MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0
The defendant appeals from an order of a Superior Court judge revoking his probation. The judge concluded that the defendant had violated the conditions of his probation by (1) committing a new criminal offense (unlawful possession of a firearm), (2) failing to provide verification of work, schooling, or community service, and (3) failing to pay probation supervision fees. On appeal, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence that he committed a new offense. We affirm.
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Background. On June 15, 2017, the defendant pleaded guilty to multiple offenses and was sentenced to serve a term of incarceration followed by two years of probation. The defendant completed his prison term and was on probation when he was charged with new firearm offenses.
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He was served with a notice of alleged probation violation and a final probation surrender hearing was held on January 29, 2021. Boston police officer Raphael Riordan, who had personal knowledge of the events upon which the new charges were based, testified at the hearing. We summarize the testimony as follows.
On February 17, 2020, at approximately 2:26 a.m., Officer Riordan and his partner were on patrol when they stopped a motor vehicle for traffic violations. There were two individuals in the car, the driver and the defendant, who was in the front passenger seat. Officer Riordan observed the defendant make a forward movement and, after using a “search light” to focus on the passenger side of the vehicle, Officer Riordan “could see [that] the [defendant] turn[ed] around to look at [the police], and then looked back quickly.” While his partner was reviewing the occupants’ drivers licenses and the vehicles registration, Officer Riordan observed two liquor bottles and drinking cups in the vehicle. A check of the defendants license revealed a history of firearm related offenses. Based on this information and Officer Riordans observations, the driver and the defendant were ordered out of the car and then were pat frisked. During the patfrisk of the defendant, the police recovered a folding knife. The officers then conducted a protective sweep of the vehicles passenger area, at which time they noticed the defendant “get very nervous” and “pac[e] back and forth.” The police subsequently discovered a firearm in the vehicles glove compartment, which was within arms length of where the defendant had been sitting.
Based on the testimony described above and a review of body camera footage, the judge made the following findings of fact:
“Based on a preponderance of the evidence ․ I do find that theres sufficient evidence, and I do find the defendant responsible for the violation, which is characterized here as a new offense. I find that hes in close proximity to the glove compartment; the movement in the vehicle; the degree to which he is, in fact, demonstrating agitation while hes standing and watching the search being conducted in the vehicle -- and I was able to see that from a portion of the body cam footage -- is sufficient to tip the scale, and I do find him in violation of his probation because of the new offense relating to the firearm found in the vehicle.”
Discussion. We review an order revoking probation for an abuse of discretion, Commonwealth v. Bukin, 467 Mass. 516, 519-520 (2014), and to determine “whether the record discloses sufficient reliable evidence to warrant the findings by the judge that [the probationer] had violated the specified conditions of his probation.” Commonwealth v. Morse, 50 Mass. App. Ct. 582, 594 (2000). Where “revocation of probation [is] based upon a violation of criminal law, ‘there is no prerequisite that the probationer be convicted.’ ” Commonwealth v. Emmanuel E., 52 Mass. App. Ct. 451, 453 (2001), quoting Rubera v. Commonwealth, 371 Mass. 177, 180-181 (1976). The judge revoking probation need only find by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed a new criminal offense. See Bukin, supra at 520.
The defendant contends that the judge abused his discretion because there was insufficient evidence to support a finding that he constructively possessed the firearm recovered from the glove compartment. Thus, the defendant asserts, the Commonwealth failed to prove that he had violated his probation by committing a new crime. We disagree.
“To establish constructive possession, the Commonwealth must prove a defendants (a) knowledge of the contraband; (b) ability to control it; and (c) intention to exercise control over it.” Commonwealth v. Crapps, 84 Mass. App. Ct. 442, 444 (2013). Here, Officer Riordan testified that he and his partner stopped a vehicle in which the defendant was a passenger. Officer Riordan observed the defendant make a forward movement and, after activating a “search light” to illuminate the passenger side of the vehicle, Officer Riordan noticed the defendant glance at him and his partner before quickly turning back around. During a protective sweep of the vehicles passenger compartment, the police noticed that the defendant was “very nervous” and “started pacing back and forth.” The police subsequently recovered a loaded firearm in the vehicles glove compartment, which was located within arms reach of where the defendant had been seated. In addition, portions of Officer Riordans testimony were corroborated by body camera footage of the incident. This evidence was sufficient for the judge to find by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant had knowledge of the firearm, ability to control it, and intention to exercise control over it, thereby warranting a finding that the defendant had violated his probation. See Commonwealth v. Hill, 52 Mass. App. Ct. 147, 154 (2001) (“The standard of proof in a probation revocation proceeding is the civil standard of preponderance of the evidence rather than the criminal standard of beyond a reasonable doubt”).
Order revoking probation affirmed.
FOOTNOTES
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. We note that the defendant does not challenge the two so-called “technical” violations of probation and that these also provide a basis for revoking probation. However, because it is not clear that the judge would have imposed the same sentence had he not found that the defendant more probably than not violated his probation by committing a new offense, we address the defendants challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.
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. Specifically, the defendant was charged with carrying a firearm without a license in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10 (a); carrying a loaded firearm without a license in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10 (n); possession of a large capacity firearm in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10 (m); carrying a loaded firearm without a license, fourth offense, in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10 (a), (d), & (n); possession of ammunition without an FID card in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10 (h) (1); and a firearm violation with two prior violent/drug crimes in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10G (b).