Appellants-Defendants, the Hanover Insurance Company and Blue Boiler Cats, II, LLC (“Defendants”), appeal the December 13, 2022 judgment that was rendered in accordance with the jurys verdict in favor of Appellee-Plaintiff, Edith Cruz (“Plaintiff”) and found Defendants liable for the injuries sustained by Plaintiff. For the following reasons, the trial courts judgment is affirmed.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This lawsuit stems from an incident that occurred on September 6, 2016, on Maple Street in New Orleans, Louisiana. According to the petition, Plaintiff walked onto the sidewalk in front of her salon when an unknown male Jimmy Johns delivery cyclist struck her with his bicycle. The cyclist fled the scene.
As a result of the injuries sustained, on August 25, 2017, Plaintiff filed suit against Blue Boiler Cats, II, LLC, d/b/a, Jimmy Johns Sandwiches,
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who operates the Jimmy Johns sandwich shop on Maple Street; Hanover Insurance Company, its insurer; Veronica King (“King”), the assistant manager of the Jimmy Johns Maple Street location; and the unknown cyclist. Plaintiff alleges that at the time the cyclist struck her, he was in the course and scope of his employment with Jimmy Johns.
The matter proceeded to jury trial on November 29, 2022. The following testimony was adduced at trial.
King, the assistant manager of Jimmy Johns at the time of the incident, testified that there were approximately ten to fifteen bicycle delivery persons or “drivers”
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at the Maple Street location of Jimmy Johns. She stated that part of her duties as an assistant manager was to ensure the cyclists followed the “rules of the road,” which included making sure the delivery drivers wore helmets and bicycled the proper direction down the street. She stated that delivery cyclists parked their bikes on racks on the side of the store or on the front porch near the store entrance. King testified that cyclists often drove on the sidewalk when returning to the store, but not when leaving the store with deliveries. She explained that there is a driveway in front of the store so the delivery persons “would have to come up on the sidewalk to get to the store.” King testified that when the cyclists would leave the store to make deliveries, they would turn right towards Adams Street and that they never rode in front of Plaintiffs business. She stated that the cyclists “never left left.” King also stated that the Jimmy Johns drivers would walk the bikes on the sidewalk before getting to the street. She admitted that she did not follow the delivery drivers once they left the store but advised the drivers “if they go left, they would have to walk the bikes” and “[i]f they go right, they can walk or ride the bikes the way the street travels.”
King stated that prior to the incident, Plaintiff called the police on several occasions to complain that the Jimmy Johns delivery drivers were riding their bikes on the sidewalk. She testified that Plaintiff also placed signs on her store front directing Jimmy Johns drivers to stay off the sidewalk. She also stated that Plaintiff verbally attacked the drivers about riding on the sidewalk. King stated that as a result of Plaintiffs complaints, she and the manager of the Jimmy Johns, Raymond Baker (“Baker”), created a cyclist agreement, which consisted of Louisiana cycling laws and ordinances, for the drivers to sign.
King testified that she learned about the September 6, 2016 incident when two police officers came into the store. She stated she spoke with the police another time and that the “older officers” described the driver as wearing a “black shirt with Disney cartoon characters on the front” and a black backpack. Later, when questioned again about her conversation with the police a week after the incident, body-cam video of Officer Paul Micken, was played for the jury. In the video, contrary to the assertion of King, Officer Micken states that Plaintiff described the cyclist as wearing a black shirt.
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Baker testified that when they hired drivers for Jimmy Johns, the drivers were encouraged to follow the traffic laws. He testified that Plaintiff had made complaints of the drivers riding on the sidewalk. Baker did not consult with his supervisors before creating the cycling agreement. He testified that the drivers could either wear a black Jimmy Johns tee-shirt, with a small logo in the front and large logo on the back, or, if the driver paid for it, a red, white, and black mesh cycling jersey. Baker said some of the drivers wore cycling caps and had backpacks. He stated that a Jimmy Johns driver must wear a helmet.
Upon review of the Jimmy Johns driver run report on the day of the incident, Baker testified that multiple drivers, including John Bouwsma (“Bouwsma”), Tyler Lamaide (“Lamaide”), Hugo Latourelle, Kevin Leonard, and Rishav Acharya, left with delivery orders from 4:40 p.m. to 5:08 p.m. A daily audit trial also documented the orders, including one by Lamaide, that were late for delivery.
Baker was shown the video of the incident, taken from a security camera across the street. The video of the incident depicts a person, wearing a black shirt, shorts, and either a black hat or helmet, mounting a bike in front of Jimmy Johns ride down the sidewalk and strike Plaintiff. Plaintiff falls and the cyclist rides off.
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Upon review of the video, Baker admitted that it appears that the person who struck Plaintiff “came out of Jimmy Johns” and “retrieved a bicycle from the front of the Jimmy Johns store.” He stated that the man appears to be white and tall. Baker testified that if the person who hit Plaintiff was not an employee of Jimmy Johns, it was likely a customer leaving the store. He noted that customers were also permitted to park their bikes in the front of the store.
Baker testified that he spoke with Plaintiff about the incident and that she indicated that a Jimmy Johns employee had run into her. He estimated that Plaintiff was struck between 4:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. Baker acknowledged that in a prior deposition, he had stated that the incident occurred between 4:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. He testified that when the police officers advised him of the September 6, 2016 incident, one of the officers indicated that Plaintiff “had changed her story so much that they werent even going to file a report.”
Logan Peeler (“Peeler”), a driver of Jimmy Johns for two years, testified that he worked for the company in September of 2016, but was not working the day of the accident. He stated that the drivers were provided two black Jimmy Johns shirts and could purchase a jersey. He said the shorts had to be khaki or black and that drivers had to wear a bicycle helmet. He stated that the drivers wore backpacks to deliver the sandwiches and that it would have obscured the logo or slogan on the back of the Jimmy Johns shirt.
Peeler testified while he worked there delivery drivers would ride their bicycles on the sidewalk “daily.” He noted that sometimes the drivers would walk their bikes but they would also ride them on the sidewalk to get to the street. Peeler stated that he first learned about the incident when he observed Plaintiff with a wrist brace on and she advised him that a Jimmy Johns cyclist had hit her.
Randolph Spitler (“Spitler”), a hairdresser and acquaintance of Plaintiff, testified that once Jimmy Johns opened up, he observed Jimmy Johns cyclists riding on the sidewalk past Plaintiffs salon. He stated that the drivers wore black or red shirts. Spitler could not observe any visible logos when they wore the black shirts as they rode past him. He stated that Plaintiff made complaints regarding the driver riding on the sidewalk. Spitler stated he never observed other cyclists, aside from Jimmy Johns employees, using the sidewalk on Maple Street to ride their bikes.
Shirley McNamara (“McNamara”), a barber and Plaintiffs co-worker at the salon, testified that she had witnessed the Jimmy Johns delivery people “whizzing up and down” the sidewalk on Maple Street “almost every day.” McNamara stated that the manner in which the delivery drivers rode their bikes presented a problem and she would often shout at them to “get on the street” or to “slow down.” She mostly observed the delivery drivers in black shirts and could not see any logos on the shirts because they “always had a backpack on for the most part.” McNamara noted that Plaintiff complained to Jimmy Johns about the cyclists riding on the sidewalk.
McNamara testified she was cutting a clients hair at the time of the incident. She stated that two kids and their father came into the salon “close to 4:30” p.m. McNamara admitted in a prior deposition that she testified that the hair appointment was “around 4:00, 4:30 roughly.” She testified that the time of the appointment was likely closer to 4:30 p.m. because the father had to pick up his kids from daycare prior to the appointment.
McNamara testified that during the hair appointment Plaintiff exited the salon to retrieve mail. When Plaintiff returned, she was upset, holding her arm, and stated: “the idiot just hit me on his bike.” McNamara stated when Plaintiff reentered the salon, she had already cut the kids’ hair, which took fifteen to twenty minutes each, and was cutting the fathers hair. She estimated that Plaintiff had come back into the salon between 5:00 and 5:15 p.m.
Lamaide, a driver for Jimmy Johns on the day of the incident, testified via his video deposition that was played for the jury. Lamaide stated that the majority of orders from the Jimmy Johns location on Maple Street were to the Loyola/Tulane University area. He testified if a delivery driver wanted to head towards the universities down Maple Street, the driver would be going against traffic.
Lamaide recalled signing a cyclist agreement. He stated the delivery drivers wore either a black shirt or a red jersey. Lamaide testified that he could not remember if the delivery drivers would ride down Maple Street on the sidewalk. When shown his prior deposition testimony, Lamaide noted that he previously stated that drivers sometimes would not follow “the rule” “that youre not supposed to ride your bicycle on the sidewalk.” He also could not recall if delivery drivers would ride the wrong way down Maple Street on the sidewalk “daily.” Lamaide, however, recognized that in his previous deposition he agreed with Peeler and Bouwsmas statement that “bicyclists would ride on the sidewalk on a daily basis.” Lamaide testified that when he was making deliveries he would walk his bike down the sidewalk to the corner of Maple Street before riding it.
Upon viewing the Jimmy Johns attendance sheet, Lamaide acknowledged that on the day of the incident, he worked from 10:00 a.m. until 2:00 p.m. and returned at 4:59 p.m. He admitted that the daily audit trial and driver run report showed that he left the store at 5:00 p.m. with an order that was marked “late delivery.” He also stated that he had shorter hair in September 2016 and that he did not wear his hair in a ponytail. Lamaide stated that he wore a backpack when he made his deliveries.
Lamaide stated that he remembered a woman at a salon, Plaintiff, who complained frequently about Jimmy Johns drivers riding on the sidewalk. He stated that Plaintiff would “yell at everyone on bikes.” He stated he was a “little annoyed” at Plaintiff for yelling at cyclists. He denied ever patronizing her salon. Lamaide was then shown an online review authored by “tyler lamaide” that gave Plaintiffs salon one star and stated that the “owner has a vendetta” against “bikers.”
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He stated that he did not “remember making the post” but did not deny making it. Lamaide stated that he was not the cyclist that ran into Plaintiff. He noted in a prior deposition, he stated “I think I would remember hitting someone.”
Plaintiff testified once Jimmy Johns opened on Maple Street she observed delivery cyclists riding on sidewalks and going the wrong way on the streets. She stated that this happened “daily” and “hourly.” Plaintiff said she made complaints about the drivers to Jimmy Johns management at the Maple Street location as well as the corporate entity. She stated that she also told the drivers to “get off the sidewalk” and called the police on three occasions to report “their illegal behavior of riding the wrong way on sidewalks.”
Plaintiff stated on September 6, 2016, toward the end of her day, she walked outside the salon to check the mail. After she retrieved her mail, she turned to face Maple street, took one step onto the sidewalk, and a bicycle hit her and knocked her to the ground. She was fifty-five years old at the time of the incident. Plaintiff stated that the cyclist did not offer her help and said “F you b*tch” and took off down Maple Street. She testified that when she reentered the salon McNamara was still cutting a clients hair and she told her that she had been hurt. Plaintiff stated that McNamaras hair appointment started at 4:30 p.m.
Plaintiff testified that she then went to Jimmy Johns and asked which delivery driver had left, but the employees just stared at her. She stated that she knew it was a Jimmy Johns driver that struck her based on the uniform. Later, she approached two police officers that were parked nearby and advised them of the incident.
Plaintiff stated that a couple of days after the incident she obtained surveillance video from T.J. Quills, a bar across the street from the salon. She reported the incident to the police and informed them that the delivery person that struck her had a dark shirt, a cap, shorts, short dark hair, and a backpack. Plaintiff admitted that at one point she testified that the cyclist had a long ponytail.
Plaintiff testified that on September 24, 2016, she was notified of a one-star negative review on social media of her salon posted by a Tyler Lamaide. The review stated “owner has a vendetta again to [sic] bikers.” She stated that a person named Tyler Lamaide had never set foot in her salon.
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On cross-examination, Plaintiff estimated that the incident occurred between 4:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. She conceded upon review of a police interview that she told the police officer that the incident happened around 4:20 to 4:30 p.m. She also admitted that on a patient information form for medical treatment, she estimated that the incident occurred between 4:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. Plaintiff explained that the estimate she provided on the form and the police must have been wrong because McNamara had a client appointment at 4:30 p.m. and that she was struck after the client had arrived. She also said she could not be “certain of the time” of the incident.
Plaintiff admitted that she did not observe any Jimmy Johns logos on the cyclist that struck her. She testified multiple times that she did not see the face of the driver who hit her but that she was confident it was a Jimmy Johns delivery person. Plaintiff also testified that she had seen the delivery driver earlier that day between 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m.
When asked about her statement that the cyclist had a ponytail, Plaintiff stated: “I remember hair in the back, and I do remember stating the word ‘ponytail’ ” but “it was short too. I mixed up on that.” She testified that she remembered “hair at the collar-ish line, and ․ it kind of resembled a ponytail, but I cant be exactly sure it was or not, but I do remember saying it, yes.”
Plaintiff said she ran into Peeler a few days after the incident at Redds bar on Maple Street. Peeler showed a few photographs of Jimmy Johns employees and wrote down the name Javier Zapata (“Zapata”) on a piece of paper. She also stated that on another occasion Jimmy Johns personnel presented Zapatas name and picture to her in the salon. Plaintiff learned Zapata was an in-store employee of Jimmy Johns, not a delivery driver.
Bouwsma testified via a video deposition. He denied being the driver who struck Plaintiff on September 6, 2016. Bouwsma testified, upon reviewing the surveillance video of the incident, that the person who hit Plaintiff was taller. He also stated that he wore the red jersey every day. He agreed that the time sheet records showed that he worked from 11:29 a.m. to 5:10 p.m. on the day of the incident. He stated it was common for delivery drivers to take the sidewalk to the corner of Maple Street.
Witness testimony concluded on December 6, 2022, and on December 7, 2022, the jury rendered a verdict in favor of Plaintiff. On December 13, 2022, the trial court rendered a judgment in accordance with the jurys verdict, finding Defendants liable for Plaintiffs injuries.
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Defendants’ timely appeal followed.
APPLICABLE LAW AND DISCUSSION
Defendants set forth the following assignments of error: (1) the trial court erred in permitting the body worn camera video of Officer Micken into evidence because it was inadmissible hearsay and hearsay within hearsay; (2) the trial court erred in excluding certain portions of Plaintiffs Facebook page “from being entered into the record and read to the jury as that exhibit had already been accepted into the record in its entirety;” (3) the trial court erred in allowing the review of “tyler lamaide” of Plaintiffs salon into evidence as it lacked authentication and a proper foundation; (4) the trial court erred in removing comparative fault line from the jury verdict form as Defendants had presented sufficient evidence that Plaintiff had extensive awareness of the potential danger of cyclists riding on the sidewalk in front of her salon.
Evidentiary Rulings
“A trial court has vast discretion in evidentiary matters” and “[a]s such, evidentiary rulings will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion.” Roberts v. Boxer, 2019-1038, p. 3 (La. App. 4 Cir. 11/18/20), 311 So.3d 513, 517 (citing Yokum v. Funky 544 Rhythm and Blues Cafe, 2016-1142, p. 22 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/23/18), 248 So.3d 723, 740); see also Freeman v. Phillips 66 Co., 2016-0247, p. 4 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/21/16), 208 So.3d 437, 441. Defendants maintain, however, the trial courts rulings are subject to de novo review. This Court has acknowledged that “[w]hen a legal error is made, the appellate court will set aside the jurys verdict and make an independent determination of the facts from the record without according any weight whatsoever to the factual findings of the tainted jury.” Freeman, 2016-0247, p. 4, 208 So.3d at 441 (quoting Roger v. Dufrene, 97–1946, pp. 3–4 (La. App. 4 Cir. 9/9/98), 718 So.2d 592, 595).
Under La. C.E. art. 103 “error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected.” Freeman, 2016-0247, p. 5, 208 So.3d at 441 (citing Roger, 1997-1946, p. 6, 718 So.2d at 596). “The proper inquiry for determining whether a party was prejudiced by a trial courts alleged erroneous ruling is whether the alleged error, when compared to the entire record, had a ‘substantial effect’ on the outcome of the case.” Id. (quoting Roger, 1997-1946, p. 6, 718 So.2d at 596). “The party alleging prejudice from the trial courts evidentiary ruling bears the burden of proof.” Id. at p. 5, 208 So.3d at 441-42 (citing Thomas v. A.P. Green Indus., Inc., 2005-1064, p. 32 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/31/06), 933 So.2d 843, 865).
Body-Cam Video of Officer Micken
Defendants argue it was error for the trial court to permit Officer Mickens body-cam video into evidence as it constitutes hearsay and hearsay within hearsay because Officer Micken did not testify at trial.
Hearsay is “an oral or written assertion,” “other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, that is offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” La. C.E. art. 801(A)(1),(C). Hearsay is inadmissible “except as otherwise provided by this Code or other legislation.” La. C.E. art. 802.
Hearsay is excluded because the value of the statement rests on the credibility of the out-of-court asserter who is not subject to cross-examination and other safeguards of reliability. Trascher v. Territo, 2011-2093, p. 8 (La. 5/8/12), 89 So.3d 357, 364 (citing State v. Brown, 562 So.2d 868, 877 (La. 1990); State v. Martin, 458 So.2d 454 (La. 1984)). However, when an extrajudicial declaration or statement is offered for a purpose other than to establish the truth of the assertion, its evidentiary value is not dependent upon the credibility of the out-of-court asserter and the declaration or statement falls outside the scope of the hearsay exclusionary rule. Id
Hearsay within hearsay or “double hearsay” is a “hearsay statement within a hearsay statement.” 19 La. Civ. L. Treatise, Evidence And Proof § 10.29 (2d ed.). “Hearsay included within hearsay is not excluded under the hearsay rule if each part of the combined statements conforms with an exception to the hearsay rule provided by legislation.” La. C.E. art. 805. See also State v. Landrieu, 2018-0964, p. 17 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/12/19), 274 So.3d 661, 673 (“when a statement sought to be introduced contains multiple levels of hearsay, each separate level of hearsay must meet its own exception”).
The body-cam video, taken approximately a week after the accident, depicts Officer Micken speaking to King. Officer Micken stated that Plaintiff described the cyclist as a tall white guy with short black hair and black shirt. He noted that in the security video the tortfeasor was also wearing a black hat. King conceded that Jimmy Johns drivers wear one of two black hats.
Defendants claim that Officer Mickens comments to King regarding the alleged tortfeasor is hearsay and Officer Mickens description of the alleged tortfeasor based on Plaintiffs statement is double hearsay.
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Defendants further argue that the admission of this video is not harmless error because it was played and/or referenced several times during the jury trial. Defendants claim that the video was referenced by Plaintiff in closing and note that the jury asked to view the video prior to deliberating. Defendants thus contend that the video was prejudicial and affects their substantive right as they were not able to cross-examine Officer Micken.
Plaintiff, however, contends that the video was properly admitted into evidence under La. C.E. art. 607, which permits the credibility of a witness to be impeached by contradicting evidence. The article provides:
A. Who may attack credibility. The credibility of a witness may be attacked by any party, including the party calling him.
B. Time for attacking and supporting credibility. The credibility of a witness may not be attacked until the witness has been sworn, and the credibility of a witness may not be supported unless it has been attacked. However, a party may question any witness as to his relationship to the parties, interest in the lawsuit, or capacity to perceive or to recollect.
C. Attacking credibility intrinsically. Except as otherwise provided by legislation, a party, to attack the credibility of a witness, may examine him concerning any matter having a reasonable tendency to disprove the truthfulness or accuracy of his testimony.
D. Attacking credibility extrinsically. Except as otherwise provided by legislation:
(1) Extrinsic evidence to show a witness’ bias, interest, corruption, or defect of capacity is admissible to attack the credibility of the witness.
(2) Other extrinsic evidence, including prior inconsistent statements and evidence contradicting the witness’ testimony, is admissible when offered solely to attack the credibility of a witness unless the court determines that the probative value of the evidence on the issue of credibility is substantially outweighed by the risks of undue consumption of time, confusion of the issues, or unfair prejudice.
(emphasis added); see also Cmt. (o) to La. C.E. art. 607 (stating that “Paragraph D is not intended to change the broad, traditional policy, based on waiver and fair play, permitting freer admissibility of extrinsic evidence to counter a witness’ testimony after an adverse party has ‘opened the door’ to otherwise inadmissible evidence”); see also State v. Manning, 2003-1982, p. 59 (La. 10/19/04), 885 So.2d 1044, 1097) (citing cmt. (o) and noting that a party may open the door to otherwise prohibited testimony).
Plaintiff argues that King “opened the door” to admissibility of the body-cam video when King testified about what the police officer said “Mrs. Cruz told him about the description of the biker who struck her.” State v. Juniors, 2003-2425, p. 52 (La. 6/29/05), 915 So.2d 291, 330 (finding that the trial court abused its discretion by declining to admit a handwritten letter drafted by the co-defendant to impeach the co-defendants credibility after he denied he had written letter).
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At trial, King testified that she first learned of the September 6, 2016 incident when two officers came into the store. When questioned by Plaintiffs counsel about whether the police came by the store another time to “follow up” after the initial conversation, King testified:
The older officer came in, and he gave me a description of the driver. And he told me that the driver was wearing a black shirt with Disney cartoon characters on the front and had a black backpack, and he was headed toward where Redds, the bar. I think thats the name of it. Its a bar. Its located on the left corner of Jimmy Johns. He said -- he give him a description, and I told him that wasnt our driver. And he told me himself: Well, if that wasnt your driver, its nothing we can do.
Later, Plaintiffs counsel again asked King about the interactions with police after the incident and indicated he intended to show the body-cam footage. Defense counsel objected but the trial court allowed the video to be played for the jury. The transcript provides:
[MR. CARTER, Plaintiffs counsel] Q. Let me back all the way up and ask a clear question.
Following the accident, Ms. Cruzs accident, you testified that you spoke to the police about the accident?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you recall whether or not the police officers were Black or White?
A. There were two Black police officers.
Q. Theres two Black police officers. Do you recall having a conversation with that police officer in the store about the accident?
A. Yes.
MR. CARTER:
Your Honor, Im going to show the video of the interview of Ms. King and the body camera footage
MR. VOLLENWEIDER [Defense counsel]:
Your Honor, were going to object to that exhibit. Ask for a sidebar. (Whereupon a bench conference was held.)
THE COURT:
The Court overrules the objection. Counsel, you may proceed.
MR. CARTER:
Thank you, Your Honor.
BY MR. CARTER:
Q. Ms. King, you testified earlier that the police visited you on the day of Ms. Cruzs accident, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. And then they also visited you a week after the accident, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. Let me show you body camera footage from the police interview of you taken a week after the accident. Im going to show this and see if we could get it to play loudly and make sure there are no technological issues. (Whereupon video footage was played before the jury.)
Were you able to see that entire video from where you were?
A. Yes.
Q. And throughout that whole conversation with the police officers, did you go -- youre an assistant manager at that time?
A. Yes.
Q. And part of your job was to make certain that the rules were followed, correct?
A. Yes.
Plaintiffs argument that the intent of offering the body-cam video was to impeach Kings testimony is persuasive. King testified that the officer advised her that Plaintiff described the cyclist as wearing a shirt with Disney characters on it. The body-cam video, wherein Officer Micken stated Plaintiff described the cyclist as wearing a black shirt, conflicts with Kings trial testimony. Once King testified about the contents of her conversation with the police officers and of what the officers relayed to her about Plaintiffs description of the driver, Plaintiff was allowed to introduce the body-cam video to challenge the credibility of Kings statement.
In their reply brief, Defendants suggest that the body-cam video is not impeachment evidence. Defendants note that body-cam footage was recorded on September 13, 2016, and that “Plaintiff erroneously claims that this impeaches” testimony about Kings conversation with police “who came to the store on September 6, 2016.” However, it is clear in the transcript that the video was taken a week after the accident and not the day of the incident. As described above, prior to body-cam video being played for the jury, Plaintiffs counsel asked King if the police “visited [her] a week after the accident.” When King replied in the affirmative, Plaintiffs counsel advised he was going to “show [ ] body camera footage from the police interview [ ] taken a week after the accident.”
Because King offered testimony of what the police officer told her, Plaintiff was permitted to present the body-cam video of Officer Micken contradicting Kings testimony. The trial court did not abuse it discretion in allowing the body-cam footage into evidence.
Moreover, the admission of the video was harmless error. “An error is harmless when the error is surely unattributable to the verdict.” Lovecchio v. Romain, 2019-0779, p. 12 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/25/20), 364 So.3d 202, 211 (quoting Levy v. Lewis, 2016-0551, p. 19 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/17/17), 219 So.3d 1150, 1162); see also State v. Santiago, 2022-0607, p. 9 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/7/23), 359 So. 3d 540, 547.
The record shows that any error on the part of the trial court is surely unattributable to the verdict. Peeler, Bouswama, and Lamaide, who were previously delivery cyclists at Jimmy Johns, acknowledged that the Jimmy Johns drivers would regularly ride their bikes on the sidewalk against the traffic flow of Maple Street. Plaintiff, McNamara, and Spitler, also indicated that Jimmy Johns delivery cyclists would “whiz” down the sidewalk in front of Plaintiffs salon. The testimony also established that Jimmy Johns drivers wore black shirts and black hats and that the backpacks the drivers wore obscured the Jimmy Johns logo, which was consistent with Plaintiffs description. Moreover, the surveillance video also shows a man, wearing a black shirt and backpack, get on a bike in front Jimmy Johns and hit Plaintiff on the sidewalk. Additionally, the Jimmy Johns records indicated that multiple Jimmy Johns cyclists were out on delivery near the time of the incident. The jurys finding of liability against Defendants is not attributable to the trial courts decision to permit the body-cam footage of Officer Micken into evidence. This assignment of error lacks merit.
Portion of Facebook Page
Defendants argue that the trial court erred in excluding a Facebook comment from Virginia Lovell (“Lovell”) from the record.
During direct examination, Plaintiff read a few of her Facebook posts, including one, dated November 26, 2016, that discussed the incident at issue:
On September 6th, I was hit by a cyclist on the sidewalk in front of my shop at a high speed. Since then I have seen several doctors and have also been going to a chiropractor two or three times a week. Before the accident, I would work eight to 11 hours a day. And now just after two clients, my neck and shoulders is killing me. I can hardly work anymore. Im on the verge of financial disaster. If I dont get relief soon, Im going to lose my -- Im going to lose my business. Im not going to be able to pay any of my bills, which I am already behind. I have faith that the party responsible for my injury will be brought to justice. But until then, I dont know what Im going to do. I have never been in such a bad position. Im so angry, depressed, scared. I never needed prayers like I do now.
On cross-examination of Plaintiff, Defendants asked her to read a comment by Lovell. Plaintiffs counsel objected as “irrelevant, immaterial.” Plaintiffs counsel further noted, “Its a comment to a social media post thats never recognized, responded to by her at all.” Counsel for defense noted, however, the Facebook page was “already in evidence” and Plaintiffs objection thereto had been waived. The record does not reflect the trial courts ruling but Plaintiff was not permitted to testify as the Facebook comment.
According to Defendants, the Facebook comment on Plaintiffs page, authored by Lovell, provided “Do you know who did it? I hope you have a good lawyer and he/she is insured. Prayers coming your way.” This comment is redacted from the exhibit contained in the record for appeal.
Defendants claim that because Plaintiffs Facebook page was previously admitted without objection and because Lovells comment “highlight[s] the defenses position” that Plaintiff did not know it was a Jimmy Johns employee who hit her on the day of the incident, it was not a harmless error.
However, the comment was not replied to and does not actually offer proof of what Plaintiff knew at the time of the accident. This evidence is thus irrelevant. See La. C.E. art. 401 (providing that “ ‘[r]elevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence”). Moreover, given the substance of the comment, any error in failing to admit the comment is harmless.
As stated above, multiple witnesses testified that the Jimmy Johns cyclists wore black shirts and black hats and that they often rode their bikes on the sidewalks. The surveillance video of the incident also shows a cyclist mount a bike near Jimmy Johns and collide with Plaintiff on the sidewalk near the salon. Further, the records and testimony show that several cyclists were making deliveries near the time Plaintiff was injured. The trial courts refusal to allow the Facebook comment into evidence is surely unattributable to the jurys verdict. This assignment of error lacks merit.
Review of Plaintiffs Salon
Defendants argue the trial court erred in allowing the online review by “tyler lamaide” of Plaintiffs salon into evidence.
The one star review at issue, posted on September 24, 2016, stated “Owner has vendetta again [sic] to [sic] bikers.” At trial, Defendants objected to the admission of the review based on hearsay as well as lack of foundation. In its brief, Defendants claim that Plaintiff failed to lay the proper foundation to permit the review into evidence.
Authentication of evidence is required in order for evidence to be admissible at trial. See Archaga v. Johnson, 2019-85, p. 12 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/16/19), 280 So.3d 331, 337. Regarding authentication, the Louisiana Code of Evidence states that “[t]he requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Jones v. Boot Bar & Grill, 2022-0154, pp. 20-21 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/5/22), 350 So.3d 968, 983, writ denied, 2022-01639 (La. 1/18/23), 353 So.3d 728 (quoting La. C.E. art. 901(A)). La. C.E. art. 901(B) provides an illustrative, though not exhaustive, list of examples of authentication or identification of evidence. Carrie v. Jones, 2021-0659, p. 7 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1/21/22), 334 So.3d 834, 841. Such evidence may come in the form of testimony by a witness with knowledge that the matter is what it is asserted to be; indications of the items distinctive characteristics, including its contents, substance, internal patterns, and other distinctive characteristics; or evidence describing the process or system used to produce the item and showing that the process or system produces an accurate result. See La. C.E. art. 901(B)(1),(4),(9).
Defendants argue that there was nothing submitted by Plaintiff to lay the foundation that the purported review is what Plaintiff claims nor evidence to support the legitimacy of the document nor attribute this review to Lamaide.
Plaintiff, however, argues that the review was admissible because La. C.E. art. 901 provides that authentication is satisfied by any evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter is what its proponent claims and that testimony of subscribing witness is not necessary to authenticate a writing. Moreover, Plaintiff notes that Lamaide testified that Plaintiff yelled at cyclists and that it annoyed him. Plaintiff further notes that Lamaide acknowledged the review though he did not remember making the post.
In his testimony, Lamaide “recalled” the “salon lady” yelling at “everyone” riding bicycles. He could not remember if Plaintiff had yelled at “bikers” for “any other reason than riding on the sidewalk in front of her salon.” Lamaide denied becoming “agitated or angry” but agreed that he was a “little annoyed” when Plaintiff would yell at the cyclists. He denied patronizing Plaintiffs salon but then referenced the online review. The transcript provides:
[Plaintiffs Counsel] Q. Well, did you ever patronize her salon, get your hair cut there?
[Lamaide] A. No. I know what youre going towards. This is for the comment that I had made on her thing. I dont remember making it. I dont know the context around it.
Lamaide was then showed the review wherein “a Tyler Lamaide” posted a one star review on Plaintiffs business page. He then stated “I dont remember making the post. Im not saying I didnt make the post. I just dont remember making it.” Lamaide also stated he did not know of “any other Tyler Lamaide” who had issue with Plaintiffs complaints about cyclists.
Lamaide established foundation of the admissibility of the online review when he admitted to the existence of the “comment” that he “had made on [Plaintiffs] thing.” Moreover, similar to when King testified about the police officers statements, Lamaide opened the door for Plaintiff to present the online review, when he mentioned the review in response to Plaintiffs counsel questioning.
Moreover, even if the evidence was not properly introduced, the information gleaned from the online review was cumulative. As noted above, Lamaide testified that Plaintiff yelled at cyclists and that this had annoyed him. The online review was consistent with the testimony Lamaide had already provided. Because the review just corroborated Lamaides testimony, any error on the part of the trial court in allowing the “tyler lamaide” review into evidence is harmless. This assignment of error also lacks merit.
Jury Verdict Form
Jury interrogatories or forms are reviewed under a manifest error standard of review. See Danna v. Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co., L.L.C., 2020-0116, p. 22 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/24/21), 365 So.3d 679, 696 (citing Young v. Logue, 1994-0585, p. 23 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/16/95), 660 So.2d 32, 48). Jury interrogatories must fairly and reasonably point out the issues to guide the jury in reaching an appropriate verdict. Marchetta ex rel. Marchetta v. CPC of Louisiana, Inc., 1999-0485, p. 5 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/22/00), 759 So.2d 151, 154 (quoting Guidry v. Bank of LaPlace, 94–1758, pp. 3–4, (La. App. 4 Cir. 9/15/95), 661 So.2d 1052, 1055). “If the trial court submits a verdict form to the jury with misleading or confusing interrogatories ․ such interrogatories do not adequately set forth the issues to be decided by the jury and may constitute reversible error.” Duvio v. Specialty Pools Co., LLC, 2015-0423, pp. 21-22 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/16/16), 216 So.3d 999, 1014 (quoting Provosty v. ARC Constr., LLC., 2012–1015, p. 12 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/20/13), 119 So.3d 23, 32). “The verdict form may not be set aside unless the form is ‘so inadequate or incorrect as to preclude the jury from reaching a verdict based on the law and the facts.’ ” Danna, 2020-0116, p. 22, 365 So.3d at 696–97 (quoting Young, 1994-0585, p. 23, 660 So.2d at 48).
Moreover, this Court in Chicago Prop. Ints., L.L.C. v. Broussard, 2015-0299, pp. 6-7 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/21/15), 177 So.3d 1074, 1079, observed that pursuant to La. C.C.P. art. 1812, “the trial court is given wide discretion in determining and framing questions to be posed as special jury interrogatories, and absent some abuse of that discretion, this court will not set aside those determinations.” (citing Wiltz v. Bros. Petroleum, L.L.C., 2013-332, p. 20 (La. App. 5 Cir. 4/23/14), 140 So.3d 758, 773, on rehg (5/21/14)).
“Where the evidence will not support a finding of comparative fault, the trial judge does not err in refusing to instruct the jury or submit a jury interrogatory on that issue.” Lege v. Union Carbide Corp., 2020-0252, p. 38 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/1/21), 365 So.3d 617, 643, as clarified on rehg, 2020-0252 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/12/21), 366 So.3d 75, writ denied, 2021-00792 (La. 10/1/21), 324 So.3d 1054, and writ denied, 2021-00775 (La. 10/1/21), 324 So.3d 1059 (quoting Wiltz v. Bros. Petroleum, L.L.C., 2013-0332, p. 26, 140 So.3d at 776). Moreover, “it is reversible error for a trial judge to include a party on the jury interrogatory form where the record does not contain evidence of that partys legal fault.” Id.
Defendants argue that the trial court erred in removing the comparative fault line from the jury verdict form. They claim that the jury was provided evidence of Plaintiffs awareness of the dangers of a cyclist riding on the sidewalk but failed to take precautions to avoid it. Defendants argue that by removing the comparative fault interrogatory, the trial court eliminated the jurys opportunity to consider the evidence and assess Plaintiffs fault, which constitutes reversible error.
Defendants contend that they initially proposed Jury Interrogatory No. 6, which allowed for the jury to assess Plaintiffs comparative fault in the incident. They claim that the parties discussed the comparative fault interrogatory and that Plaintiff had argued for the removal of comparative fault from the form. Defendants note that the argument is not contained in the transcript and claim that it was incorrectly designated as a “discussion off the record.”
Plaintiff, however, argues that Defendants consented to the removal of comparative fault from the verdict form during the off the record discussion. She notes that there was no objection to the exclusion of comparative fault as a jury interrogatory in the record. Plaintiff also claims there is no evidence at trial to support including her fault on the form. Plaintiff thus claims the trial court correctly removed comparative fault from the verdict form.
The record shows that on December 6, 2022, at the close of Plaintiffs case and the jury was dismissed, the trial court held a conference with the parties to discuss the proposed jury charges and interrogatories. The transcript provides there was an objection as to the “itemization of damages.” It does not reflect an objection as to other interrogatories but indicates that a “discussion” occurred off record.
The transcript also indicates that the following day, December 7, 2022, the parties did agree to remove comparative fault from the jury charges. The transcript provides:
MR. M. FRISCHHERTZ [Plaintiffs counsel]:
One other brief thing for the record, Your Honor. The parties -we agreed. Last night when we looked at the interrogatories, when we removed the comparative fault question, we left the sentence above damages instructing the jury not to take into consideration any comparative fault they assigned Plaintiff. And so, we spoke to Alice [a member of the judicial staff] and asked her just to remove that sentence.
THE COURT:
Right. And I believe she says she did.
MR. M. FRISCHHERTZ:
Right. I just wanted to make sure it was on the record and everything was clear on that.
MR. ANGELLE [Defense counsel]:
No objection to that. Your Honor
When a party fails to timely object to the jury interrogatory form, the party waives his right to raise the objection on appeal. Chicago Prop. Ints., L.L.C., 2015-0299, p. 6, 177 So.3d at 1079 (citing Hebert v. Old Republic Ins. Co., 2001–0355, p. 16 (La. App. 5 Cir. 1/29/02), 807 So.2d 1114, 1127; La. C.C.P. art. 1793(C)); see also Wilson v. Transportation Consultants, Inc., 2004-0334, p. 9 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/2/05), 899 So.2d 590, 598–99 (stating that “[i]n order to appeal an allegedly defective jury interrogatory, parties must object to or demand a jury interrogatory be submitted to the jury prior to the jury retiring and that the “appealing partys failure to do so waives his right to raise this issue upon appeal”). However, “this requirement is relaxed when the jury interrogatories contain a ‘plain and fundamental’ error.” Id. (quoting Berg v. Zummo, 2000-1699, p. 13, n.5 (La. 4/25/01), 786 So.2d 708, 716).
Here, there is no record of Defendants objecting to the removal of the comparative fault line from the verdict form. It was incumbent on Defendants to make an objection on the record to preserve review of an error on appeal. Because Defendants failed to do so, Defendants cannot raise this issue on appeal. This assignment of error lacks merit.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the trial courts judgment adopting the jurys verdict is affirmed.
AFFIRMED
FOOTNOTES
1
. The case caption lists Blue Boiler Cats VI, LLC, as a defendant. The answer filed by Defendants, however, shows that the operator of Jimmy Johns is Blue Boiler Cats, II, LLC and it was improperly named Blue Boiler Cats, IV, LLC, in the petition.
2
. Throughout the trial, the witnesses sometimes referred to Jimmy Johns delivery cyclists as drivers.
3
. Additional content of the video will be addressed later herein.
4
. The Jimmy Johns company name is not visible on the building in the video. However, based on the testimony and evidence in the record, it is appears that the cyclist is in front of Jimmy Johns restaurant.
5
. The name displayed on the review was all in lower case letters. In the deposition of Lamaide and in the appellee brief, counsel for Plaintiff refers to the review as a Facebook review. However, Plaintiff testified at trial that it was a Google review.
6
. Plaintiff also testified regarding Facebook posts she authored about the incident and the effects of the incident on her business. This testimony as well as specific comments to Plaintiffs Facebook posts will be addressed later herein.
7
. At the conclusion of trial and prior to jury deliberation, Defendants moved for a directed verdict, requesting that the claims against King be dismissed with prejudice. The trial court granted the motion for directed verdict. The December 13, 2022 judgment reflects that ruling.
8
. Defendants cite Bradley v. Safeway Ins. Co. of Louisiana, 2008-1188, pp. 6-7 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/6/09), 17 So.3d 1, 4–5, to support their arguments. This Court found that testimony of vehicle driver and vehicle owner that they learned the identity of other driver involved in rear-end collision after providing police officer with license plate number was inadmissible hearsay, in drivers and owners action against alleged other vehicles insurer to recover damages sustained in the accident, though counsel did not specifically ask what the officer said; statement was offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, officer did not testify at trial, and testimony was not based on personal knowledge.
9
. The Juniors Court, however, ultimately found that the trial courts error in excluding the letter did not provide grounds for reversing the defendants conviction where the evidence and testimony presented by the other witnesses presented overwhelming evidence in support of guilt. Juniors, 2003-2425, p. 54-55, 915 So.2d at 331.
Judge Karen K. Herman
JENKINS, J., CONCURS IN THE RESULT