Mullin, P. J.
Before the introduction of the system of pleading prescribed by the Code, the actions of assumpsit and on the case were concurrent remedies for many injuries resulting from nonfeasance, misfeasance, and malfeasance to personal property. 1 Chitty’s Pl. 153. When assumpsit was adopted, the pleader was bound to allege that the defendant undertook and promised to do, or not to do, the particular act, which was the cause of the injury sustained by the plaintiff, or that he undertook to do it in a skillful and proper manner. Nevertheless, the said defendant, not regarding his said promise and undertaking, but contriving and intending to injure the plaintiff, did, or omitted to do the act, the doing or omission to do which caused the injury. 1 Chitty’s Pl. 135, 136. The count in case is substantially the same as that in assumpsit, except the allegations that the defendant promised and undertook to do, or not to do, the particular act complained of is omitted. See 1 Chitty’s Pl. 320, etc. In the first count of the complaint demurred to these allegations are. omitted, thus leaving it á count in case. If the pleader is right in supposing that the law implied a promise by the bank not to satisfy the judgment, after it was assigned to the plaintiff, he was bound to allege that the bank undertook, and promised not to satisfy, etc., in order to make in a count on contract. The case of Kortright v. Buffalo Commercial Bank, 20 Wend. 91, was in assumpsit to recover for a breach of the promise the law implied against the bank, with its stockholders, that it would permit a transfer of its stock on its books, in case of a sale thereof. This was a duty imposed by the charter of the bank, and when a duty is imposed by law on a corporation a promise to per form it is implied. A promise was, doubtless, alleged in the declaration in that case, thus making it a count in assumpsit. The codifiers, while proposing to abolish the distinction between forms of actions, found it impossible or impracticable, in many cases, to effect their object, and this case illustrates the failure in at least one class of eases. When case and assumpsit were, at common law, concurrent remedies, the form of action that the pleader selected was determined, as I have shown, by the insertion or-omission from the declaration of the allegation, that the defendant “ undertook and promised.” This right of selection remains, and whether the action is in tort or assumpsit must be determined by the same criterion. If this is not so, then the right of election is taken away. If taken away, which of the two is left ? An action on contract cannot be joined with one in tort. How are we to determine whether the action is one on contract or in tort, unless the pleader, by averment, alleges the making of the contract, and demands damages for a breach in the one case, or by the omission of such an averment makes it an action in toft. I know of no more certain or convenient criterion by which to determine the class to which a cause of action belongs than the one suggested. If some such rule is not established the question of misjoinder will arise in every case in which, at common law, assumpsit and case were concurrent remedies. •
The order of the special term is reversed and an order granted, sustaining the demurrer, with leave to plaintiff to amend in twenty days on payment of the costs of the demurrer and of the appeal.