 291).
¶ 31 If Blockburger is not dispositive, the third step of the analysis calls for application of the “merger doctrine.” Id. at 816, 453 P.3d 696. “ ‘Under the merger doctrine, when the degree of one offense is raised by conduct separately criminalized by the legislature, we presume the legislature intended to punish both offenses through a greater sentence for the greater crime,’ ” and not separately. Id. at 819, 453 P.3d 696 (quoting Freeman, 153 Wash.2d at 772-73, 108 P.3d 753). Thus, “a lesser included offense merges ‘into a more serious offense when a person is charged with both crimes, so that the person is not subject to double jeopardy.’ ” Muhammad, 194 Wash.2d at 618, 451 P.3d 1060 (quoting Blacks Law Dictionary at 1184 (11th ed. 2019)).
¶ 32 Finally, in the fourth step of the analysis, we consider “any independent purpose or effect that would allow punishment as a separate offense.” Arndt, 194 Wash.2d at 816, 453 P.3d 696. “[W]hen overlapping offenses have independent purposes or effects,” the offenses do not merge, and “separate punishments are allowed.” Id. at 819, 453 P.3d 696.
¶ 33 If legislative intent to allow separate punishments can be found in any of the four steps of the analysis, then there is no double jeopardy violation. Id. at 818, 453 P.3d 696.
¶ 34 Here, the parties agree with regard to the first three steps of the analysis that (1) there is no express or implied articulation of legislative intent, (2) felony murder predicated on arson is the same offense as the underlying arson under Blockburger, and (3) arson is a lesser included offense of felony murder predicated on arson. Heng contends, as to the fourth step of the analysis, that felony murder and its predicate felony can never be independent so as to satisfy the exception to the merger doctrine. The State counters that because the arson in this case had an effect independent of the murder, the two offenses do not merge. We agree with the State.
¶ 35 Arndt is instructive. There, Shelly Arndt set fire to a house that had eight people in it, including the ONeils, who owned the home, and Arndts boyfriend, Darcy Veeder Jr. Id. at 790, 453 P.3d 696. Everyone escaped except Veeder, whose body was found in the living room. Id. at 791, 453 P.3d 696. Arndt was later convicted of aggravated first degree murder with the aggravating circumstance of first degree arson, as well as first degree arson. Id. at 791-92, 796, 453 P.3d 696.
¶ 36 On appeal, our Supreme Court rejected Arndts contention that the trial court placed her in double jeopardy by punishing her twice for the same arson: once as an aggravator to first degree murder and again for the arson itself. See Id. at 821, 453 P.3d 696. It held that the independent purpose or effect exception applied, explaining, “Arndt was charged with aggravated first degree murder for the death of a single victim, Darcy Veeder Jr. In contrast, her conviction for first degree arson, in addition to resulting in the death of Veeder, also destroyed the ONeils’ home and was ‘manifestly dangerous’ to the other occupants.” Id. at 819, 453 P.3d 696 (quoting RCW 9A.48.020(1)(a)). The court concluded, “The presence of additional victims places this case inside the ‘independent effect’ exception to the merger doctrine that allows for the imposition of separate punishments.” Id.
¶ 37 In addition to considering the fact that Arndts arson had victims other than Veeder, the Supreme Court observed that “an independent purpose exists on an abstract level that also prevents the merger of the two offenses and allows for the imposition of multiple punishments.” Id. at 819-20, 453 P.3d 696. Specifically, “the two statutes in question are located in different chapters of the criminal code and are intended to protect different societal interests.” Id. at 820, 453 P.3d 696. “Because the primary purpose of the arson statute is to protect property, it is located in chapter 9A.48 RCW (consisting of offenses primarily intended to protect property).” Id. “In contrast, because the primary purpose of the aggravated murder statute is to protect human life, aggravated first degree murder is found in two different chapters dedicated to this end, chapter 9A.32 RCW (Homicide) and chapter 10.95 RCW (Capital punishment—Aggravated first degree murder).” Id. “This provides an additional indication that the legislature clearly intended separate punishments for the crimes of aggravated first degree murder with an arson aggravator and of first degree arson.” Id. Thus, the court held, “the two crimes do not merge and the imposition of multiple punishments does not violate double jeopardy.” Id.
¶ 38 Here, as in Arndt, while Heng was charged with felony murder for the death of a single victim, Hooser, his arson had victims in addition to Hooser— namely, the owners of the Sifton Market, who also owned the building, and the owners of the other businesses that were destroyed by the fire. Under Arndt, the impact of Hengs arson on these additional victims places this case within the “independent effect” exception to the merger doctrine that allows for separate punishments.
¶ 39 Additionally, felony murder is found in chapter 9A.32 RCW, which the Supreme Court observed in Arndt is a chapter dedicated to protecting human life. Id.; see also RCW 9A.32.030(1)(c) (defining first degree felony murder). The fact that arson is, by contrast, found in a chapter consisting of offenses primarily intended to protect property “provides an additional indication that the legislature clearly intended separate punishments” for first degree arson and for felony murder predicated on first degree arson. Arndt, 194 Wash.2d at 820, 453 P.3d 696.
¶ 40 In short, Arndt controls. Applying Arndt, we hold that because Hengs arson had an effect independent of the murder and because the purpose of criminalizing arson is to protect property whereas the purpose of criminalizing murder is to protect human life, this case falls within the “independent purpose or effect” exception to the merger doctrine. Therefore, allowing both of Hengs convictions to stand does not place him in double jeopardy.
¶ 41 Heng does not meaningfully address Arndt in his briefing. At oral argument, Heng argued that Arndt is distinguishable because it involved an aggravator to murder rather than felony murder.
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But it would be illogical to conclude that although the legislature “clearly intended” to punish arson separately as a property crime even when it elevates a resulting homicide via an aggravator, the legislature did not intend to do so when it elevates a resulting homicide via the felony murder statute.
¶ 42 Heng also argued that Arndt is distinguishable because there, “the fact that there were other victims was pled and proved to the jury.”
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He asserted that here, by contrast, the prosecutor “never said anything [in closing] about the fire potentially damaging anybody elses property or harming anyone else” other than Hooser.
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¶ 43 Heng is incorrect. That Heng set fire to the building—which undisputedly was owned by someone other than Hooser—was part and parcel of the States arson case as presented to the jury. Consistent with that theory, the prosecutor argued at closing, “Of course, lighting a building on fire with a person in it is manifestly dangerous to human life. And we know that in the building at the time, there was a human being and Ms. Hooser was not a participant in the crime.” (Emphasis added.) The State did not present any theory to the jury on which it could have convicted Heng of arson in the first degree based on facts that did not involve a separate and distinct injury to something or someone other than Hooser.
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See In re Pers. Restraint of Knight, 196 Wash.2d 330, 338, 473 P.3d 663 (2020) (independent purpose or effect exception is satisfied when the crime “ ‘injure[s] the person or property of the victim or others in a separate and distinct manner from the crime for which it also serves as an element’ ” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Arndt, 194 Wash.2d at 819, 453 P.3d 696)); cf. State v. Kier, 164 Wash.2d 798, 812-13, 194 P.3d 212 (2008) (where assault elevated robbery to first degree, the two offenses merged because the jury instructions specified Ellison as the victim of the assault but the jury could have found that the victim of the robbery “was Hudson or Ellison, or both,” i.e., the jury could have found that both the assault and the robbery affected only a single victim). Hengs attempts to distinguish Arndt fail.
¶ 44 Heng also contends that Muhammad is the controlling case here, not Arndt.
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But whether two offenses merge depends in large part “on the facts of the individual case,” Freeman, 153 Wash.2d at 779, 108 P.3d 753, and Muhammad is readily distinguishable on its facts.
¶ 45 In Muhammad, Bisir Muhammad was convicted of felony murder predicated on rape for sexually assaulting Ina Richardson and strangling her to death. See 194 Wash.2d at 614, 451 P.3d 1060. On appeal, Muhammad, who was also convicted of the underlying rape, argued that the trial court placed him in double jeopardy by punishing him twice for a single rape. Muhammad, 194 Wash.2d at 616, 451 P.3d 1060. Our Supreme Court agreed, explaining that no exception to the merger doctrine applied because “[t]he exception to the merger rule and felony murder are irreconcilable and cannot coexist.” Id. at 626, 451 P.3d 1060. The court reasoned,
When a person negligently or accidentally kills somebody in the course of, in furtherance of, or in flight from a robbery, rape, burglary, arson, or kidnapping, that person by definition did not commit the underlying crime to facilitate murder. It was an accident, albeit a criminal one. When it comes to felony murder, the lesser offense does not—and cannot—have a purpose independent from the greater; the purpose of the entire criminal endeavor is to commit the underlying felony.
Id.
¶ 46 To be sure, the language from Muhammad is broad, and it is unsurprising that Heng relies on it. But again, merger involves a fact-specific inquiry. See State v. Saunders, 120 Wash. App. 800, 821, 86 P.3d 232 (2004) (“Courts apply an exception to th[e] merger doctrine on a case-by-case basis; it turns on whether the predicate and charged crimes are sufficiently ‘intertwined’ for merger to apply.” (quoting State v. Johnson, 92 Wash.2d 671, 681, 600 P.2d 1249 (1979)). In Muhammad, the rape that served as the predicate for felony murder could have had only one victim—the same victim as the murder. See 194 Wash.2d at 628, 451 P.3d 1060 (“The underlying rape was intertwined with the killing—the jury necessarily found that the killing occurred in the course of, in furtherance of, or in immediate flight from th[e] rape and all its horrible effects.”); cf. State v. Tili, 139 Wash.2d 107, 119, 985 P.2d 365 (1999) (unit of prosecution for rape is each instance of sexual intercourse). By contrast, arson by its nature can have an independent effect on multiple victims, and it plainly did here. Cf. State v. Westling, 145 Wash.2d 607, 612, 40 P.3d 669 (2002) (unit of prosecution for arson is each fire, regardless the number of victims whose property is damaged); State v. Abdi-Issa, 199 Wash.2d 163, 171, 504 P.3d 223 (2022) (where pet owner was “directly harmed as a result of [the defendant]’s violent killing of her beloved pet and companion,” she was “plainly a victim” of animal cruelty even though the subject of the cruelty was the animal itself). So, even though Muhammad was a felony murder case like this one, we are not persuaded that it controls where, as here, the predicate offense could and did independently affect victims other than the victim of the murder.
¶ 47 Hengs double jeopardy claim fails.
Bail Amount
¶ 48 Heng next contends that, by setting bail at $2 million and doing so without applying the factors set forth in CrR 3.2,
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the trial court violated CrR 3.2 and denied Heng his constitutional right to be free from excessive bail. The State counters that Hengs contention is moot. We agree with the State.
¶ 49 “An issue is moot if we can no longer provide effective relief.” State v. Ingram, 9 Wash. App. 2d 482, 490, 447 P.3d 192 (2019). As we explained in Ingram, we cannot provide effective relief with regard to a pretrial bail issue to an appellant who has been convicted because “pretrial bail is no longer available to him.” Id.; see also Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 483-84, 102 S.Ct. 1181, 71 L.Ed.2d 353 (1982) (conviction moots claim that pretrial bail was excessive). While we recognize that bail setting issues are of public interest and likely to recur, Heng does not argue that any exception to the mootness doctrine applies. Cf. Ingram, 9 Wash. App. 2d at 490, 447 P.3d 192 (reviewing a moot bail setting issue because it involved a matter of continuing and substantial public interest, including because the issue was public in nature and likely to recur). In any case, recent published case law has provided guidance on the issues that Heng raises in this appeal. See Ingram, 9 Wash. App. 2d at 489, n.12, 493-97, 447 P.3d 192 (evaluating trial courts application of CrR 3.2); State v. Huckins, 5 Wash. App. 2d 457, 465-69, 426 P.3d 797 (2018) (same). We need not address them again.
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Right to Counsel
¶ 50 Heng next contends that his preliminary appearance was a critical stage of trial. Thus, he asserts, the trial court deprived him of his constitutional right to counsel by proceeding in counsels absence, and this was a structural error requiring automatic reversal. We disagree.
¶ 51 “Under both the Washington and United States Constitutions, a criminal defendant is entitled to the assistance of counsel at critical stages in the litigation.” State v. Heddrick, 166 Wash.2d 898, 909, 215 P.3d 201 (2009); U.S. Const. amend. VI; Wash. Const. art. 1, § 22. “A critical stage is one ‘in which a defendants rights may be lost, defenses waived, privileges claimed or waived, or in which the outcome of the case is otherwise substantially affected.’ ” Id. at 910, 215 P.3d 201 (quoting State v. Agtuca, 12 Wash. App. 402, 404, 529 P.2d 1159 (1974)). It includes “those pretrial procedures that would impair defense on the merits if the accused is required to proceed without counsel.” Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 122, 95 S.Ct. 854, 43 L.Ed.2d 54 (1975); see also Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249, 257, 108 S.Ct. 1792, 100 L.Ed.2d 284 (1988) (critical stage is one where counsels absence “affect[s]—and contaminate[s]—the entire criminal proceeding”). “A complete denial of counsel at a critical stage of the proceedings is presumptively prejudicial and calls for automatic reversal.” Heddrick, 166 Wash.2d at 910, 215 P.3d 201.
¶ 52 Here, Hengs preliminary appearance was limited in scope: Heng confirmed his name and date of birth, and the court appointed counsel and set bail, indicating that it would be willing to revisit the issue later. Heng did not forfeit any rights or defenses that would substantially affect the outcome of his trial. Although the trial court did set bail, it also indicated it would be willing to revisit the issue later, and Heng could have asked the court to do so at any time. See CrR 3.2(j)(1) (“At any time after the preliminary appearance, an accused who is being detained due to failure to post bail may move for reconsideration of bail.”). Thus, Hengs counsels absence did not cause Heng to waive any right related to bail, nor did counsels absence “by [its] very nature cast so much doubt on the fairness of the trial process that, as a matter of law, [it] can[not] be considered harmless.” See Satterwhite, 486 U.S. at 256, 108 S.Ct. 1792. For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Hengs preliminary appearance was not a critical stage of trial such that counsels absence therefrom requires automatic reversal. Cf. In re Pers. Restraint of Sanchez, 197 Wash. App. 686, 702, 391 P.3d 517 (2017) (arraignment not a critical stage of trial where petitioner made no showing “that any right or defense he possessed prearraignment was forfeited or went unpreserved by his attorneys absence at arraignment”).
¶ 53 Heng disagrees and relies on three United States Supreme Court cases for the proposition that his preliminary appearance was a critical stage because the trial court set bail during the proceeding.
15
First, Heng cites Coleman v. Alabama, 399 U.S. 1, 90 S.Ct. 1999, 26 L.Ed.2d 387 (1970), for the proposition that “[a] ‘critical stage’ includes preliminary hearings at which bail decisions are made.” But the preliminary hearing in Coleman was a hearing the primary purpose of which was to “determine whether there is sufficient evidence against the accused to warrant presenting his case to the grand jury.” Id. at 8, 90 S.Ct. 1999. In concluding that the hearing was a critical stage, the Court did observe that counsel could be influential at such a hearing in making arguments about bail. Id. at 9, 90 S.Ct. 1999. However, the Courts focus was on the ways counsels presence at the hearing would affect the ultimate outcome of the trial. Specifically, the Court also observed that
the lawyers skilled examination and cross-examination of witnesses may expose fatal weaknesses in the States case that may lead the magistrate to refuse to bind the accused over. ․ [I]n any event, the skilled interrogation of witnesses by an experienced lawyer can fashion a vital impeachment tool for use in cross-examination of the States witnesses at the trial, or preserve testimony favorable to the accused of a witness who does not appear at the trial. ․ [T]rained counsel can more effectively discover the case the State has against his client and make possible the preparation of a proper defense to meet that case at the trial.
Id.; see also id. at 12, 90 S.Ct. 1999 (Black, J., concurring) (“[T]he preliminary hearing is a ‘critical stage’ of the proceedings during which the accused must be afforded the assistance of counsel if he is to have a meaningful defense at trial as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.” (emphasis added)). Coleman did not hold that counsels absence at a bail setting alone requires automatic reversal. Indeed, despite concluding that the preliminary hearing at issue therein was a critical stage of trial, the Coleman court remanded to the state court to determine whether the absence of counsel at the hearing was prejudicial. See id. at 10-11, 90 S.Ct. 1999. Hengs reliance on Coleman is misplaced.
¶ 54 Hengs reliance on Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52, 82 S.Ct. 157, 7 L.Ed.2d 114 (1961), is similarly misplaced. Heng cites Hamilton for the proposition that his bail setting was “the kind of adversarial proceeding[ ] where counsels guiding hand is constitutionally required.” In Hamilton, the Court held that “[a]rraignment under Alabama law is a critical stage in a criminal proceeding.” Id. at 53, 82 S.Ct. 157 (emphasis added). This was because, at an Alabama arraignment, “[a]vailable defenses may be as irretrievably lost, if not then and there asserted, as they are when an accused represented by counsel waives a right for strategic purposes.” Id. at 54, 82 S.Ct. 157. Hamilton does not control here because, as discussed, Heng does not show that he irretrievably lost any privilege or defense at his preliminary appearance.
¶ 55 Finally, Rothgery v. Gillespie County, 554 U.S. 191, 128 S.Ct. 2578, 171 L.Ed.2d 366 (2008), also does not control. There, the sole question was when the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches such that the State has a “consequent ․ obligation to appoint counsel within a reasonable time once a request for assistance is made.” Id. at 198, 128 S.Ct. 2578. The Court expressly recognized that the question of whether a particular proceeding signals attachment of the right to counsel “ ‘is distinct from the question whether the [proceeding] itself is a critical stage requiring the presence of counsel.’ ” Id. at 212, 128 S.Ct. 2578 (quoting Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625, 629 n.3, 106 S.Ct. 1404, 89 L.Ed.2d 631 (1986), overruled on other grounds by Montejo v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778, 129 S.Ct. 2079, 173 L.Ed.2d 955 (2009)). Rothgery has no bearing on our inquiry here.
¶ 56 In short, Heng fails to persuade us that his preliminary appearance was a critical stage of trial requiring automatic reversal due to counsels absence. Thus, assuming it was nonetheless an error of constitutional magnitude for the trial court to set bail in counsels absence, we must still determine whether that error requires reversal.
¶ 57 It does not. A constitutional error does not require reversal where it is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Vazquez, 200 Wash. App. 220, 225, 402 P.3d 276 (2017). Here, as discussed, Heng could have asked the trial court to revisit bail at any time. Indeed, even Heng concedes that the trial court “repeatedly said [it] would completely reconsider bail once counsel was involved.” Under these circumstances, counsels absence when bail was initially set was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
16
Heng suggests that he was prejudiced to the extent that counsel did not in fact ask the trial court to revisit bail and, as a result, he remained in custody. But any prejudice resulting from the fact that counsel did not ask the trial court to revisit bail does not go to Hengs right-to-counsel claim. It goes to his ineffective assistance claim, which we address next.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
¶ 58 Heng argues that his defense counsel was ineffective for not asking the trial court to revisit bail. We disagree.
¶ 59 The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article 1, section 22 of the Washington State Constitution guarantee the right to effective assistance of counsel. In re Pers. Restraint of Brett, 142 Wash.2d 868, 873, 16 P.3d 601 (2001). “A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is an issue of constitutional magnitude that may be considered for the first time on appeal.” State v. Salas, 1 Wash. App. 2d 931, 949, 408 P.3d 383 (2018). To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance, a defendant must establish that (1) his attorneys performance was deficient and (2) the deficiency prejudiced him. State v. Kyllo, 166 Wash.2d 856, 862, 215 P.3d 177 (2009). Heng establishes neither.
Heng Does Not Establish Deficient Performance
¶ 60 “To prevail on an ineffective assistance claim, a defendant alleging ineffective assistance must overcome ‘a strong presumption that counsels performance was reasonable.’ ” State v. Grier, 171 Wash.2d 17, 33, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011) (quoting Kyllo, 166 Wash.2d at 862, 215 P.3d 177). “[A] criminal defendant can rebut the presumption of reasonable performance by demonstrating that ‘there is no conceivable legitimate tactic explaining counsels performance.’ ” Id. (quoting State v. Reichenbach, 153 Wash.2d 126, 130, 101 P.3d 80 (2004)).
¶ 61 Here, Heng asserts that given the trial courts failure to consider the factors set forth in CrR 3.2, there was no conceivable reason counsel would not “at least try” to ask the court to revisit bail and try to secure Hengs pretrial release. But as the State points out, it is at least conceivable that counsel reasonably believed the court would not have lowered bail or released Heng even upon consideration of the CrR 3.2 factors. Cf. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 691, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984) (“[W]hen a defendant has given counsel reason to believe that pursuing certain [strategies] would be fruitless or even harmful, counsels failure to pursue those [strategies] may not later be challenged as unreasonable.”). Heng points to nothing in this record to show otherwise, and we will not presume deficient performance from a silent record. See State v. McFarland, 127 Wash.2d 322, 336, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995) (“Because the presumption runs in favor of effective representation, the defendant must show in the record the absence of legitimate strategic or tactical reasons supporting the challenged conduct by counsel.”).
Heng Does Not Show Prejudice
¶ 62 Independently fatal to his ineffective assistance claim, Heng does not show that he was prejudiced by counsels decision not to ask the court to revisit bail.
¶ 63 To establish prejudice resulting from counsels allegedly deficient performance, Heng must “prove that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsels deficient performance, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.” Kyllo, 166 Wash.2d at 862, 215 P.3d 177. Heng correctly points out that the reasonable probability standard does not require proof on a “more likely than not” basis. State v. Jones, 183 Wash.2d 327, 339, 352 P.3d 776 (2015). Nevertheless, the probability must be “ ‘sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ” Grier, 171 Wash.2d at 34, 246 P.3d 1260 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052). Heng “must affirmatively prove prejudice and show more than a ‘conceivable effect on the outcome’ to prevail.” State v. Estes, 188 Wash.2d 450, 458, 395 P.3d 1045 (2017) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Crawford, 159 Wash.2d 86, 99, 147 P.3d 1288 (2006)).
¶ 64 Heng does not satisfy this standard. He asserts that “[h]ad counsel raised the issue [of bail] and argued the requirements of CrR 3.2, there is more than a reasonable probability that the court would have eliminated or significantly reduced the ‘bail’ ” such that he would have been released pretrial. But Hengs assertion that there was a reasonable probability of a different bail outcome is entirely conclusory. While he points out that the trial court repeatedly indicated it would reconsider bail, this shows, at most, that it is conceivable that counsel might have affected the outcome. It does not establish a reasonable probability that Heng—who does not dispute he is indigent—could have posted even a reduced bail, much less that the trial court would have released him after considering all of the factors set forth in CrR 3.2.
¶ 65 Heng also asserts that “[t]he prejudice is especially acute here, because the State used calls Mr. Heng made while in jail as evidence against him at trial.” But any prejudice from the statements Heng made on those calls was the product of Hengs decision to make those statements despite warnings he was being recorded. That prejudice cannot be laid at counsels feet.
¶ 66 Hengs ineffective assistance claim fails.
Andersons Testimony
¶ 67 Finally, Heng argues that the trial court erred under ER 702 by admitting Andersons testimony that a fire originated on or near Hoosers body. We disagree.
¶ 68 ER 702 provides, “If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” “Expert testimony is usually admitted under ER 702 if it will be helpful to the jury in understanding matters outside the competence of ordinary lay persons.” Anderson v. Akzo Nobel Coatings, Inc., 172 Wash.2d 593, 600, 260 P.3d 857 (2011). “Unreliable testimony does not assist the trier of fact and is properly excluded under ER 702.” In re Det. of McGary, 175 Wash. App. 328, 339, 306 P.3d 1005 (2013). We review a trial courts evidentiary rulings under ER 702 for abuse of discretion. Arndt, 194 Wash.2d at 797, 453 P.3d 696. “ ‘A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is manifestly unreasonable or exercised on untenable grounds or for untenable reasons.’ ” Id. at 799, 453 P.3d 696 (quoting State v. Lord, 161 Wash.2d 276, 283-84, 165 P.3d 1251 (2007)).
¶ 69 Here, Heng contends that Andersons testimony should have been excluded as unreliable because Anderson did not follow NFPA 921 in reaching her conclusion that a fire originated on or near Hoosers body. The State counters, as an initial matter, that because Heng invoked only Frye below and did not mention ER 702, we should consider his ER 702 argument waived. The State is correct that Hengs counsel did not refer specifically to ER 702 when objecting to Andersons testimony. Instead, counsel appears to have conflated the Frye analysis with the ER 702 analysis, arguing that Andersons investigation was a novel scientific theory subject to a Frye analysis because it was a “conclusive statement” based on nothing more than “an eyeball analysis without any testing.” But despite this conflation, the clear thrust of counsels argument was that Andersons testimony was inadmissible because it was unreliable.
17
Thus, we do not consider that argument waived. We do, however, conclude that the argument is without merit.
¶ 70 Heng relies on Arndt and Lakey v. Puget Sound Energy, Inc., 176 Wash.2d 909, 296 P.3d 860 (2013), for the proposition that Andersons testimony was inadmissible because she did not follow NFPA 921. But in Arndt, “there was no dispute at trial that fire causation must be determined using the NFPA 921 origin and cause methodology.” 194 Wash.2d at 802, 453 P.3d 696 (emphasis added). Given the lack of any dispute in this regard and the “large degree of freedom” a trial court is given in determining whether testimony will assist the trier of fact, our Supreme Court held that it was not an abuse of discretion to exclude certain testimony that did not comport with NFPA 921 as unreliable. Id. at 799, 802, 453 P.3d 696. In Lakey, our Supreme Court held that it was not manifestly unreasonable for the trial court to exclude an experts testimony linking electromagnetic fields to disease given that the experts “admission that he selectively used data created the appearance that he attempted to reach a desired result, rather than allowing the evidence to dictate his conclusions.” 176 Wash.2d at 921, 296 P.3d 860.
¶ 71 Although both Arndt and Lakey held that it was not an abuse of discretion to exclude the challenged testimony, neither held, as Heng suggests, that it also would have been an abuse of discretion to admit the testimony and subject it to cross examination. Cf. State v. Gentry, 125 Wash.2d 570, 586, 888 P.2d 1105 (1995) (whether a generally accepted methodology was followed on a given occasion goes to weight, not admissibility). And neither holds that testimony regarding the origin of a fire is per se unreliable if it does not comport with NFPA 921. Heng fails to show that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting Andersons testimony merely because Anderson did not follow NFPA 921.
¶ 72 To the contrary, Anderson was undisputedly qualified as an expert by her training and experience as a fire marshal. The trial court was within its discretion to conclude that Andersons testimony based on her training, experience, and observations of the scene would be helpful to the jury. Furthermore, any error in admitting Andersons testimony that a fire originated on or near Hoosers body was harmless. Another fire marshal, Curtis Eavenson, also testified that on a more probable than not basis, “another ignition was at least attempted” near Hoosers body. Heng did not object to Eavensons testimony, and Heng himself admitted to setting a fire in another part of the Sifton Market. Reversal is not required. Cf. Brown v. Spokane County Fire Prot. Dist. No. 1, 100 Wash.2d 188, 196, 668 P.2d 571 (1983) (erroneous admission of merely cumulative evidence was harmless).
¶ 73 We affirm.
FOOTNOTES
1
. References herein are to “camera time,” i.e., the time as shown in the surveillance footage. There was testimony at trial that camera time was “probably fast by about four minutes and thirty seconds.”
2
. Deoxyribonucleic acid.
3
. The States forensic scientist testified that “[t]he estimated probability of selecting an unrelated individual at random from the US population with a matching profile is ․ one in seventy-seven decillion.”
4
. Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923).
5
. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993).
6
. According to Hengs expert, “NFPA 921 is a guide put out by the National Fire Protection Agency ․ to help investigators perform fire origin and cause investigations,” and is “considered kind of the state of the art for fire investigation today.”
7
. Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932).
8
. Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, State v. Heng, ––– Wash.2d ––––, 512 P.3d 942 ( Jan. 20, 2022), at 2 min., 16 sec. through 3 min., 30 sec., video recording by TVW, Washington States Public Affairs Network, https://www.tvw.org/watch/?clientID=9375922947 & eventID=2022011103.
9
. Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, supra, at 4 min., 35 sec. through 4 min. 42 sec.
10
. Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, supra, at 7 min., 30 sec. through 7 min. 39 sec.
11
. Consider, in contrast, a theory under which no building was involved and Heng instead killed Hooser by setting fire to Hoosers own vehicle with Hooser in it. As the State acknowledged at oral argument, under such a theory, the arson would not have had an effect independent of the murder, and the exception to the merger doctrine likely would not apply. See Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, supra, at 11 min., 35 sec. through 12 min., 47 sec.
12
. See Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, supra, at 3 min., 30 sec. through 3 min., 40 sec.
13
. Under CrR 3.2(c), “the court shall, on the available information, consider the relevant facts” in determining “which conditions of release will reasonably assure the accuseds appearance,” including but not limited to:(1) The accuseds history of response to legal process, particularly court orders to personally appear;(2) The accuseds employment status and history, enrollment in an educational institution or training program, participation in a counseling or treatment program, performance of volunteer work in the community, participation in school or cultural activities or receipt of financial assistance from the government;(3) The accuseds family ties and relationships;(4) The accuseds reputation, character and mental condition;(5) The length of the accuseds residence in the community;(6) The accuseds criminal record;(7) The willingness of responsible members of the community to vouch for the accuseds reliability and assist the accused in complying with conditions of release;(8) The nature of the charge, if relevant to the risk of nonappearance;(9) Any other factors indicating the accuseds ties to the community.The rule also imposes a rebuttable presumption of release in noncapital cases, CrR 3.2(a), and states that, “[i]f the court determines that the accused is not likely to appear if released on personal recognizance, the court shall impose the least restrictive of [the conditions provided in the rule] that will reasonably assure that the accused will be present for later hearings.” CrR 3.2(b).
14
. Because we conclude that Hengs challenges to the bail amount are moot, we also need not address the States argument that Heng failed to preserve those challenges for review.
15
. We need not address the nonbinding state and lower federal court cases on which Heng also relies.
16
. Heng asserts that the absence of counsel at his initial appearance violated not only his constitutional right to counsel but also his right to counsel under CrR 3.1(b)(1). Because Heng does not separately analyze this rule-based claim, neither do we. See State v. C.B., 195 Wash. App. 528, 535, 380 P.3d 626 (2016) (we will not review issues inadequately argued or mentioned only in passing). Nevertheless, any error under CrR 3.1(b)(1) would also be harmless.
17
. Heng does not renew the Frye aspect of his argument on appeal.
Smith, A.C.J.
WE CONCUR:
Hazelrigg, J.
Andrus, C.J.