BARROW v. BARKER

Supreme Court of Georgia2010-05-03No. S10A0611

287 Ga. 145695 S.E.2d 24

Summary · law.co

Holding. The judgment of the habeas court granting relief was vacated and the case remanded for the habeas court to determine whether Barker can overcome the procedural default by satisfying either the "cause and prejudice" test or the "miscarriage of justice" test.

Darion Barker was convicted in 1996 of cocaine possession with intent to distribute and sentenced to life without parole based partly on five prior convictions entered through guilty pleas. In 2008, he filed a habeas petition claiming his trial and appellate counsel were ineffective and that his sentence was illegal because three of those prior convictions were constitutionally invalid—specifically, that he had not been informed of or knowingly waived his rights under the governing guilty plea standard before entering those pleas. The habeas court granted relief, finding the three prior convictions were indeed entered without proper knowledge and voluntary waiver, and therefore the sentence was illegal.

The state appealed, arguing the habeas court should not have considered the merits of the illegal sentence claim because Barker failed to object to the prior convictions at sentencing in 1996 or raise the issue on direct appeal, creating a procedural default. The appellate court agreed that the claim was procedurally barred by default. However, the habeas court could potentially still grant relief if Barker satisfied either the "cause and prejudice" test or showed a substantial miscarriage of justice. Because the habeas court did not acknowledge the procedural default or find cause—and declined to address the ineffective counsel claims that could have provided cause—the court determined the habeas court had not properly analyzed whether the default could be overcome.

Summary generated by law.co from the public-domain opinion. The opinion text itself is public domain.

Key issues

Whether a claim that prior convictions were entered without knowing and voluntary guilty pleas is procedurally barred when not raised at sentencing or on direct appeal
Whether ineffective assistance of appellate counsel can constitute cause to overcome procedural default
Standard for habeas relief when procedural default bars consideration of a constitutional claim

Procedural posture

The Warden appealed the habeas court's grant of relief to Barker on the grounds of procedural default.

Authorities cited

No cited authorities resolved to law.co cases yet.

Opinion · public domain

majority opinion

CARLEY, Presiding Justice.

In 1996, Darion C. Barker was convicted of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. As a result of the admission of five prior convictions based on guilty pleas, Barker was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole pursuant to OCGA §§ 16-13-30 (d) and 17-10-7 (c). The Court of Appeals affirmed. Barker v. State, 226 Ga. App. 747 (487 SE2d 494) (1997). On June 30, 2008, Barker filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus, claiming ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel, and the illegality of his sentence of life without parole based primarily upon the alleged constitutional invalidity of the prior convictions used to enhance that sentence.

After a hearing, the habeas court granted relief, finding that, with respect to a 1993 conviction for possession of marijuana with intent to distribute and 1994 convictions for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute and for possession of marijuana, the State failed to show that Barker was aware of his Boykin rights and knowingly and voluntarily waived them. The habeas court further found that Barker’s current sentence is illegal because, without those three constitutionally invalid prior convictions, he could not have been sentenced to life and would have been eligible for parole. The habeas court specifically declined to address either the validity of the remaining two prior convictions or the ineffectiveness claims, noting that the latter ultimately relate back to the same invalid convictions and illegal sentence. The Warden appeals from the habeas court’s order.

The Warden contends that the habeas court erred in reaching the merits of the illegal sentence claim on which relief was granted, because it is procedurally barred. Indeed, Barker made no objection at sentencing in 1996 that his prior guilty pleas were not knowingly and voluntarily entered.

As [Barker] failed to object “on constitutional grounds to the introduction into evidence at the sentencing phase of. . . prior conviction[s] based on . . . guilty plea[s] . . ., any claim that the guilty plea[s] [were] not entered knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently is waived. (Cit.)” [Cits.]

Robinson v. State, 283 Ga. 229, 231 (2) (657 SE2d 822) (2008). See also Bright v. State, 265 Ga. 265, 286 (20) (455 SE2d 37) (1995); Harden v. State, 239 Ga. App. 700, 701 (2) (521 SE2d 829) (1999). Barker did not raise the issue on direct appeal either. Barker v. State, supra. Thus, the claim that his current sentence was based on involuntary guilty pleas is barred by procedural default unless he shows sufficient reason to set aside that bar. Head v. Ferrell, 274 Ga. 399, 402 (III) (554 SE2d 155) (2001).

Under the “procedural default” rule, the habeas court may consider [Barker’s] defaulted claim only if the “cause and prejudice” test is satisfied or in order to avoid a miscarriage of justice where there has been a substantial denial of constitutional rights. [Cits.]

Chatman v. Mandil, 278 Ga. 488, 489 (604 SE2d 154) (2004). Barker did claim that appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance when she failed to raise the ineffectiveness of trial counsel in failing to inquire into and challenge the allegedly invalid prior convictions. A sufficient showing in support of that claim could satisfy the “cause and prejudice” test applied to procedurally defaulted claims. Head v. Ferrell, supra.

“Georgia law directs habeas courts to ‘consider whether a petitioner has ... complied with Georgia procedural rules at trial and on appeal’ and further provides that ‘absent a showing of cause for noncompliance with such requirement, and of actual prejudice, habeas corpus relief shall not be granted.’ (Cits.)” [Cit.]

Chatman v. Mandil, supra. See also OCGA § 9-14-48 (d).

Although the habeas court here made some finding of prejudice, it failed either to acknowledge the procedural default or to find cause, and it refused to address the claim of ineffective assistance. As a result, we can only conclude that

the habeas court granted relief without having made the preliminary determination concerning whether [Barker] overcame the procedural default. Accordingly, we vacate the habeas court’s grant of relief to [Barker] and remand the case to the habeas court for a determination whether [Barker] can overcome the procedural default by satisfying the “cause and prejudice” test or the “miscarriage of justice” test. [Cit.]

Chatman v. Mandil, supra at 489-490.

Decided May 3, 2010.

Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Benjamin H. Pierman, Assistant Attorney General, for appellant.

Kilpatrick Stockton, Matthew M. Lubozynski, John P Jett, J. Henry Walker IV, for appellee.

Judgment vacated and case remanded with direction.

All the Justices concur.