Police officer Ryan ONeill shot and killed Eric Jack Logan after Logan walked menacingly toward him. During a 3:30 am encounter, while ONeill was investigating reports that someone was stealing items from parked cars, Logan picked up a hunting knife and approached ONeill. The officer told Logan to stand still and put down the weapon. Logan did neither, held the knife up, and came within three steps of ONeill. Logan threw the knife, hitting ONeill in the arm, and ONeill fired his gun, hitting Logan in the torso. Only after being shot did Logan obey the command to get on the ground. ONeill called for an ambulance, but Logan died at a hospital. His estate filed this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, accusing ONeill of violating the Fourth Amendment (applied to state actors by the Fourteenth) by using deadly force when he was not in danger. See Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 105 S.Ct. 1694, 85 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985). The district court granted summary judgment in favor of ONeill and his employer, the City of South Bend. 564 F. Supp. 3d 719 (N.D. Ind. 2021).
The facts we have recited come from the affidavit and deposition of Officer ONeill, the only surviving witness to the events. The Estate does not deny that Logan had a hunting knife; ignored commands to drop the knife, stand still, or get down; advanced on ONeill; and threw the knife at him. But the Estate contends that one of ONeills multiple descriptions of these events implies that Logan threw the knife a second or so before ONeill pulled the trigger. If that is the sequence, the Estate submits, then ONeill was safe (Logan was no longer armed) and could not use deadly force. Moreover, the Estate contends, a jury might doubt ONeills version of events because he did not activate his body camera until he had fired, and he has been convicted of ghost employment, a felony in Indiana. If ONeill is not credible, the argument goes, then a jury could find that he used unreasonable force.
Litigation must be resolved on the evidence that exists. When an officer who used deadly force is the only possible witness, a decedents estate is unlikely to succeed unless physical evidence contradicts the officers account. So we have said in multiple decisions. See, e.g., King v. Hendricks County Commissioners, 954 F.3d 981 (7th Cir. 2020); Gysan v. Francisko, 965 F.3d 567 (7th Cir. 2020). The physical evidence, such as the bullet track, is consistent with ONeills account.
Disbelief of the only witness is not proof that the opposite of the witnesss statements is true; disbelief would mean that the record is empty, and on an empty record the plaintiff loses, because the plaintiff has the burdens of production and persuasion. See, e.g., Waldon v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 943 F.3d 818, 823 (7th Cir. 2019) (“Criticizing the credibility of the movants affiants, alone, is not enough to avoid summary judgment. ‘[W]hen challenges to witness’ credibility are all that a plaintiff relies on, and he has shown no independent facts—no proof—to support his claims, summary judgment in favor of the defendant is proper.’ Springer v. Durflinger, 518 F.3d 479, 484 (7th Cir. 2008) (emphasis in original); see also Dugan v. Smerwick Sewerage Co., 142 F.3d 398, 406 (7th Cir. 1998) (‘[T]he prospect of challenging a witness credibility is not alone enough to avoid summary judgment.’).”) See also United States v. Zeigler, 994 F.2d 845 (D.C. Cir. 1993).
ONeill has described the encounter in multiple, slightly different, ways. The statement most favorable to the Estate boils down to: “He threw a knife at me, so I shot him.” The Estate maintains that this admits to a temporal sequence of knife first, shot second. That is not clear to us; it could mean that the two events were simultaneous. But let us take the Estates perspective. Would that permit a reasonable jury to find that ONeill shot Logan after ONeill was out of danger? Not at all. Logan evidently was bent on harming the officer. Why would anyone in ONeills position believe that the knife was the only weapon at Logans disposal? He might have had concealed weapons—and Logan assuredly had fists, feet, and elbows, all of which could have been used in the moment to inflict damage. Logan was substantially larger than ONeill. That Logan closed on ONeill and threw a knife shows that the risk was ongoing during the few seconds that ONeill had to make decisions. The use of force must end after a suspect has been subdued, Miller v. Gonzalez, 761 F.3d 822, 829 (7th Cir. 2014), but Logan was still on his feet and advancing when ONeill opened fire.
The Estate concedes that ONeill would be entitled to prevail if he had pulled the trigger while the knife was still in Logans hand; we think that the use of force remains reasonable after a suspect employs a weapon, has not surrendered, and thus remains dangerous. ONeill tried to persuade Logan to desist; it would make little sense to read the Constitution as requiring officers to use deadly force as soon as they see a weapon in a suspects hand, lest they give up their right of self-defense.
The Estate relies on an expert who proposed to testify that police officers are trained that they should continue shooting until the danger has been suppressed. On this view, the fact that ONeill fired only two shots implies that he thought himself to be safe. Like the district court, we do not see how the premise about training supports the conclusion that ONeill was secure. ONeill knew that he had hit Logan with his second shot, which induced Logan to surrender. The idea that police officers must keep shooting a suspect in order to establish their right to have fired in the first place is perverse. Such a principle would induce officers to empty their magazines—making sure that the suspect dies—instead of using the least force necessary to end the hazard. ONeill left Logan with a chance to live and should not be penalized for doing so.
The fact that many shootings by police eliminate an important source of evidence is troubling, but litigation remains tied to the record. This record compels a decision for ONeill.
Affirmed
Easterbrook, Circuit Judge.