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Eugene F. WELLS, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Louie L. WAINWRIGHT, Director, Florida Division of Corrections, Respondent-Appellee; Carl Everett ARNOLD, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Louie L. WAINWRIGHT, Director, Florida Division of Corrections, Respondent-Appellee; Walter L. ARBOGAST, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Louie L. WAINWRIGHT, Director, Florida Division of Corrections, Respondent-Appellee

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit1973-12-04No. Nos. 72-3154, 72-3155 and 73-1050
488 F.2d 522

Summary

Holding. The court vacated the lower court's judgment and remanded for an evidentiary hearing to determine whether the petitioners had actual or constructive knowledge of the jury selection procedures and whether various other circumstances surrounding their trials would support or defeat a waiver defense.

Three consolidated appeals challenged whether defendants waived their right to object to an allegedly unconstitutional jury selection practice used in Dade County, Florida between 1966 and 1972, which involved intentionally including racial minorities and women in jury arrays according to predetermined proportions. The federal habeas corpus court had refused to hold a hearing and ruled that the petitioners forfeited any objection by proceeding to trial without raising the issue, relying on precedent establishing that failure to object constitutes waiver. The appellate court found that the record contained factual allegations—some untried and some made pro se—asserting that the petitioners and their counsel were unaware of the unconstitutional selection procedures at the time of trial. The court determined that the lower court could not reject these factual claims without first conducting an evidentiary hearing to establish what the petitioners actually knew or could have reasonably discovered, and what tactical considerations may have influenced their trial strategy.

Summary generated by law.co from the public-domain opinion. The opinion text itself is public domain.

Key issues

  • Whether failure to object at trial constitutes waiver when defendant claims lack of knowledge of unconstitutional jury selection practice
  • Application of the actual or constructive knowledge standard to jury selection challenges
  • Procedural requirements for hearing factual allegations in habeas corpus proceedings

Procedural posture

The petitioners appealed federal habeas corpus decisions in which the court declined to hold a hearing and ruled that they had waived objections to jury selection procedures by failing to raise them at trial.

Authorities cited

No cited authorities resolved to law.co cases yet.

Opinion

majority opinion

PER CURIAM:

These appeals, which we have consolidated, request this court to rule on the validity of the waiver-by-failure-to-object principle applied in State v. Silva, 259 So.2d 153 (Fla. 1972). Silva condemned as unconstitutional the jury selection practice, followed in Dade County, Florida between 1966 and 1972, of intentionally including Negros and women on each array to pre-ascertained proportions. We decline to reach the merits of the question presented on the basis of the present record and vacate and remand for a hearing to determine more precisely the factual status of each petitioner.

The federal habeas corpus court declined to hold a hearing. Relying on Shotwell Mfg. Co. v. United States, 371 U.S. 341, 83 S.Ct. 448, 9 L.Ed.2d 357 (1963), and this circuit’s decisions in Davis v. United States, 455 F.2d 919 (1972), aff’d, 411 U.S. 233, 93 S.Ct. 1577, 36 L.Ed.2d 216 (1973), and its federal procedural predecessors, the court ruled that petitioners had waived all right to object to Dade County’s proportional limitation practice by going to trial without objecting. Fla.R.Cr.P. 3.-300, 33 F.S.A. See also Buchanan v. State, 97 Fla. 1059, 122 So. 704 (1929). Thus, we are presented with a record in Arbogast’s case containing untried pleadings which aver that neither petitioner nor his counsel knew of the unconstitutional method of jury selection which was followed in his case and that such procedures were neither open nor notorious. The pro se pleadings of both Wells and Arnold, though less elaborate, assert that they did not know of any impropriety in jury selection procedures until after their trials had been completed. Reliance upon Shotwell Mfg. Co. and Davis implies a determination of either actual or constructive knowledge. The court below would be in error if it assumed that any of these fact allegations were untrue without holding a hearing. Reagor v. United States, 488 F.2d 515 (5th Cir. 1973).

The cases are remanded to the district court with directions to hold such a hearing or hearings as may be necessary to make separate findings of fact which would supply the answers to the following questions in the light of current precedents:

Was the jury selection procedure followed in his ease actually known to petitioner or his counsel prior to the time his trial was commenced ?

Could the petitioner or his attorney have ascertained all of the facts concerning the Dade County jury selection procedure which would have been necessary to formulate and present any meaningful objection they cared to make within the time required by Florida law ?

Could these necessary facts relating to this procedure have been discovered before trial by the exercise of reasonable diligence ?

Did petitioner or his counsel give tactical consideration to determining whether to timely raise such an objection or to hold it in reserve?

Did the ease have any overtones involving raceor sex?

What prejudice did the jury selection procedures followed in this case cause to petitioner ?

What effect did the jury procedures which were used have on the integrity of the fact finding procedures in petitioner’s case?

Would the making of a timely objection to the racial or sexual composition of the jury have so prejudiced the community that the likely result of such a challenge would have been that any jury subsequently impanelled would be prejudiced against the defendant ?

See Davis v. United States, 411 U.S. 233, 93 S.Ct. 1577, 36 L.Ed.2d 216 (1973); Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 93 S.Ct. 1602, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1973); Winters v. Cook, 489 F.2d 174 (on rehearing en banc, 5th Cir. 1973).

Vacated and remanded.