OPINION
ALLARD, Judge.
Following a jury trial, Harold P. Kankan-ton was convicted of two counts of second-degree theft for stealing two access devices. One count involved the theft of various credit cards. The other count involved the theft of a drivers license. The superior court sentenced Kankanton to 3 years to serve on each count with the sentences to run concurrently.
On appeal, Kankanton challenges only his second conviction (the conviction for theft of a drivers license), arguing that a drivers license does not qualify as an access device under Alaska law.
Having reviewed the language and legislative history of the relevant statutes, we conclude that there is minimal support, if any, for the States claim that the legislature intended a drivers license to automatically fall within the definition of an access device. Because the legislative intent is ambiguous, the rule of lenity requires us to construe the statute against the government. We therefore reverse Kankantons conviction for theft of the drivers license.
The definition of am access device under Alaska law
Under AS 11.46.130(a)(7), a person commits second-degree theft if with the intent to deprive another of property, or to appropriate property of another to oneself or a third person, the person obtains the property of another and the property is an access device. The term access device is defined under AS 11.81.900(b)(1):
access device means a card, credit card, plate, code, account number, algorithm, or identification number, including a social security number, electronic serial number, or password, that is capable of being used, alone or in conjunction with another access device or identification document, to obtain property or services, or that can be used to initiate a transfer of property[.]
Under the plain language of this statute, an item is an access device if (1) it falls within the listed categories-a card, credit card, plate, code, account number, algorithm, or identification number, including [but not limited to ] a social security number, electronic serial number, or password-and (2) it is capable of being used, alone or in conjunction with another access device or identification document, to obtain property or services.
The same legislation that enacted this definition of access device separately defined identification document as a paper instrument, or other article used to establish the identity of a person, including a social security card, drivers license, non-drivers identification, birth certificate, passport, employee identification, or hunting or fishing license.
Thus, a drivers license is specifically included in the definition of an identification document, but it is not specifically listed as an access device. The question presented in this appeal is whether we should nevertheless construe the definition of access device to encompass a drivers license because it is a type of card or identification number that could be capable of being used, alone or in conjunction with another access device or identification document, to obtain property or services.
The legislative history of the relevant statutes provides no guidance on this question. During committee discussion of the legislation, a representative of the Alaska Public Defender Agency expressed concern that the definition of access device could potentially be construed to include a drivers license, but committee members did not respond to that concern or indicate whether or not they agreed with it. Accordingly, we must discern the legislatures intent from the face of the relevant statutes and the surrounding discussion of its purpose.
The statutes defining access device and identification document were enacted in 2000 as part of a larger crime bill addressing the problem of identity theft. At the time, the third-degree theft statute criminalized only [theft] of a credit card. The 2000 legislature replaced the term credit card with access device to ensure that the theft of a persons credit card number-or other number or code capable of being used to commit theft electronically-was punishable to the same extent as the theft of a physical credit card.
As part of the same crime bill, the legislature amended other sections of the criminal code to bring it up-to-date with the more technologically sophisticated means through which people improperly access the finances and financial credit of others. The offense of fraudulent use of a credit card thus became fraudulent use of an access device, a class B felony when the offender obtains more than $25,000 in property or services. In other sections of the code, the legislature opted to replace the term eredit card with access device or identification document. Thus, the crime of obtaining a eredit card by fraudulent means became the crime of obtaining an access device or identification document by fraudulent means. The legislature also created the new crime of first-degree criminal impersonation, which makes it a felony to recklessly damage the financial reputation of a person by using the persons access device or identification document without authorization to obtain a false identification document, open an account at a financial institution, obtain an access device, or obtain property or services.
As this discussion makes clear, in the 2000 identity theft bill, the legislature assigned distinct meanings to the terms access device and identification document-enacting separate definitions in AS 11.81.900 and creating some criminal offenses that penalize conduct involving access devices and other criminal offenses that penalize conduct involving both access devices and identification documents.
The State argues that these terms are not mutually exclusive. In its view, a drivers license, like a social security card, can funetion as an identification document and as an access device, because it is potentially capable of being used, alone or in conjunction with another access device or identification document to obtain property or services.
We agree that a drivers license, like an access device, might be used to obtain property or services-for instance, to open a bank account or to obtain credit. But this is potentially true of all the items listed in the definition of identification document, including a birth certificate, passport-even a hunting license. We think if the legislature had intended theft of an access device to mean theft of an access device or an identification document, it would have said so, as it did in other sections of the criminal code.
The State also cites to several federal cases that have treated a drivers license as an access device under federal law. But the federal definition of access device that these cases discuss does not differentiate between access device and identification doe-ument in the same way that the Alaska definition does. In addition, the federal definition to which the State analogizes Alaskas definition applies to the fraudulent use of access devices, not to simple theft.
Having reviewed the legislative history of AS 11.81.900(b)(1) and the larger statutory scheme that was enacted at the same time, we conclude that the legislative intent with regard to whether a drivers license is an access device for purposes of the second-degree theft statute is, at best, ambiguous. We are therefore required by the rule of lenity to construe the definition of this statutory term against the imposition of eriminal liability. Accordingly, we vacate Kankan-tons conviction for second-degree theft of the drivers license and remand this case to the superior court for further proceedings, including to determine whether entry of judgment against Kankanton for fourth-degree theft is appropriate.
Conclusion
We REVERSE Kankantons second-degree theft conviction for theft of a drivers license (Count V) and REMAND to the superior court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
. AS 11.46.130(a)(7).
. AS 11.46.130(a)(7); AS 11.46.100(a)(1).
. AS 11.81.900(b)(31) (defining includes to mean includes but is not limited to).
. AS 11.81.900(b)(1) (emphasis added).
. AS 11.81.900(b)(30); see ch. 65, § 17, SLA 2000.
. AS 11.81.900(b)(1).
. See Minutes of Senate Judiciary Committee, C.S.S.B. 259, testimony of Blair McCune, Deputy Director, Public Defender Agency, Department of Administration, log no. 362 (Mar. 3, 2000).
. See ch. 65, § 17, SLA 2000.
. See former AS 11.46.140(a) (2000). In 2005, the legislature moved theft of an access device to the second-degree theft statute, making it a class C felony instead of a class A misdemeanor. See ch. 67, § 1, SLA 2005.
. See ch. 65, § 3, SLA 2000; see also Minutes of House Finance Committee, C.S.S.B. 259, statement of Rep. Gene Therriault (Apr. 20, 2000) (explaining that theft of an access device was intended to encompass theft of a debit card or other credit device).
. See ch. 65, § 4, SLA 2000 (amending AS 11.46.285).
. AS 11.46.285(b)(1).
. See ch. 65, § 5, SLA 2000 (amending AS 11.46.290).
. See ch. 65, § 6, SLA 2000 (enacting AS 11.46.565).
. AS 11.81.900(b)(1).
. See, e.g., United States v. Jones, 551 F.3d 19, 25-26 (1th Cir.2008) (finding that counterfeiting drivers licenses amounted to producing counterfeit access devices for purposes of base-offense-level enhancement under the federal sentencing guidelines); United States v. Jacobs, 545 Fed.Appx. 365, 367 (6th Cir.2013) (noting in dicta that a counterfeit access device includes a fake drivers license).
. 18 U.S.C. § 1029(e).
. See 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a) (criminalizing conduct related to fraudulent use of access devices); United States v. Blake, 81 F.3d 498, 506 (4th Cir.1996) (noting that 18 U.S.C. 1029(a) does not criminalize theft of access devices); cf. La.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 14:70.4(D)(1) (defining access device as including drivers license numbers only in context of statute criminalizing access device fraud and requiring proof of intent to defraud).
. See Haywood v. State, 193 P.3d 1203, 1206 (Alaska App.2008); State v. ABC Towing, 954 P.2d 575, 579 (Alaska App.1998).
. See former AS 11.46.150(a) (2011) (theft of property worth less than 50 dollars); see also former AS 28.15.271 (2011) (setting fee for duplicate drivers license at 15 dollars).