Taylor, C.
Defendant issued, to Pickands, Mather & Co., as trustees for their employees, an accident policy insuring such employees against accidental injuries. John Mozina, one of the employees so insured, while at work in a boiler room, suffered a “sunstroke” or “heatstroke” from which death ensued. Plaintiffs brought suit upon the policy and recovered a verdict. Defendant made the usual motion for judgment or for a new trial, and appealed from the order denying it.
It is conceded at the outset that sunstroke and heatstroke are synonymous, and mean a sudden prostration resulting from exposure to excessive heat, regardless of the source from which the heat ema nates. The controversy is whether the policy covers injury and death from sunstroke. Defendant contends that sunstroke is not an accident but a disease; that medical authorities class it as a disease; and that the courts have held that it is not an accident. Sinclair v. Maritime Pass. Assur. Co. 3 El. & El. 478; Dozier v. Fidelity & Casualty Co. (C. C.) 46 Fed. 446, 13 L.R.A. 114. On the other hand plaintiffs contend that the ordinary person regards sunstroke as an accident; that it is within the definition of an accident (Kerr, Insurance, 380; May, Insurance, §§ 518 — 520); that it is held to be an accident within the meaning of the English Workingmen’s Compensation Act (Ismay, Imrie & Co. v. Williamson, 24 Times L. R. 881; Morgan v. Owners of Steamship Zenaida, 25 Times L. R. 446); and that giving the terms, accidental and sunstroke, their ordinary and popular meaning, instead of a technical one, brings sunstroke within the casualties covered by the policy. It is not necessary to determine these contentions as abstract propositions. The policy insured the employee against “bodily injuries suffered * * * through external, violent and accidental means.” It contained a further provision that it did not cover “injuries, fatal or otherwise, received while or in consequence of being or having been under the influence of or affected by or resulting directly or indirectly from intoxicants, anaesthetics, narcotics, sunstroke-, freezing, vertigo, sleep walking, fits, hernia, orchitis or any disease or bodily infirmity.” This exception includes two classes of injuries: First, those “received while or in consequence of being or of having been under the influence of or affected by * * * intoxicants, anaesthetics, narcotics, sunstroke,” etc., but not resulting from these causes. Second, those “resulting directly or indirectly from” such causes. The form of policy was prepared and printed by defendant. As so prepared and printed, injuries received in consequence of being under the influence of or affected by sunstroke, and injuries resulting from sunstroke were excepted from the casualties insured against. Before the assured accepted the policy in controversy, the word sunstroke was stricken out, as indicated in the paragraph quoted above, so that injuries received in consequence of being under the influence of sunstroke, and injuries resulting from sunstroke, are not expressly excepted from the casualties covered by this policy. There was uncertainty as to whether injuries suffered through accidental means would include injuries resulting from sunstroke, and defendant, in preparing its policy, resolved the doubt in its own favor by expressly excepting them. As a result of the negotiations for this policy, .sunstroke was stricken from the list of exceptions specified therein. Under the circumstances, this would indicate an intention to resolve the uncertainty respecting it in favor of the assured; especially so in view of the rule that insurance policies are to be construed liberally in favor of the assured, and doubtful and ambiguous questions resolved against the insurer. Where the proper construction of a contract is not free from doubt, recourse may be had to the preliminary negotiations between the parties for the purpose of determining the correct construction to be given it. Sandretto v. Wahlsten, 124 Minn. 331, 144 N. W. 1089, and cases there cited. Defendant’s representative admitted that the word “sunstroke” was stricken from the exceptions because Pickands, Mather & Go. objected to it, .and insisted that they wanted a policy which would cover sunstroke. The change was made for the purpose of giving them such a policy. Under the facts and circumstances shown in this case, the court cannot hold as a matter of law that sunstroke was not covered by the policy. The issues were submitted to and determined by the j ury .and there is no sufficient ground for interfering with their conclusion. There were no reversible errors, either in the rulings upon the admission of evidence, or in the charge to the jury.
Order affirmed.