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Sarah Mae FLEMMING, Appellant, v. SOUTH CAROLINA ELECTRIC AND GAS COMPANY, a corporation, Appellee

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit1955-07-14No. No. 6995
224 F.2d 752

Summary

Holding. The separate-but-equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson has been repudiated and no longer provides valid justification for racial segregation in transportation, and federal district courts have jurisdiction to hear claims for damages under the Civil Rights Acts when a state law requires such segregation. The decision was reversed and remanded for further proceedings.

A Black woman sued a bus company after its driver required her to move to a different seat pursuant to South Carolina's racial segregation statutes for motor vehicle carriers, claiming this violated her rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. The trial court dismissed the case, relying on the separate-but-equal doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson. The appellate court rejected this reasoning, concluding that Plessy had been repudiated by subsequent Supreme Court decisions addressing segregation in schools and transportation, and that the separate-but-equal standard no longer represented valid constitutional law.

The court also addressed the trial court's implicit jurisdictional concern, holding that federal district courts possess clear authority under federal civil rights statutes to hear such claims. The court determined that the bus company's driver was acting under color of state law when enforcing the segregation statute, making the company's conduct attributable to state action subject to constitutional scrutiny. Accordingly, the dismissal could not stand.

Summary generated by law.co from the public-domain opinion. The opinion text itself is public domain.

Key issues

  • Whether segregation statutes for motor vehicle carriers comply with the Fourteenth Amendment
  • Whether the separate-but-equal doctrine remains valid after Brown v. Board of Education
  • Whether federal courts have jurisdiction over civil rights claims against private entities enforcing state segregation laws
  • Whether a bus company driver acts under color of state law when enforcing state segregation statutes

Procedural posture

The appellant appealed from a trial court order dismissing her damages action for lack of jurisdiction and on the merits based on Plessy v. Ferguson.

Authorities cited

No cited authorities resolved to law.co cases yet.

Opinion

majority opinion

PER CURIAM.

This is an action for damages brought by a Negro woman against a bus company because the driver of the bus required her to change her seat in accordance with the segregation law of South Carolina applicable to motor vehicle carriers, South Carolina Code 1952, §§ 58-1491 to 58-1496, which she claimed to be violative of her rights under the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. There was no diversity of citizenship, and defendant challenged the ’ jurisdiction of the court to entertain the action under the Civil Rights Acts, 42 U.S.C.A. §§ 1981, 1983 and 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3). The trial judge, without discussing the question of jurisdiction, dismissed the case on the ground that state statutes complained of were valid under the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 16 S.Ct. 1138, 41 L.Ed. 256. See Flemming v. South Carolina Electric & Gas Co., D.C., 128 F.Supp. 469. The correctness of that ruling as well as the question of jurisdiction are presented by the appeal.

We do not think that the separate but equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson, supra, can any longer be regarded as a correct statement of the law. That case recognizes segregation of the races by common carriers as being governed by the same principles as segregation in the public schools; and the recent decisions in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 74 S.Ct. 686, 98 L.Ed. 873 and Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497, 74 S.Ct. 693, 98 L.Ed. 884, which relate to public schools, leave no doubt that the separate but equal doctrine approved in Plessy v. Ferguson has been repudiated. That the principle applied in the school cases should be applied in cases involving transportation, appears quite clearly from the recent case of Henderson v. United States, 339 U.S. 816, 70 S.Ct. 843, 94 L.Ed. 1302, where segregation in dining cars was held violative of a section of the interstate commerce act providing against discrimination. The argument that such segregation can be upheld as a proper exercise of the state police power was answered in the case of Dawson v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore City, 4 Cir., 220 F.2d 386, 387, where with respect to segregation in recreational centers we said:

" * * * it is obvious that racial segregation in recreational activities can no longer be sustained as a proper exercise of the police power of the State; for if that power cannot be invoked to sustain racial segregation in the schools, where attendance is compulsory and racial friction may be apprehended from the enforced commingling of the races, it cannot be sustained with respect to public beach and bath-house facilities, the use of which is entirely optional.”

We think that there can be no question as to the jurisdiction of the court. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3) the District Courts are given jurisdiction of actions to redress the deprivation, under color of any state law, of any right, privilege or immunity secured by the Constitution of the United States or by any act of Congress providing for equal rights of citizens. The equal protection of the laws is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution and by 42 U.S.C.A. § 1981, and liability for deprivation of such right is provided by 42 U.S.C.A. § 1983. Plaintiff’s contention is that the defendant corporation, acting under color of state law, denied plaintiff her rights as secured by the Constitution and statutes, in that its driver, acting in accordance with state law, enforced the state segregation statutes against her and required her to change her seat. It is argued that, since the driver is made a police officer of the state by section 58-1494 of the South Carolina Code, his action is not attributable to the defendant; but we think it clear that he was acting for the defendant in enforcing a statute which defendant itself was required by law to enforce. See Code 58-1491. He was thus not only acting for defendant, but also acting under color of state law.

The decision appealed from will be reversed and the case will be remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent herewith.

Reversed and Remanded.