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UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Claude Bishop MINTON, Appellant

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit1973-11-30No. No. 73-1598
488 F.2d 37

Summary

Holding. The court affirmed Minton's conviction, finding that the officers' initial observation from the embankment did not constitute an illegal search because no reasonable expectation of privacy existed, and that any subsequent search and seizure upon entering the premises was justified by probable cause and the plain view doctrine.

Claude Bishop Minton was convicted of possessing, transporting, and removing illegal liquor. He appealed his conviction, claiming that evidence used against him came from an illegal search and seizure. Federal agents, acting on a tip from a reliable informant and prior suspicions about Minton's use of his property for storing illicit alcohol, positioned themselves on a high embankment approximately 80 to 90 feet away from his building. Without a warrant, they used binoculars to observe a van being unloaded and detected the smell of illegal whiskey. When they approached and entered the property, they arrested Minton and seized boxes of illicit liquor from both the van and building.

The court rejected Minton's suppression argument on multiple grounds. The observation point on the embankment was likely outside the protected area surrounding his building, and even if it was on his property, the distance and location meant no reasonable expectation of privacy existed under the circumstances. The use of binoculars did not extend the officers' presence into a protected zone. Additionally, by the time the officers actually entered the property and approached the van, they had probable cause to believe a felony was occurring. The seized items fell within the plain view doctrine, and the search of the van itself was justified as incident to Minton's lawful arrest.

Summary generated by law.co from the public-domain opinion. The opinion text itself is public domain.

Key issues

  • Whether observation from an elevated embankment without a warrant violated Fourth Amendment protections
  • Whether use of binoculars extended officers' presence into a protected curtilage area
  • Whether the plain view doctrine justified seizure of observed contraband
  • Whether probable cause existed to justify entry onto the premises and search of the van

Procedural posture

Minton appealed his conviction for possession, transportation, and removal of illicit liquor, challenging the admissibility of evidence obtained through warrantless observation and subsequent search and seizure.

Authorities cited

No cited authorities resolved to law.co cases yet.

Opinion

majority opinion

PER CURIAM:

Convicted of possession, transportation, and removal of illicit liquor, Claude Bishop Minton has appealed, arguing that his motion to suppress evidence procured by an allegedly illegal search and seizure should have been granted. The search at issue here resulted from surveillance of Minton’s premises by officers of the Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division who were notified by a reliable informant that a whiskey delivery would be made at the appellant’s premises between 6 and 7 p. m. on November 3, 1972. Based on this tip and previous information over a period of two years that Minton was using his property to store illicit liquor, but without a search warrant, the officers stationed themselves at the top of a 12-14 foot high embankment looking down on Minton’s building at a distance of 80 to 90 feet. They observed a van truck arrive at the building shortly after 6 p. m. and by the use of binoculars viewed cartons containing one-gallon plastic containers being unloaded from the vehicle. They also detected the odor of illicit whiskey. Appellant was arrested as he reached into the truck to unload another carton; boxes holding plastic containers of illicit liquor were plainly visible in the truck and through the open doorway of the building. It is not clear that the embankment from which the officers made their observations belonged to Minton, but even if it did, such a location at such a distance is probably not within the curtilage. United States v. Campbell, 395 F.2d 848 (4th Cir. 1968); Hester v. United States, 265 U.S. 57, 44 S.Ct. 445, 68 L.Ed. 898 (1924), Care v. United States, 231 F.2d 22 (10th Cir. 1956). Nor did the use of binoculars by the officers constitute an extension of their persons so as to put them within the curtilage. United States v. Lee, 274 U.S. 559, 47 S.Ct. 746, 71 L.Ed. 1202 (1926). More important than the rubric of realty, see Wattenburg v. United States, 388 F.2d 853 (9th Cir. 1968); Texas v. Gonzales, 388 F.2d 145 (5th Cir. 1968), there was here, we think, no reasonable expectation of privacy — considering the time of day and all the surrounding circumstances. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967). Whether or not it might have been wiser (and the better practice) to have procured a search warrant, but cf. Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964), and Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969), such a warrant was not necessary since no search occurred until the officers entered upon defendant’s premises and approached the van he was in the process of unloading. At the time of their entrance and approach the officers had probable cause to believe a felony was being committed in their presence.

The seizure of illicit whiskey in the van and in the building may be justified as within the “plain view” doctrine. Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 464-466, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971); Musgrove v. Eyman, 435 F.2d 1235 (9th Cir. 1971); United States v. Young, 322 F.2d 443 (4th Cir. 1963). The search and seizure of the van itself may further be justified as incident to a lawful arrest. Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 89 S.Ct. 2034, 23 L.Ed.2d 685 (1969) ; United States v. Young, supra.

Affirmed.

. Minton’s brief refers to the premises as his “home”; however, the brief further characterizes the structure in question as a “building” in which appellant lived “part of the time” while other parts “were utilized as stor-tage areas (Appellant’s Brief, p. 4). His brief also states that Court’s Exhibit 1 portrays the area. We have examined it, and it looks to us more like a barn or warehouse than a home.