LAW.coLAW.co

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Reginald Max GOLDSMITH, Jr., Defendant-Appellant

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit1973-08-20No. No. 73-1757
483 F.2d 441

Summary

Holding. The court affirmed the conviction, finding no merit in any of Goldsmith's appellate arguments regarding admission of prior-act evidence, counsel effectiveness, discovery compliance, or variance between pleading and proof.

Reginald Goldsmith, a private investigator, was convicted of illegally intercepting private telephone communications on one of two counts. On appeal, Goldsmith challenged his conviction on four grounds: admission of testimony about similar prior criminal conduct without adequate jury instructions, ineffective assistance of counsel, improper denial of discovery requests, and a fatal variance between the charges and evidence presented. The court rejected all arguments. Evidence of Goldsmith's prior wiretapping activities was properly admitted to establish his modus operandi, and the trial court's limiting instructions to the jury were sufficient to prevent prejudicial effect. Goldsmith's counsel provided reasonably effective assistance despite occasional errors that did not deprive him of a fair trial. The government was not required to produce specific undisclosed materials, and the District Court acted within its discretion. Finally, the indictment charged Goldsmith with intercepting communications rather than installing the devices, so proof of installation method was unnecessary; testimony that Goldsmith directed employees to connect recorders, change tapes, and deliver them to him sufficiently supported the conviction.

Summary generated by law.co from the public-domain opinion. The opinion text itself is public domain.

Key issues

  • Admissibility of evidence of uncharged similar criminal conduct to establish modus operandi
  • Sufficiency of limiting jury instructions regarding prior bad acts
  • Ineffective assistance of counsel standard
  • Variance between indictment allegations and proof at trial

Procedural posture

Goldsmith appealed his conviction for unlawfully intercepting wire communications on one count, challenging the trial court's evidentiary rulings, counsel effectiveness, discovery practices, and the sufficiency of evidence.

Authorities cited

No cited authorities resolved to law.co cases yet.

Opinion

majority opinion

PER CURIAM:

Reginald Max Goldsmith, a private investigator, was charged with intercepting private telephone conversations by wiretaps on two separate telephone lines in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 2511(1) (a) and 18 U.S.C.A. § 2. The jury found him guilty as to only one of the two counts. Defendant seeks reversal asserting that (1) the admission of certain testimony regarding other acts of similar uncharged misconduct, without proper instructions to the jury, denied him due process of law, (2) he received ineffective assistance from retained counsel and was thus denied his constitutional right to counsel, (3) the trial court improperly refused to order the discovery of material in possession of the Government, (4) there was a fatal variance between the pleading and the proof, which was insufficient to support the conviction. Finding no merit to any of defendant’s arguments, we affirm.

(1) Testimony of telephone company employees and the individuals whose telephones had been tapped established the existence of the wiretaps, but the defendant was connected with the unlawful activity only by the testimony of. two former employees, who discussed previous electronic eavesdropping assignments completed for Goldsmith. This evidence was admitted, with prior instructions to the jury limiting the purpose of the testimony to the establishment of modus operandi. Defendant contends that he was denied due process by the Court’s admitting this evidence with merely prior limiting instructions to the jury.

Although evidence of criminal conduct not charged in the indictment may not be admitted if its only relevance is to demonstrate the defendant’s bad character, Michelson v. U. S., 335 U.S. 469, 69 S.Ct. 213, 93 L.Ed. 168 (1948), see Boyd v. U. S., 142 U.S. 450, 12 S.Ct. 292, 35 L.Ed. 1077 (1892), such evidence will be received for the purpose of showing knowledge, intent, motive, design, or scheme where such element is an essential element of the commission of the offense. Ehrlich v. U. S., 238 F. 2d 481, 484 (5th Cir. 1956); U. S. v. Payne, 467 F.2d 828 (5th Cir. 1972); U. S. v. McGlamory, 441 F.2d 130 (5th Cir. 1971) ; U. S. v. Pittman, 439 F.2d 906 (5th Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 842, 92 S.Ct. 138, 30 L.Ed.2d 77. See 2 C. Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure § 410 (1969). If the evidence of extrinsic crimes is relevant to a material fact in issue, the trial court must then weigh the probative value of the evidence against its inherent improper prejudicial effect. See U. S. v. Lawrance, 480 F.2d 688, p. 690 n.3 (5th Cir. 1973).

The challenged testimony in this case was admitted to establish Goldsmith’s modus operandi of employing telephone wiretaps in his private investigations. The trial court, on two occasions, cautioned the jury that the testimony was intended only to demonstrate the defendant’s professional designs and techniques. We find these curative, limiting instructions sufficient to have eliminated any improper prejudicial effects of the admission of evidence of prior, similar criminal acts.

(2) Failure to object to testimony and to support adequately his own motions are cited to illustrate the alleged inadequacy of counsel. A conviction will not be set aside on the ground of incompetent counsel, however, merely because an attorney may have erred on occasion when he rendered reasonably effective assistance. Sloan v. Wainwright, 469 F.2d 390 (5th Cir. 1972). The “errors” here alleged do not sustain the claim that defendant was denied a fair trial.

(3) Defendant fails to show any specific instance where the Government failed to comply with the discovery rules, and there is no indication that the District Court abused its discretion barring the discovery of material which the Government declined to provide.

(4) Since defendant was charged not with installation of the wiretaps, but with “wilfully, knowingly and unlawfully [intercepting] and [endeavoring] to intercept wire communications,” the failure to prove how the eavesdropping devices were installed is not fatal to the Government’s case. Employees of Goldsmith testified that he took them to the telephone pole, that he had previously shown them how to connect the recorder, and that they changed tapes and presented them to him, all at his instruction and direction. This testimony, if believed, was sufficient to prove the indictment and to support the conviction.

Affirmed.