IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION ONE
In the Matter of the Domestic Violence No. 87675-9-I
Protection Order for
GILLIAN TIMAEUS, ORDER GRANTING
MOTION TO PUBLISH
Respondent,
and
CHRIS TIMAEUS,
Appellant.
Non-party Northwest Justice Project has moved to publish the opinion filed
on June 9, 2025. Appellant Chris Timaeus and Respondent Gillian Timaeus filed
answers. A panel of the court has reconsidered its prior determination not to
publish the opinion for the above entitled matter, and has found that it is of
precedential value and should be published.
Now, therefore it is hereby
ORDERED that the written opinion, filed on June 9, 2025, shall be
published and printed in the Washington Appellate Reports.
FOR THE COURT:
Judge
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Domestic Violence No. 87675-9-I
Protection Order for
GILLIAN TIMAEUS, DIVISION ONE
Respondent,
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
and
CHRIS TIMAEUS,
Appellant.
SMITH, J. — Gillian and Chris Timaeus are married and share a minor
child. In January 2024, Gillian petitioned for a domestic violence protection order
(DVPO). Following a hearing where both parties were represented by counsel,
the superior court commissioner granted the DVPO. Chris moved for revision,
which the court denied. The court then granted Gillian’s request for attorney
fees.
Chris appeals, asserting that substantial evidence does not support the
finding that he engaged in coercive control, that the commissioner erred in
interpreting the term “coercive control,” that the court erred in denying his motion
for revision, and that the court erred in awarding Gillian fees. Finding no error,
we affirm and grant Gillian’s request for fees on appeal.
No. 87675-9-I/2
FACTS
Petition
Gillian and Chris Timaeus are married and share one minor child, A.T.1 In
January 2024, Gillian petitioned for a domestic violence protection order (DVPO)
against Chris. The most recent incident Gillian alleged in her petition is that in
December 2023, Chris pointed a flashlight at her and A.T. while she was nursing
in the early morning. Angry that Gillian had continued to nurse A.T. despite his
instructions to the contrary, Chris asked her why she was nursing, informed her
that nursing at night was the reason A.T. did not sleep through the night, and
berated her for interfering with his own sleep. Later that morning, Chris told A.T.
that, “Papa doesn’t get to be happy and cheerful because his wife is a selfish
c[**]t.” He then refused to watch A.T. until the nanny arrived, despite the fact that
he had the day off and Gillian was late for a meeting.
Gillian’s petition also described a number of past incidents of domestic
violence and coercive control. In October 2023, following a disagreement, Chris
stated he no longer “had the requisite trust” to remain married to Gillian. When
Gillian attempted to continue the conversation, Chris stated, “I don’t give a f[**]k if
we talk.” He then removed the mattress Gillian had placed for herself in her
daughter’s room, again calling her a “cold, unfeeling c[**]t.” Gillian had placed
the mattress in A.T.’s room at her therapist’s suggestion, in an attempt to avoid
conflict.
1 Because the parties share a last name, we use their first names for the sake of clarity.
2
No. 87675-9-I/3
Also in October, Gillian described Chris’s anger when she wanted to take
A.T. trick or treating. Seemingly unhappy that Gillian had made a choice as to
A.T.’s costume without his input, Chris brought up Gillian’s past history of
abortions, berating her for being an irresponsible parent. Her earlier decision to
have an abortion meant to Chris, that she might “want to kill a[nother] child
because commitment means nothing to [her.]” This was not the first time Chris
had used Gillian’s reproductive choices against her. And when Gillian took A.T.
to nurse that evening, Chris berated her for “pandering to [A.T.].” The following
morning, when she could not find A.T.’s age-appropriate car seat, Gillian
believed Chris had hidden the car seat to prevent her from leaving with A.T.
Gillian next recounted how Chris planned to kill her cat, told her to leave
the home without A.T., and threatened to file for divorce. In September 2023, the
family cat scratched A.T. after the family dog spooked it. Unhappy with the
scratch, Chris began talking about euthanizing the cat, noting that he could call
animal control but that he would rather do it in the backyard with a shovel. He
threatened to board up the office window, which was the cat’s usual point of entry
into the home, told Gillian to leave the home when she objected, and threatened
to file for divorce. When Gillian opened the window again, Chris called her
“f[**]king daft” and told her she was “playing hardball. . . it gets a lot worse.”
Gillian relayed these events to her therapist as they happened and her therapist
encouraged her to call the domestic violence hotline.
Finally, Gillian described how, eight days before she filed her petition,
Chris responded to a disagreement by threatening to “check[] out of life.” When
3
No. 87675-9-I/4
Gillian asked Chris to use his day off to watch A.T. because the nanny was sick,
Chris complained this “meant he couldn’t go snowboarding,” and then stated “I
hate this life,” and “I’ve thought about checking out.” Gillian understood this to
mean that he might hurt himself.
Gillian requested that the order restrain Chris from harming Gillian and
from making any contact outside of e-mail. The petition also sought an order
requiring Chris to remain at least 1,000 feet away from Gillian’s residence and
vehicle. The initial petition did not restrain Chris’s contact with A.T.
Temporary Order
The superior court commissioner entered a temporary DVPO protecting
Gillian from Chris pending a hearing on her request for a final order. The
temporary order included no harm and no contact restrictions for both Gillian and
A.T. It did not provide an e-mail exception to the provision of the order.
In response to Gillian’s petition, Chris submitted a declaration denying
most of Gillian’s claims and providing alternative contexts to the actions he
conceded. To support his claims, Chris submitted copies of text messages
between Gillian and himself, images of A.T., and copies of Gillian’s journal
entries. He also introduced a declaration from a friend who spoke highly of his
parenting but did not reference or dispute any assertion of domestic violence.
In reply, Gillian disputed Chris’s version of events, providing further details
about the incidents she described in her petition and introducing her own
contemporaneous journal entries documenting Chris’s behavior. She also
introduced declarations from family, friends, and her therapist, who all provided
4
No. 87675-9-I/5
extensive documentation of Gillian’s isolation as a result of the relationship with
Chris. Each declaration noted the differences in her behavior and how removed
she became from her normal routines.
Hearing
In February 2024, the parties appeared for a hearing before the superior
court commissioner to address a final protection order. Neither Gillian nor Chris
testified; both relying on their declarations. Following a recitation of Gillian and
Chris’s respective arguments, the commissioner determined that Gillian was a
credible witness and that although Chris indicated he did not intend to harm
Gillian, he had done so. The commissioner emphasized Chris’s name-calling,
the flashlight, the removal of the mattress, and the threats to the cat. The
commissioner specifically stated, “All of these are forms of coercive control, and
as such, they cause emotional and psychological harm.” The court determined
that Gillian had met her burden of proving coercive control and granted the
DVPO. The final order did not restrict Chris’s contact with A.T. or affect custody.
Motion for Revision
Following the grant of the order, Chris moved for revision with the superior
court. The motion asserted that the commissioner had erred in granting the
protection order because Chris’s conduct had not sufficiently interfered with
Gillian’s free will and personal liberty. As Gillian’s reply emphasized, however,
Chris’s motion failed to comply with several local rules and the statutory time
limit. Based on the lack of compliance with local rules, the superior court denied
Chris’s motion for revision. The court then awarded Gillian attorney fees.
5
No. 87675-9-I/6
Chris appeals both the motion for revision and the commissioner’s grant of
the DVPO.
ANALYSIS
Motion for Revision
Chris asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion for revision
because he timely and properly served the motion. Because Chris did not
properly serve the motion and does not challenge the trial court’s findings that he
did not comply with other local rules, we disagree.
We review the denial of a motion for revision for an abuse of discretion. In
re Receivership of Applied Restoration, Inc., 28 Wn. App. 2d 881, 890, 539 P.3d
837 (2023), review denied, 3 Wn.3d 1012 (2024) . A court abuses its discretion
when its decision is “ ‘manifestly unreasonable, or exercised on untenable
grounds, or for untenable reasons.’ ” Applied Restoration, 28 Wn. App. 2d at
891(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting MONY Life Ins. Co. v. Cissne
Fam., LLC, 135 Wn. App. 948, 952-53, 148 P.3d 1065 (2006)). Unchallenged
findings of fact are verities on appeal. Jubitz Corp. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 31 Wn.
App. 2d 898, 907, 553 P.3d 700 (2024).
Pierce County local rules (PCLR) provide filing requirements specific to
motions for revision. PCLR 7(a)(12). The requesting party must file the motion
to revise within 10 days of the challenged order. PCLR 7(a)(12)(A). The
requesting party must provide the superior court with “copies of all documents
submitted by all parties that were considered by the Court Commissioner in
making the decision sought to be revised.” PCLR 7(a)(12). The requesting party
6
No. 87675-9-I/7
must “state with specificity any portion of the Commissioner’s order or judgment
sought to be revised.” PCLR 7(a)(12)(C). And when the commissioner’s order is
based on sworn testimony, Pierce County requires a transcript of the
proceedings. PCLR 7(a)(12)(e).
In addition to filing requirements, Pierce County local rules detail the
procedure required for appropriate service. PCLGR 30(b)(5), 30(b)(6)(B). All
represented parties must serve all documents through the e-filing system at the
time of filing. PCLGR 30(b)(5).
Here, Chris does not challenge the trial court’s findings that he failed to
provide the court with copies of all considered documents, that he failed to
provide a transcript of the proceedings, or that he failed to specify the portions of
the order for which is sought revision.2 In failing to challenge those findings,
Chris acknowledges his failure to comply with local rules.
The only finding that Chris does challenge is the superior court’s finding
that he failed to properly serve his motion. Chris states that the court erred
because it “claims that he failed to ‘properly serve’ his motion with[in] ten days of
the hearing, but the rules do not require service with[in] ten days of the hearing.”
The court did not err. Chris filed his motion for revision on February 29, 2024.
His attorney filed notice of intent to withdraw on March 4, 2024. Therefore, Chris
2 This court has concern that denying the motion for revision based on lack of specificity is inappropriate because Chris challenges the entirety of the order. Further specificity would not provide any more clarity on his challenge, as he asserts not enough evidence supports the protection order in general. But given Chris’s failure to challenge the trial court’s finding and his failure to comply with other local rules, we nonetheless conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.
7
No. 87675-9-I/8
was represented at the time of filing. Because he was represented, Pierce
County rules required that Chris serve his motion through the count e-filing
system. He did not do so.
Given the unchallenged findings that Chris failed to comply with local rules
and the lack of appropriate service, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying Chris’s motion for revision.
Substantial Evidence
Chris next contends that the commissioner erred in granting the DVPO
because substantial evidence does not support the finding that Chris engaged in
coercive control. Because sufficient evidence exists to persuade a fair-minded
person that Chris engaged in coercive control, we again disagree.
We review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a request for a
protection order for an abuse of discretion. Cox v. Fulmer, 31 Wn. App. 2d 485,
489, 555 P.3d 431 (2024). A court abuses its discretion if its decision is
manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or reasons. In re
Marriage of Chandola, 180 Wn.2d 632, 642, 327 P.3d 644 (2014). Our review
focuses on the actions of the trial court, rather than the commissioner, because a
trial court’s order on a motion for revision supersedes any rulings by a
commissioner. Cox, 31 Wn. App. 2d at 489. When a trial court denies a motion
for revision, it adopts the commissioner’s findings, conclusions, and rulings as its
8
No. 87675-9-I/9
own. State ex. rel. J.V.G. v. Van Guilder, 137 Wn. App. 417, 423, 154 P.3d 243
(2007).3
We review a trial court’s findings of fact for substantial evidence, generally
deferring to the trier of fact on questions of witness credibility, conflicting
testimony, and persuasiveness of the evidence. In re Vulnerable Adult Petition
for Knight, 178 Wn. App. 929, 936-37, 317 P.3d 1068 (2014). Evidence is
substantial when sufficient to persuade a fair-minded person of the truth of the
matter asserted. In re Marriage of Black, 188 Wn.2d 114, 127, 392 P.3d 1041
(2017). “Competent evidence sufficient to support the trial court’s decision to
grant . . . a domestic violence protection order may contain hearsay or be wholly
documentary.” Blackmon v. Blackmon, 155 Wn. App. 715, 722, 230 P.3d 233
(2010).
RCW 7.105.225 directs courts to grant protection orders if they find, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that “the petitioner has been subjected to
domestic violence by the respondent.” Domestic violence includes “coercive
control,” defined as “a pattern of behavior that is used to cause another to suffer
physical, emotional, or psychological harm, and in purpose or effect
unreasonably interferes with a person’s free will and personal liberty.”
RCW 7.105.010(4)(a). When determining whether interference is unreasonable,
3 Here, the trial court denied Chris’s motion without reaching the merits. Based on the court’s language, it is difficult to determine whether the court intended to adopt the commissioner’s order as its own or simply decided not to reach the issue because the motion was not properly before the court. Despite that lack of clarity, because the trial court denied the revision, we proceed as though it adopted the commissioner’s order.
9
No. 87675-9-I/10
the court considers the context and impact of the behavior “from the perspective
of a similarly situated person.” RCW 7.105.010(4)(a).
The statute also provides a variety of specific examples of coercive
control, including communicating an intent to harm the other party’s pets, an
intent to attempt suicide or other acts of self-harm, or engaging in reproductive
coercion. RCW 7.105.010(4)(a)(i)(A), -(E)(I), -(E)(III), -(H). Other broader
examples include, “[c]ausing dependence, confinement, or isolation of the other
party from friends, relatives, or other sources of support”; “[c]ontrolling, exerting
undue influence over, interfering with, regulating, or monitoring the other party’s
movements”; and “[e]ngaging in psychological aggression, including inflicting
fear, humiliating, degrading, or punishing the other party.”
RCW 7.105.010(4)(a)(ii), (iv), (vi).
Gillian asserts that we need not address the merits of Chris’s challenge to
the commissioner’s order at all because this appeal arises from the superior
court’s ruling on revision, not the granting of the DVPO. But because the trial
court denied Chris’s motion, it adopted the commissioner’s findings, conclusions,
and rulings as its own. Because the original order stands, and Chris appealed
the original order in addition to the denial of his motion for revision, we next
consider the merits of his argument.
Chris maintains that the commissioner abused their discretion in granting
Gillian’s petition because Gillian failed to meet her burden of providing domestic
violence by a preponderance of the evidence. We disagree and conclude that
substantial evidence supports the commissioner’s finding that Chris subjected
10
No. 87675-9-I/11
Gillian to domestic violence. Through her initial petition and supplemental
declarations, Gillian provided significant evidence that Chris’s behavior met both
the express examples and broader concepts detailed in the statute.
Beginning with the express examples, Gillian documented Chris’s threats
to her cat, his statements indicating that he might harm himself, and his repeated
degradation based on her past reproductive choices. Taking each in turn, Gillian
provided substantial evidence that Chris’s behavior met the clear examples of
coercive control outlined in the statute.
First, Gillian described Chris’s threats to kill her cat in the backyard with a
shovel. She also recounted how when she opened her office window, the cat’s
usual point of entry, Chris swore at her, slammed the window shut, and informed
her that things could get a lot worse.
Gillian then detailed how Chris described feeling lonely and despondent,
stating “I hate this life,” and “I’ve thought about checking out.” Gillian connected
this behavior to Chris’s expression of emotional neglect within the marriage and
believed he would hurt himself. He declined Gillian’s suggestions to return to
therapy.
Gillian also documented how Chris repeatedly brought up Gillian’s past
history of abortions in arguments. He regularly used Gillian’s past choices, which
conflicted with the choice he would have made, as evidence that she was an
irresponsible parent, that she might “want to kill a child because commitment
means nothing to [her],” and seemingly as a trump card simply to win an
argument.
11
No. 87675-9-I/12
Turning to the broader examples listed in the statute, Gillian also provided
extensive evidence that Chris attempted to monitor and regulate her movements
and behavior and that he regularly attempted in inflict fear and humiliation,
sometimes in front of their child.
The regulation and control took multiple forms. Describing the most
recent incident of coercive control, Gillian stated that Chris pointed a flashlight at
her while she was nursing because he no longer wanted her to nurse their child.
The flashlight beam and Chris’s anger at finding Gillian nursing exemplify Chris’s
attempts to regulate Gillian’s behavior. Removing the bed Gillian placed in A.T.’s
room also impacted Gillian’s ability to nurse, as well as to her ability to maintain
her own space.
In addition to attempting to regulate Gillian’s nursing, Gillian provided
evidence that Chris attempted to regulate both her time and movement. To the
former, Gillian described multiple incidents where Chris refused to watch A.T.,
despite having time off work. This forced Gillian to either miss or arrive late to
her own obligations. And to the latter, Gillian indicated that Chris hid the ageappropriate car seat, making it impossible for Gillian to leave the home with A.T.
Gillian only located the car seat when she suggested that all three do something
together.
And as detailed above, most incidents involved some sort of fear or
humiliation. Gillian provided substantial evidence, including contemporaneous
journal entries, documenting Chris’s regular use of derogatory language. And as
exemplified by Chris informing A.T. that “Papa doesn’t get to be happy and
12
No. 87675-9-I/13
cheerful because his wife is a selfish c[**]t,” that humiliation took place in front of
and was sometimes directed to their child.
Gillian’s friends and family then provided documentation of Gillian’s
isolation as a result of her relationship with Chris. Her mother, brother, close
friend, and therapist all noted the differences in her behavior and how removed
Gillian became from her normal life and routines over the course of her
relationship, evidencing Chris’s attempts to isolate Gillian.
Chris provides alternative contexts for the evidence that Gillian laid out,
often stating that she misconstrued or misrepresented the circumstances. But
the commissioner expressly found Gillian to be a credible witness and that
significant evidence corroborates Gillian’s statements.
Given the extent of Gillian’s evidence and the commissioner’s clear
determination that Gillian was a credible witness, substantial evidence supports
the conclusion that Chris’s behavior met the definition of coercive control under
RCW 7.105.010.
Statutory Interpretation
Chris then asserts that, in granting the DVPO, the commissioner erred in
interpreting RCW 7.105.010. We conclude that the commissioner appropriately
interpreted the statute.
We review statutory interpretation de novo. DeSean v. Sanger, 2 Wn. 3d
329, 334-35, 536 P.3d 191 (2023). “The goal of statutory interpretation is to give
effect to the legislature’s intentions.” DeSean, 2 Wn.3d at 335. In determining
the plain meaning of a statute, we look to the text of the statute, as well as its
13
No. 87675-9-I/14
broader context and the statutory scheme as a whole. State v. Ervin, 169 Wn.2d
815, 820, 239 P.3d 354 (2010). Only if the plain text is susceptible to more than
one interpretation do we turn to statutory construction, legislative history, and
relevant case law to determine legislative intent. Ervin, 169 Wn.2d at 820.
1. Specific Findings
First, Chris alleges that the commissioner made no findings that he
engaged in a “pattern of behavior” or that his behavior “unreasonably interfered”
with Gillian’s “free will and personal liberty,” and therefore erred in finding that
domestic violence by coercive control existed. Because Chris cites no authority
requiring the commissioner to make such an express finding on the record, we
disagree and affirm.
RCW 7.105.225(5) requires the court to expressly state the reasons for its
decision only when it declines to issue an order of protection.
Here, the commissioner granted Gillian’s petition for a DVPO. Therefore,
the commissioner was not required to state in writing the particular reasons for
their decision. Chris provides no authority to the contrary. And as evidenced
above, ample evidence supports the commissioner’s findings. We conclude that
the commissioner appropriately interpreted the statute and imposed the order.
2. Intent Requirement
Chris also claims that, because the pattern of behavior needs to be “used to
cause another to suffer,” the commissioner’s determination that Chris did not
intend to cause harm undermines a finding of coercive control. He then states
that we should find that “some greater level of intent is required” to find a party
14
No. 87675-9-I/15
guilty of coercive control. Because Chris misrepresents the commissioner’s
finding and the plain language of the statute does not require intent, we again
disagree and do not impose an intent requirement that the statute does not
provide.
Generally, protection orders based on conduct that “society has a strong
interest in deterring” do not contain mens rea requirements. DeSean, 2 Wn.3d
at 338. And “where the legislature intends to include a mens rea requirement, it
does so.” DeSean, 2 Wn.3d at 337. In considering petitions for protection
orders, we “presume that the omission of intent or knowledge in certain
protection orders, and its inclusion in others, is deliberate.” DeSean, 2 Wn.3d
at 338.
To reiterate, RCW 7.105.010(4)(a) defines coercive control as “a pattern of
behavior that is used to cause another to suffer physical, emotional, or
psychological harm, and in purpose or effect unreasonably interferes with a
person’s free will and personal liberty.” (Emphasis added.)
Chris first suggests that the commissioner’s finding that he did not intent to
harm Gillian undermines the finding of coercive control. But Chris misrepresents
the commissioner’s finding. Chris states that the commissioner found that “Chris
‘had no intent to harm his spouse or engage in coercive control.’ ” But the
commissioner actually determined that “[Chris] indicated he had no intent to harm
[his] spouse or engage in coercive control.” (Emphasis added.) The finding only
details what Chris indicated his intent to be, not what his intent actually was.
15
No. 87675-9-I/16
Chris then maintains that the “use” language in the statute implies an
intent requirement. But the legislature did not define coercive control as a
pattern of behavior that is used by the respondent with an intent to cause the
petitioner harm. Rather, the legislature focused on whether the petitioner was
subject to a particular kind of harm, regardless of whether the respondent
intended to use it that way. The rest of the definition then states that coercive
control is a pattern that “in purpose or effect unreasonably interferes.” Therefore,
the effect of the conduct is sufficient to prove coercive control, separating effect
from purpose or intent. And in determining whether the interference is
unreasonable, the court looks to the context and impact of the pattern of behavior
from the perspective of a similarly situated person,” indicating an objective focus
on the conduct and petitioner rather than the respondent’s mens rea. The
examples provided in the statute compound this focus, emphasizing an abuser’s
objective conduct and the effects on the victim.
Considering the plain language of the statute and working under the
presumption that that the omission of an intent requirement is intentional, we
conclude that the statute does not require a finding of intent. Therefore, even if
Chris had not misrepresented the commissioner’s finding, his intent or lack
thereof, is irrelevant.
Attorney Fees
Lastly, Gillian requests attorney fees on appeal. We award fees.
RAP 18.1 permits a party to request attorney fees on appeal where
applicable law grants them that right. We may award attorney fees where
16
No. 87675-9-I/17
allowed by statute, rule, or contract. Aiken v. Aiken, 187 Wn.2d 491, 506, 387
P.3d 680 (2017). And “if attorney fees are allowable at trial, the prevailing party
may recover fees on appeal.” Aiken, 187 Wn.2d at 506. Under RCW
7.105.310(1)(j), courts have discretion to “reimburse the petitioner for costs
incurred in bringing the [domestic violence protection order] action, including
reasonable attorneys’ fees.”
We affirm and grant Gillian’s request for fees.
WE CONCUR:
17