OPINION
Claimant Robert Conway appeals the district courts judgment upholding the denial of social security benefits by an administrative law judge (“ALJ”). Reviewing de novo the district courts decision, Leach v. Kijakazi, 70 F.4th 1251, 1254 (9th Cir. 2023), we reverse. The vocational experts testimony does not support the ALJs finding that work Conway could perform exists in significant numbers in the national economy. Because the ALJ relied on the vocational experts testimony in concluding that Conway was not disabled, we remand with the instruction that the district court remand the case to the agency for further proceedings.
Factual and Procedural Background
Conway applied for disability benefits in 2017. A state disability determination service initially evaluated Conways claim. State agency physicians Dr. Berner and Dr. Johnson each completed a “physical residual functional capacity assessment” for Conway. That assessment asks the physician to “rate the individuals exertional limitations.” Both Dr. Berner and Dr. Johnson found that Conway has an exertional limitation of “Stand[ing] and/or walk[ing] (with normal breaks) for a total of: About 6 hours in an 8-hour workday.” The state service determined that Conway was not disabled.
Conway disagreed with that determination and requested a hearing before an ALJ. At his hearing, the ALJ called a vocational expert to testify and asked whether there was “any medium work” for a hypothetical person of Conways “age, education, and past work experience, whos limited to medium work, SVP [Specific Vocational Preparation] 2, entry level work.” The vocational expert responded that there would be such work and provided “three sample occupations”: hospital housekeeper, laundry worker, and dishwasher.
On cross-examination, Conways counsel asked the vocational expert, “if someones only able to be on their feet for six out of eight hours, maximum, would they be able to do any medium work or the jobs you listed?” The expert responded, “The three sample occupations would not comport with that additional work restriction and [sic] would be difficult for me to provide substitute unskilled, medium occupations where a worker would be capped at being on their feet no more than six hours in a workday.”
After the hearing, the ALJ denied Conways application for benefits in a written opinion, which follows the well-established five-step disability determination analysis. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4). The ALJ found that Conway has two severe impairments: degenerative disease of the lumbar spine and bipolar affective disorder. The ALJ found Dr. Berners and Dr. Johnsons assessments to be persuasive and supported by the record. The ALJ also found that Conway has the residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform “medium work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1576(c) except he is limited to simple routine tasks and entry level jobs with a specific vocational preparation level of two.”
1
At step four, the ALJ found that Conway could not perform his past work as a pipefitter. But at step five, the ALJ—relying solely on the vocational experts testimony—found that Conway could perform other work that exists in significant numbers in the national economy. Accordingly, the ALJ denied disability benefits.
The Appeals Council denied Conways appeal. Conway then filed this action. The district court granted judgment to the Acting Commissioner of the Social Security Administration (“Commissioner”). Conway timely appeals.
Discussion
The issue presented is whether the ALJs finding at step five—that there is work Conway could perform that exists in significant numbers in the national economy—is supported by substantial evidence. For the following reasons, we conclude that it is not.
If the ALJ reaches the final step of the five-step process, the ALJ may rely on a vocational experts testimony to find that there are jobs that the claimant can perform and that there are enough of those jobs in the national economy. Leach, 70 F.4th at 1254. Typically, the ALJ questions the vocational expert by describing a hypothetical person with the claimants limitations. When a claimant challenges the ALJs reliance on the experts testimony, as Conway does here, we must determine whether the ALJs hypothetical accurately described all of the claimants limitations. Id. at 1255. “If an ALJs hypothetical does not reflect all of the claimants limitations, then the experts testimony has no evidentiary value to support a finding that the claimant can perform jobs in the national economy.” Id. (cleaned up). “In that situation, the vocational experts testimony cannot constitute substantial evidence to support the ALJs findings.” Id. (cleaned up).
In this case, the parties agree on the following points: The ALJ generally credited Dr. Berners and Dr. Johnsons opinions, and both doctors found that Conways exertional limitations include a limitation of standing and/or walking “for a total of: About 6 hours in an 8-hour workday.” The ALJs hypothetical was not accurate if it did not include that six-hour standing/walking limitation. The ALJs hypothetical did not expressly include that limitation. Rather, the ALJ asked about a hypothetical person “whos limited to medium work, SVP 2, entry level work.”
The Commissioner argues that the hypotheticals reference to “medium work” impliedly incorporated the six-hour standing/walking limitation. In Terry, we considered a hypothetical that similarly used the term “medium work,” and we held that a vocational expert “is presumptively aware of the agencys well-established definition of this term of art.” Terry v. Saul, 998 F.3d 1010, 1011 (9th Cir. 2021). The agencys regulations define medium work as lifting no more than 50 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 25 pounds. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(c). Although the regulation “does not include any express standing and walking limitation,” in a 1983 published Social Security Ruling, “the Commissioner interpreted ‘medium work’ to ‘require[ ] standing or walking, off and on, for a total of approximately 6 hours in an 8-hour workday in order to meet the requirements of frequent lifting or carrying objects weighing up to 25 pounds.’ ” Terry, 998 F.3d at 1013 (quoting SSR 83-10, 1983 WL 31251, at *6 (Jan. 1, 1983)).
Conway concedes that, under Terry, we presume that the vocational expert was aware of the definition of the term “medium work,” and therefore, we also presume that “the ALJ and the expert would have shared an understanding that the term ‘medium work’ implies a six-hour standing and walking limitation.” 998 F.3d at 1014. Conway, however, contends that this presumption was rebutted on cross-examination.
First, we consider whether the presumption established in Terry is rebuttable. We did not consider this issue in Terry, because Terry made no attempt to rebut the presumption. 998 F.3d at 1013 (“Terrys counsel did not object to the experts qualifications or otherwise challenge the experts testimony at the administrative hearing.”). Generally, presumptions are rebuttable. See, e.g., Hernandez v. Garland, 52 F.4th 757, 767 (9th Cir. 2022) (rebuttable presumption of reliability for government-prepared document); Chennette v. Porch.com, Inc., 50 F.4th 1217, 1225 (9th Cir. 2022) (rebuttable presumption that cell phones are residential); United States v. Wright, 49 F.4th 1221, 1226 (9th Cir. 2022) (rebuttable presumption that defendant is lawfully entitled to seized property). We see no reason to make an exception to that general rule here.
Second, we consider whether the presumption was rebutted in this case. When the ALJ asked about a limitation to “medium work,” the vocational expert responded that there would be work in the national economy and identified three sample occupations. But when Conways counsel expressly asked about a six-hour standing and walking limitation, the vocational expert responded differently: He testified that the three sample occupations could not accommodate that “additional work restriction” and that it would be “difficult” to provide substitute occupations. The experts significantly different responses reveal that the expert did not understand the ALJs hypothetical to impliedly include a six-hour standing and walking limitation. Therefore, the Terry presumption was rebutted.
The Commissioner argues that the Terry presumption was not rebutted because Conways counsel did not use the same exact wording that the doctors used to describe Conways limitation. An ALJ does not need to use “identical wording” when describing a claimants limitations to the vocational expert, “so long as the limitations are not materially altered.” Id. at 1258. And, if the question does not expressly describe a particular limitation, we also ask whether the expert would have understood the question to imply that limitation. Terry, 998 F.3d at 1014. Applying these same standards to the question asked by Conways counsel, we conclude that the question accurately described Conways limitation.
Specifically, the Commissioner argues that counsels question was inaccurate because, in the Commissioners view, the doctors did not find that Conway should be limited to standing and walking limitation for a “maximum” of six out of eight hours. The Commissioner, however, ignores that the doctors found that Conway should have a standing and walking “limitation” of “a total of: About six hours in an eight-hour workday.” When a person is limited to standing and walking for a “total” of six hours, six hours is the maximum amount of time that the person should stand and walk.
2
Counsel did not need to use identical wording to describe Conways limitation, and counsels use of the word “maximum” instead of “total” did not materially alter the limitation.
The Commissioner also argues that counsels question was inaccurate because it described a limitation of “six hours” instead of “about six hours.” The omission of the word “about” did not materially alter the limitation because it was implied. When completing a physical RFC assessment, doctors typically use the term “about” when prescribing a limitation of “six hours in an eight-hour workday”—just like Dr. Berner and Dr. Johnson did in this case.
3
In other words, “about six hours in an eight-hour workday” is a term of art that doctors commonly use in RFC assessments. An expert who has significant experience in the vocational rehabilitation field and as an expert witness in social security cases is presumptively familiar with that term of art. See Terry, 998 F.3d at 1013. And, in this case, it is undisputed that the expert had such experience. Thus, when Conways counsel asked the expert about a limitation of “six out of eight hours,” the expert would have understood counsels question to imply a limitation of “about six out of eight hours.” See id. at 1014. Nothing in the experts response to counsels question suggests that he understood counsel to be asking about a limitation of precisely six hours. Therefore, we conclude that counsels omission of the word “about” did not materially alter the limitation.
Because the ALJs hypothetical did not expressly incorporate the six-hour standing and walking limitation, and cross-examination revealed that the expert did not understand the ALJs hypothetical to impliedly include that limitation, the ALJ failed to accurately describe Conways limitations. Consequently, the experts response to the ALJs question “has no evidentiary value” to support the ALJs “finding that the claimant can perform jobs in the national economy.” Leach, 70 F.4th at 1255 (cleaned up).
This error was not harmless because the expert testified that a person with a six-hour standing and walking limitation could not perform the three jobs he had identified and that he would have difficulty providing substitutes at the medium work level. Indeed, that expert testimony compels the finding that there are not enough jobs in the medium work range that Conway can perform. See Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1041 (9th Cir. 2007) (awarding benefits where expert answered alternative hypothetical questions that incorporated all of the claimants limitations); Varney v. Secy of Health & Human Servs., 859 F.2d 1396, 1399–400 (9th Cir. 1988) (awarding benefits because “no further proceedings are necessary to develop the administrative record” where the experts response on cross-examination established that there were no jobs the claimant could perform); Gallant v. Heckler, 753 F.2d 1450, 1456 (9th Cir. 1984) (awarding benefits based on experts responses on cross-examination).
Still, remand is necessary because the agency may find that a claimant who is “of advanced age (age 55 or older)” and limited to sedentary or light work is not disabled if the claimant has skills that are transferable to work he can perform despite his impairments. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1568(d)(4). And in this case, the ALJ did not ask the expert whether there is light or sedentary work that someone with Conways RFC can perform, or make findings about the transferability of Conways skills to such work.
4
See SSR 82-41, 1982 WL 31389 at *7 (“When the issue of skills and their transferability must be decided, the adjudicator or ALJ is required to make certain findings of fact and include them in the written decision.”). Consequently, we remand this case to the Commissioner so that the ALJ can further develop the record and make specific findings on whether Conway has transferable work skills. See, e.g., Bray v. Commr of Soc. Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1226 (9th Cir. 2009); Chavez v. Bowen, 844 F.2d 691, 694 (9th Cir. 1988).
Conclusion
Where, as here, an ALJ uses the term “medium work” in its hypothetical question, there is a presumption that the expert understood that “ ‘medium work’ implies a six-hour standing and walking limitation.” Terry, 998 F.3d at 1014. However, that presumption was rebutted in this case because, on cross-examination, Conways counsel explicitly asked the expert about a six-hour standing and walking limitation, and the vocational expert gave a different answer. Indeed, the experts answer on cross-examination compels the finding that there are not enough medium work jobs that Conway can perform in the national economy. Therefore, the ALJs contrary finding is not supported by substantial evidence.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion because it does not adhere to the substantial evidence standard of review and because it fails to give proper deference to the decision of the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ).
Although the majority mentions the substantial evidence standard of review in stating the issue before us, see Majority Opinion, p. ––––, it then proceeds to ignore the standard of review in its analysis.
I agree with the majority that the issue presented is whether the decision of the ALJ is supported by substantial evidence. After properly applying the substantial evidence standard of review, rather than the de novo review conducted by the majority, I conclude that the ALJs decision is supported by substantial evidence in the record.
When reviewing decisions of an ALJ, we apply the substantial evidence standard of review. See Ahearn v. Saul, 988 F.3d 1111, 1115 (9th Cir. 2021). This is a deferential standard of review. See id. “Substantial evidence means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. The evidence must be more than a mere scintilla but may be less than a preponderance․” Id. (citation omitted). This standard “is not high.” Biestek v. Berryhill, ––– U.S. ––––, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154, 203 L.Ed.2d 504 (2019). The United States Supreme Court has compared the substantial evidence standard to that of clear error. See id. And we have described this standard as “modest.” Smith v. Kijakazi, 14 F.4th 1108, 1111 (9th Cir. 2021).
In applying the substantial evidence standard of review, “if evidence exists to support more than one rational interpretation, we must defer to the [ALJs] decision.” Batson v. Commr, 359 F.3d 1190, 1193 & n.1 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted).
This case turns on the meaning of “medium work.” The applicable Social Security ruling defines medium work as requiring “standing or walking, off and on, for a total of approximately 6 hours in an 8-hour workday.” Social Security Ruling (SSR) 83-10, 1983 WL 31251 at *6 (Jan. 1, 1983) (emphasis added); see also Terry v. Saul, 998 F.3d 1010, 1013 (9th Cir. 2021) (“In a 1983 published Social Security Ruling, the [Social Security] Commissioner interpreted medium work to require standing or walking, off and on, for a total of approximately 6 hours in an 8-hour workday.”), quoting SSR 83-10 (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added).
In Terry, we clarified that an experienced Vocational Expert (VE) would understand a reference to medium work as incorporating the longstanding agency interpretation of approximately six hours of standing or walking in an eight-hour workday. See id. That is precisely what happened in this case. The ALJ posed the following question to the VE:
Question: Assume a person ․ of Claimants age, education, and past work experience [who is] limited to medium work ․”
․
Question: Any medium work for such a hypothetical person in the national economy?
Answer: There would be, Your Honor. Let me provide three sample occupations. So first, unskilled, medium occupation I ․ for this RFC would be hospital housekeeper ․ SVP [Specific Vocational Preparation] 2, and medium, and I have an estimated 84,000 people working nationally. Second sample occupation would be laundry worker ․ SVP 2 and medium, and we have an estimated 92,000 people working nationally, and then, third would be dishwasher ․ SVP 2, and medium, and we have a little over 300,000 people working nationally. So, these are three unskilled, medium occupations ․”
(Emphasis Added).
On cross-examination, counsel for the claimant asked a completely different question to the VE:
Question: Mr. Hincks, if someones only able to be on their feet for six out of eight hours, maximum, would they be able to do any medium work or the jobs you listed?
Answer: The three sample occupations would not comport with that additional work restriction and would be difficult for me to provide substitute unskilled, medium occupations where a worker would be capped at being on their feet no more than six hours in a workday ․
(Emphasis Added).
The VE characterized the limitation to six hours maximum as an “additional work restriction” that “would not comport” with the “medium” work occupations he gave as examples of work that the claimant could perform. From this response, it is obvious that the VE did not consider counsels question to incorporate the accepted definition of medium work as requiring “standing or walking, off and on, for a total of approximately 6 hours in an 8-hour workday.” SSR 83-10, 1983 WL 31251 at *6 (emphasis added); Terry, 998 F.3d at 1013 (emphasis added). Rather, counsels question incorporated the “additional work restriction” of a maximum of six hours standing or walking in an eight-hour workday, as opposed to the accepted definition of approximately six hours standing or walking in an eight-hour workday.
Having before him the VEs responses to these two different questions, it was well within the ALJs authority to accept the VEs response to his question, which incorporated the accepted definition of medium work and not the VEs response to counsels question that included an “additional work restriction” that did “not comport with” the accepted definition of medium work. See Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1010 (9th Cir. 2014) (“The ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in medical testimony, and for resolving ambiguities․”) (citation omitted).
In Terry, we explained that an experienced VE would understand a reference to medium work as incorporating the longstanding agency interpretation of approximately six hours of standing or walking in an eight-hour workday. See 998 F.3d at 1013 (quoting SSR 83-10). Nothing about counsels question to the VE casts doubt on the VEs understanding of the longstanding definition of medium work. To the contrary, the VE clearly indicated the distinction between his understanding of the longstanding definition of medium work and the “additional work restriction” of a maximum of six hours in a workday by opining that under the accepted definition of medium work there were jobs that the claimant could perform, but under the “additional work restriction” added to the accepted definition of medium work, the claimant could not perform the jobs designated as medium work. This circumstance more than satisfied the substantial evidence standard of review. See Ahearn, 988 F.3d at 1115 (noting that the substantial evidence standard is deferential); see also Biestek, 139 S. Ct. at 1154 (clarifying that the substantial evidence “is not high”); Smith, 14 F.4th at 1111 (describing the standard as “modest”). Indeed, if there is more than one rational interpretation of the evidence, “we must defer to the [ALJs] decision.” Batson, 359 F.3d at 1193 & n.1 (citation omitted). The majority concludes that the ALJs hypothetical was not accurate because it did not include the six-hour standing/walking limitation. The majority bases this conclusion on the fact that both medical experts found a standing/walking limitation of “[a]bout six hours in an 8-hour workday.” Majority Opinion, p. ––––. But the medical experts opinions of about six hours were consistent with the longstanding definition of medium work as “approximately” six hours in an eight-hour workday rather than with counsels definition of medium work as a maximum of six hours in an eight-hour workday.
The majority also concludes that the presumption that the ALJ and the VE shared an understanding regarding the definition of medium work was rebutted by the VEs response to counsels question. However, as discussed, the question asked by counsel was completely different and did not incorporate the longstanding definition of medium work. The VE clearly recognized the difference because he characterized counsels question as adding “an additional work limitation” of a maximum of six hours in a workday as opposed to “approximately” or “about” six hours. Counsels question deviated from the longstanding definition of medium work as “approximately” six hours and from the medical experts opinions of “about” six hours. The VE and ALJ shared an understanding of “approximately” six hours as evidenced by the VEs different responses to the different questions. The VE responded to the ALJs question consistently with the longstanding definition of medium work as “approximately” six hours in a workday by listing medium work occupations. In contrast, the VE responded to counsels question which was not consistent with the longstanding definition of medium work by concluding that the additional work limitation (a maximum of six hours rather than “approximately” or “about” six hours) would preclude medium work.
1
The majority concludes “that counsels omission of the word ‘about’ did not materially alter the limitation.” Majority Opinion, p. ––––. But not only is that conclusion an impermissible de novo review of the ALJs decision, it is belied by the record. The VE described counsels omission of “about” as an “additional work limitation” that rendered the claimant unable to perform medium work. Obviously then, the VE did not understand counsels question to imply “about six hours.” Nothing could be more material. And even if that is the interpretation of the majority, the ALJ was not required to adopt that interpretation. See Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1010.
An everyday example illustrates the difference between the two questions posed to the VE: If someone says that an item costs $6.00, the general understanding would be that the item costs exactly $6.00. On the other hand, if someone says that an item costs “about” $6.00, the general understanding would be that the item costs approximately $6.00, not exactly $6.00. The same is true in this case. The longstanding definition of medium work, which we presume both the ALJ and VE were aware of, see Terry, 998 F.3d at 1013, was of “approximately” or “about” six hours in a workday. Counsels definition, which omitted “about” or “approximately” did not comport with the shared definition of the ALJ and VE, as evidenced by the VEs different response to the question that did not include the longstanding definition of medium work.
In sum, the ALJs decision is supported by substantial evidence, and he was not required to accept the VEs answer that was predicated on what the VE described as an “additional work limitation” that was not part of the longstanding definition of medium work shared by the ALJ, the VE, and the medical experts. If remanded, all the ALJ will do is reaffirm that he and the VE share the understanding that medium work is “about six hours” in an eight-hour workday, and that Conways RFC of medium work of about six hours enabled him to perform the three jobs identified by the VE. Because the majority unfortunately fails to apply the substantial evidence standard of review and re-interprets the record, I respectfully dissent.
FOOTNOTES
1
. An RFC is “the most [one] can still do despite [ones] limitations.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a)(1). The RFC is used at step four to determine if a claimant can do past relevant work and at step five to determine if a claimant can adjust to other work. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(e).
2
. “Total” means “aggregate, sum,” or “an entire quantity or configuration.” See Websters Third New Intl Dictionary, 2414 (1981). “Maximum” means an “upper limit allowed by law or other authority.” Id. at 1396.
3
. See, e.g., Lee v. Berryhill, 721 F. Appx 604, 607 (9th Cir. 2017) (“Nonexamining physicians Dr. Alley, Dr. Pritchard, and Dr. Eder all conclude that Lee can ․ stand and/or walk about six hours in a workday.”); Ludwig v. Astrue, 681 F.3d 1047, 1049 (9th Cir. 2012) (“The Social Security Administrations medical consultant ․ opined that Ludwig could ․ stand or walk for about 6 hours in an 8-hour workday. ․”); Charmaine S. v. Commr of Soc. Sec. Admin., No. 3:20-CV-01313-CL, 2022 WL 2072605, at *4 (D. Or. June 8, 2022), affd sub nom. Simmons v. Kijakazi, No. 22-35627, 2023 WL 4173026 (9th Cir. June 26, 2023) (“State agency consultants Dr. Mark Magdaleno and Dr. Gordon Hale both opined that Plaintiff was limited to ․ standing and/or walking ‘about 6 hours in an 8-hour workday.’ ”); Robert C. v. Commr, Soc. Sec. Admin., No. 3:21-CV-00712-HZ, 2022 WL 972410, at *2 (D. Or. Mar. 30, 2022) (“Both consultants found that Plaintiff would be able to ‘Stand and/or walk (with normal breaks) for a total of: About 6 hours in an 8-hour workday.’ ”).
4
. The ALJ concluded that “[t]ransferability of job skills is not material to the determination of disability because using the Medical-Vocational Rules as a framework supports a finding that the claimant is ‘not disabled,’ whether or not the claimant has transferable job skills.” That conclusion, however, is based on the ALJs unsupported finding that there are enough medium jobs that Conway can perform.
1
. “Approximately” means “[i]n an approximate manner, nearly; elliptical with near approach to accuracy.” Approximately, Oxford English Dictionary, https://www.oed.com/dictionary/approximately_adv?tab=meaning_and _use#198575 (last visited Mar. 13, 2024).“About” means “[e]xpressing approximation. Nearly, approximately, more or less.” About, Oxford English Dictionary, https://www.oed.com/dictionary/about_adv?tab=meaning_and_use#6785227 (last visited Mar. 13, 2024).
SUNG, Circuit Judge:
Opinion by Judge Sung;
Dissent by Judge Rawlinson