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Dorian RAGLAND, Petitioner-Appellant v. UNITED STATES of America, Respondent-Appellee

United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit2015-04-29No. No. 14-3748
784 F.3d 1213

Summary

Holding. The court granted the certificate of appealability, vacated the conviction for distribution of heroin resulting in death, and remanded with instructions for the district court to enter judgment on the lesser included offense of distribution of heroin and resentence the defendant accordingly.

Dorian Ragland was convicted of distributing heroin resulting in death, which carried a mandatory minimum sentence of 20 years. The Supreme Court's decision in Burrage v. United States established that prosecutors must prove a defendant's drug distribution was a but-for cause of the victim's death to apply the enhanced penalty. On remand following an earlier appellate decision, the government conceded it could not meet this causation standard and that Burrage applies retroactively to Ragland's case. However, the district court denied relief, reasoning that Ragland's sentence fell within the statutory maximum even without the enhancement, making his claim unsuitable for postconviction review.

The appellate court disagreed with this approach. The court determined that Ragland's challenge attacks not merely his sentence but the validity of his conviction itself, since causation of death is an essential element of the offense of distribution resulting in death. Accordingly, the court found his claim properly cognizable for postconviction relief and granted his request for a certificate of appealability.

Summary generated by law.co from the public-domain opinion. The opinion text itself is public domain.

Key issues

  • Whether a Burrage causation challenge is cognizable under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 when the imposed sentence does not exceed the statutory maximum
  • Whether a challenge to the causation element of an offense implicates the validity of conviction or merely sentence
  • Application of Burrage retroactivity to postconviction review

Procedural posture

The defendant sought a certificate of appealability after the district court denied his § 2255 petition for postconviction relief following remand in light of Burrage v. United States.

Authorities cited

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Opinion

majority opinion

PER CURIAM.

Dorian Ragland requests a certificate of appealability (COA) following the district court’s denial of 28 U.S.C. § 2255 relief from his conviction and sentence for distribution of heroin resulting in death in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (prohibiting distribution of controlled substances), and (b)(1)(C) (if death or serious bodily injury results from use of substance, defendant shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 20 years or more than life). In Ragland v. United States, 756 F.3d 597, 601-02 (8th Cir.2014), we remanded this case to the district court “for further consideration in light of’ Burrage v. United States, 571 U.S.-,-, 134 S.Ct. 881, 892, 187 L.Ed.2d 715 (2014) (holding that, at least where use of the drug distributed by the defendant is not independently sufficient to cause the victim’s death or serious bodily injury, the defendant cannot be liable under the § 841(b)(1)(C) enhancement provision unless the victim’s use of the drug is a but-for cause of the death or injury). On remand, the government conceded it could not prove but-for causation and Burrage applies retroactively, but argued the district court lacked authority to grant § 2255 relief because the enhanced sentence Ragland received did not exceed the maximum statutory sentence without application of the enhancement. Relying on Sun Bear v. United States, 644 F.3d 700, 705-06 (8th Cir.2011) (en banc) (concluding that a collateral attack on the career-offender Guidelines enhancement based on an intervening change in the law was not cognizable under § 2255 where the sentence was within the statutory maximum), the district court concluded that Ragland’s claim was not cognizable under § 2255, denied relief, and denied a COA.

In response to Ragland’s COA request, the government states that after further consideration, it now takes the position that Sun Bear is inapposite because error under Bwrage implicates not just a defendant’s sentence, but also his conviction. We agree Ragland’s claim under Burrage is a challenge to the validity of his conviction for distribution of heroin resulting in death, and therefore is cognizable under § 2255. See Burrage, 571 U.S. at -, 134 S.Ct. at 887 (stating that causation of the victim’s death is an element of the offense of distribution of heroin resulting in death). Accordingly, we grant Rag-land’s COA request, vacate his conviction for distribution of heroin resulting in death, and remand with instructions for the district court to enter judgment on the lesser included offense of distribution of heroin and resentence Ragland for that offense. See, e.g., United States v. Burrage, 747 F.3d 995, 998 (8th Cir.2014) (directing entry of judgment and resentencing for the distribution offense where the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction for that offense, but insufficient to support the conviction for distribution of heroin resulting in death).

. We need not address the question, expressly conceded by the government, whether Rag-land procedurally defaulted his Burrage argument by failing to raise it on direct appeal. See, e.g., United States v. Brewer, 766 F.3d 884, 887 (8th Cir.2014).