N.S. was born in 2010. In 2022, the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services stepped in to try to protect N.S. from mental harm caused by her mother. It was the fifth time since 2013—and fourth since 2018—that the department had to become involved with the family. The ensuing investigation and involvement by the department led to the juvenile court adjudicating the child as a child in need of assistance (CINA) and entering a dispositional order placing the child in her fathers custody.
The mother appeals the dispositional order. While she does not directly appeal the adjudication of the child as a CINA, she does challenge the juvenile courts denial of her motion to reopen the record of the adjudicatory hearing to allow the child to testify.
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She also challenges the courts dispositional decision to place custody of the child with the childs father and denial of her motion to change her service provider.
We generally review CINA proceedings de novo. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa 2014). While we give weight to the juvenile courts factual findings, those findings are not binding on us. Id. “Our primary concern is the child[ ]’s best interests.” Id. However when reviewing the denial of a motion to reopen the record, we review for an abuse of discretion. In re L.T., 924 N.W.2d 521, 526 (Iowa 2019). “In order to show an abuse of discretion, a party must show the juvenile courts action was unreasonable under the attendant circumstances.” Id.
I. Reopening the Adjudicatory Record
As the mothers challenge to the juvenile courts denial of her motion to reopen the adjudicatory record is relevant to the underlying adjudication, we begin our analysis with this challenge. The mother contends the child repeatedly expressed a desire to testify to several adults involved in this case. Moreover, the mother contends the child could provide the court with better insight into how the mothers conduct impacts her as opposed to the court relying on the childs therapist for that information.
When asked how testifying would impact the child, her therapist opined, “I think it would be extremely detrimental to her. She is already in a tug of war, and with—between how she feels and what she thinks her mom wants her to do, and I dont think—I dont think it is appropriate.” She went on to explain that she believes the mother is attempting to influence what information the child shares with case workers and providers. The therapist explained that the mother continues to manipulate and emotionally abuse the child, even during their supervised visits. The juvenile court found the therapist to be credible. We defer to the juvenile courts credibility determination and, given the therapists concerns, conclude the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion when it denied the mothers motion to reopen the adjudicatory record to permit the child to testify.
II. Custody of the Child
Next, the mother challenges the juvenile courts decision to place custody of the child with the father under the departments supervision. In doing so, she implies she should have custody of the child rather than the father and cites her own concerns about the fathers ability to provide for the childs needs.
Following the dispositional hearing, the juvenile court must “make the least restrictive disposition appropriate considering all the circumstances,” choosing from the options listed in Iowa Code sections 232.100 through 232.102 (2022). Iowa Code § 232.99(4). “Whenever possible the court should permit the child to remain at home with the childs parent, guardian, or custodian.” Id. § 232.102(4)(a). However, custody should be changed when the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that “[t]he child cannot be protected from some harm which would justify the adjudication of the child as a [CINA] and an adequate placement is available.” Id. § 232.102(4)(a)(2).
Our review of the record supports the juvenile courts decision to place custody of the child with the father rather than with the mother. As noted, the department became involved with this family for the fourth time in four years following reports the mother caused mental injury to the child. Investigation revealed the mothers efforts to keep the child from reporting what happens in the mothers home, at one point telling the child she would shoot the horses owned by one of the childs medical providers because the provider advocated on the childs behalf. The mother has also attempted to persuade the child to not take her prescription mental-health medications by claiming the medication actually contained methamphetamine. As previously mentioned, the childs therapist believes the mother continues to emotionally abuse and manipulate the child. This leads us to conclude that it is not safe for the mother to have custody of the child.
Conversely, the child freely discusses what happens at her fathers house with her therapist, and nothing she has said raises concerns for the therapist. And the father has complied with all requests and directions from the department. Placing the child in the fathers custody protects the child from psychological harm at the hands of the mother and is in keeping with the rebuttable presumption that it is in the childs best interests to be placed in a parents custody. See In re R.F., 471 N.W.2d 821, 824 (Iowa 1991). We agree with the juvenile court that placing custody of the child with the father serves the childs best interests.
III. Motion to Change the Service Provider
Finally, the mother challenges the juvenile courts denial of her motion to change the service provider. She frames her challenge as a reasonable-efforts challenge. “ ‘Reasonable efforts’ means the efforts made to preserve and unify a family prior to the out-of-home placement of a child in foster care or to eliminate the need for removal of the child or make it possible for the child to safely return to the familys home.” Iowa Code § 232.102A(1)(a). “The nature of the reasonable-efforts mandate is determined by the circumstances of each case.” In re M.G., No. 18-0650, 2018 WL 3912192, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 15, 2018). “But the reasonable-efforts mandate does not create a menu from which discerning parents may order specific services.” In re M.P., No. 19-0995, 2019 WL 5063337, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 9, 2019).
The mother claims the “current service provider does not support her efforts toward reunification ․ hindering the provision of reasonable efforts toward reunification” and “that she feels that she is not being provided services necessary for reunification.” But the mother cannot point to any service she believes the provider should be providing and is not. Instead, the mother testified that she reviews the service providers notes and commented that those notes “seem to be very accurate as to what is happening and being said.” She also concedes the provider reassures the child that visits dont need to end early and that she can take full advantage of the time she has with the mother. This leads us to conclude there is not a deficiency in the service providers efforts. Rather, the mother would simply prefer a different service provider. But the mother is not entitled to set the particular terms of services. Instead, it is her obligation to avail herself of all services provided and request additional services as necessary. The juvenile court correctly denied the motion for a new service provider.
AFFIRMED.
FOOTNOTES
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. An adjudicatory order does not become final, and appealable, until entry of the dispositional order. See In re H.W., 961 N.W.2d 138, 140 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App. 2021) (recognizing a parent properly appealed the adjudication of her children as CINA following entry of the subsequent dispositional order).
AHLERS, Judge.