NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court
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official text of the opinion.
In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: May 31, 2023
S23A0111. HEAD v. THE STATE.
LAGRUA, Justice.
Appellant Dennaryl Head was convicted of felony murder and
other crimes in connection with the shooting death of Dwight
Smith. 1 On appeal, Head contends that (1) the evidence presented
1 Smith was shot on November 24, 2006, and died on December 6. On
March 30, 2007, a Fulton County grand jury indicted Head, Miche Hunt,
Michael Smith, and Christopher Sutton for malice murder (Count 1), felony
murder (Counts 2-4), two counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon
(Counts 5-6), attempted armed robbery (Count 11), and two counts of
possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (Counts 12-13). Head,
Hunt, Michael, and Sutton were also each indicted for conspiracy to commit
the crime of armed robbery (Counts 7-10), and Head was separately indicted
for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (Count 14).
Prior to trial, one of the counts of possession of a firearm during the
commission of a felony (Count 13) was dismissed. In November 2008, Head,
Hunt, and Sutton were jointly tried, but Head’s felon-in-possession count
(Count 14) was bifurcated. On November 14, 2008, a jury acquitted Head of
malice murder, but found him guilty on all other counts. After waiving his right
to a jury trial on the felon-in-possession count, Head was acquitted at a bench
trial on November 17.
The trial court merged two of the counts of felony murder (Counts 3-4),
one count of aggravated assault (Count 5), conspiracy to commit armed robbery
at trial was legally insufficient to sustain the verdict against him
under former OCGA § 24-4-8, and (2) the trial court abused its
discretion under former OCGA § 24-3-1 by admitting hearsay
testimony from a police detective. We conclude that the evidence was
sufficient under former OCGA § 24-4-8 because the testimony of
Head’s accomplice was sufficiently corroborated. And, pretermitting
whether the trial court erred in admitting the challenged testimony,
(Count 7), and attempted armed robbery (Count 11) into one count of felony
murder (Count 2). Although the trial court purported to merge Counts 3 and 4
into Count 2, they were actually vacated by operation of law. See Malcolm v.
State, 263 Ga. 369, 371-372 (4) (434 SE2d 479) (1993). The trial court sentenced
Head to serve life in prison with the possibility of parole, plus an additional
five years.
On November 24, 2008, Head filed a motion for new trial, which was
amended on October 26, 2011, and again on October 30. The first hearing on
the motion for a new trial occurred on August 1, 2012. Head’s trial counsel
requested “at least twenty-four hours” to file a post-hearing brief. The posthearing brief was never filed. The State filed a motion to dismiss the pending
motion for new trial on December 15, 2014, stating that the motion had
“remained pending without any activity” since it was filed. Head, acting pro se,
responded to the State’s motion and renewed his motion for a new trial on
January 20, 2015. Trial counsel voluntarily surrendered his license to practice
law in Georgia on October 5, 2015. On December 16, 2016, the State then filed
a motion seeking a status conference or scheduling order concerning Head’s
motion for a new trial. On July 27, 2020, Head’s appellate counsel filed an entry
of appearance and amended the motion for new trial a fourth time on October
16. Following the second hearing on Head’s motion for a new trial, the trial
court denied the motion on April 13, 2022. Head filed a timely notice of appeal
and the case was docketed to this Court’s term beginning in December 2022
and submitted for a decision on the briefs.
2
we conclude that any error was harmless.
1. The evidence presented at trial showed that, on the evening
of November 24, 2006, Head called Michael Smith, 2 Head’s coindictee, to ask if he “still need[ed] some money.” Michael responded
that he did, and Head instructed him to come by Head’s house.
According to Michael, he was friends with Head, spoke to Head
almost every day, and at some point had mentioned to Head that he
needed money to pay off a traffic ticket and help support his father.
That evening, multiple people met at Head’s home, whom
Michael identified as: Head, Miche Hunt (Head’s girlfriend),
Christopher Sutton, Jamilah Jarboe (Sutton’s girlfriend), and a man
named “Sin.” 3 Head devised a plan for robbing “the tattoo guy”—
Smith—and assigned roles to everyone. Michael and Sutton were
supposed to be the “two guys doing the robbing,” and Hunt was
“supposed to play the role of the girl getting the tattoo.” Sin and
Jarboe sat and listened but did not participate in the conversation.
2Michael Smith bears no relation to the victim.
3Sin (also referred to as Yassin) was never identified and was not located
by law enforcement.
3
Head told everyone that the robbery would take place at the “tattoo
guy’s house” and that it would be “easy, simple, in and out.” Head
wanted Michael and Sutton to carry guns during the robbery.
Michael told Head that he did not have a gun, and Head provided
him with a .45-caliber handgun that was “nickel-plated at the top
with a black bottom.”
After spending about an hour at Head’s house, Michael, Hunt,
Sutton, Jarboe, and Sin all left to drive to Smith’s house located on
Godfrey Drive in Atlanta, with Jarboe driving the group. Head did
not go with the group because he had to stay behind to watch the
two children he shared with Hunt. The group arrived at Smith’s
house around 7:00 or 8:00 p.m. As they exited the car, Michael saw
Sutton pull a chrome gun out from underneath his seat. Sin and
Jarboe waited outside with the car while Michael, Hunt, and Sutton
walked up to the home, and knocked on the door. Smith’s younger
cousin, later identified as Khiry Clemmons, answered the door.
Hunt sat down with Smith and began discussing ideas and pricing
for a tattoo. Hunt then got up and went to the bathroom, and Sutton
4
pulled his gun on Smith. Michael pulled out his gun, as well, and
ordered Clemmons to the ground. Clemmons complied, but Smith
jumped for Sutton’s gun. Smith and Sutton tussled over the gun, and
the gun went off. Michael saw Smith hit the ground, assumed he had
been shot, and then ran out the front door, followed by Sutton and
Hunt. The three of them got into the car with Jarboe and Sin, and
the group headed back to Head’s home. After the group returned to
Head’s home and told Head what occurred, Head told Hunt that “he
needed to have his number changed on his phone,” and Hunt
responded that she had already planned on changing it. Shortly
after this discussion, Michael returned the .45-caliber gun to Head
and walked home. Michael was later identified by law enforcement
through interviews with other witnesses and ultimately pled guilty
to his participation in the shooting.
After the shooting occurred, Clemmons called 911, and Atlanta
Police Department (“APD”) officers responded to Smith’s house. An
APD homicide detective arrived on the scene at approximately 8:37
p.m. and took over the investigation. The detective interviewed
5
Clemmons at the scene, and based on that interview and Smith’s
phone records, he estimated that the shooting occurred between 7:25
p.m. and 7:54 p.m. Smith was transported to Grady Hospital and
died from complications of his injury 12 days later.
The detective took possession of Smith’s cell phone after the
shooting and was able to confirm that Smith’s phone number ended
in 3137. Cell phone records for Smith’s phone number show multiple
phone calls between Smith’s phone and a number ending in 3159
between 7:24 p.m. on November 22, 2006, and 4:36 p.m. on
November 23. On the day of the shooting, November 24, there were
multiple calls between Smith’s phone and the 3159 number between
11:00 a.m. and 6:42 p.m. On November 22, 23, and 24, the phone
records for the phone number ending in 3159 also showed numerous
calls to a number ending in 5023. Testimony from phone record
custodians showed that the number ending in 5023 was a Sprint
account registered to Jamilah Jarboe and the number ending in
3159 was a Metro PCS account registered to Tony Brown. The
detective testified that it was not uncommon with Metro PCS
6
accounts for the person using the phone number to have a different
name than the one listed on the account. The detective pulled the
phone records for the 3159 number, identified one number4 that had
been called multiple times per day from the 3159 number, and called
that number in an attempt to identify the user of the 3159 number.
Based on that call, the detective determined that the 3159 number
was being used by Head.5 Phone records showed that, at 8:04 p.m.,
shortly after the shooting, the 3159 number dialed 611. The Metro
PCS representative testified that (1) one of the ways to change a cell
phone number on a Metro PCS account was to call 611 and (2) the
3159 phone number was changed, but he could not say what time
the number was changed.
The detective put together two photo lineups, one that included
a photo of Head and another that included a photo of Hunt. The
4 The detective did not testify to which number he was referring, and it
is not clear from the record what number he called or who picked up that call.
5 The trial court admitted this testimony over objections from Head.
Head contends that the trial court erred in allowing this testimony to stand,
the merits of which we discuss in Division 3.
7
detective showed these lineups to Clemmons, who identified Head
and Hunt. 6 Using this identification, the detective obtained arrest
warrants for Head and Hunt.
When Head was arrested on January 2, 2007, a .45-caliber
“nickel-plated” gun with a “black bottom” fell from his waistband
and was retrieved by law enforcement. The gun was introduced at
trial and identified by Michael as the gun Head gave him to commit
the robbery against Smith. The murder weapon was never
recovered. After arresting Head, the detective attempted to verify
whether Head was using the 3159 cell phone number and asked
Head what phone number he was using. The detective testified that
Head “danced around the question during his interview” and
“claimed he did not remember what [his cell phone number] was,”
but Head ultimately told the detective that the 3159 number had
been changed and that he was using the new number. Phone records
6 Clemmons later recanted his identification of Head when the detective
told Clemmons that Clemmons was mistaken that he saw Head in the house
the night of the shooting.
8
indicated that the 3159 number was changed to a number ending in
4019.7 Head did not admit to using the 3159 number and stated that
Hunt had changed the cell phone number. Head denied being at any
meeting where there was a discussion about robbing Smith, “the
tattoo guy,” and when the detective asked if Head went to Smith’s
home, Head responded that he did not and instead “stayed at the
residence.”
After Hunt was arrested, she told the detective that she had
used the 3159 number and admitted that she changed the phone
number. The detective testified that, during her interview, Hunt
identified Michael and told the detective how he could contact
Michael. Hunt also told the detective during her interview that she
was at a residence with a group of people to plan the robbery of
Smith and that she and four other people from the group then went
to Smith’s home.
7 The Metro PCS records for the Tony Brown account show that on
November 24, the 3159 line was disconnected and a number ending in 4019
was activated to replace it. The specific time the number was changed is not
provided in the record.
9
Jarboe testified that she was Sutton’s girlfriend and had
provided a written statement to detectives a couple of months after
the shooting. Jarboe’s statement about the events on the day of the
shooting provided:
Me and [Sutton] went over to his friend[’]s house named
Sin . . . . We got there and in the house was Sin and three
other people now they was chill and talking then Head
started telling [Sutton] that his girl need a ride ova to this
tat[t]oo guy house to get one on her back[. . . .] Sin [and]
I guess Mike rode with us[.] I drove there[.] [T]hen
everyone got out but me [and] Sin[.] [T]hey was in the
house for a few[,] came out talking loud[,] tell[ing] me to
drive off.
Despite being granted immunity, Jarboe was treated as a
hostile witness for the State and testified that she did not know
anyone named Head and only wrote that name in her statement
because the detective told her to do so. She also denied knowing
anyone named Miche Hunt or Michael Smith, but stated that she
did know someone named “Yassin” or “Sin.” She testified that she
just wanted to “make [her] statement make sense to [the detective]”
so she could “go home.”
Jarboe testified that she drove a group of people to a tattoo
10
parlor so that “Sin’s girlfriend” could get a tattoo. She testified that
she was the only person using the 5023 number and that she did not
know why there was a call from her number to Smith’s phone at
approximately 7:22 p.m. the evening of the shooting.
The morning after the shooting, Belinda Chaney, who
identified herself as Smith’s girlfriend, called the detective. Chaney
testified that she would periodically call Smith’s clients to confirm
their tattoo appointments, especially when those clients did not
answer Smith’s calls. Chaney testified that, on November 22, she
called a number to follow up with a woman who was supposed to get
a tattoo later that day. Although Chaney could not remember the
specific phone number, it was determined that she called a number
ending in 3159.8 When Chaney called the number, the woman who
answered told Chaney that she was still coming to get her tattoo
that day, but that she was waiting on childcare and needed to get a
ride. Chaney testified that this woman was supposed to come and
8The detective testified that he pulled the phone number from Chaney’s
phone when she came to the homicide office for an interview.
11
get her tattoo on November 22, but never showed up for her
appointment. Clemmons testified that this was the same woman
who came to get a tattoo on the night of the shooting because
Clemmons was with Smith when Smith received the calls from the
woman, and he overheard parts of their conversation. 9
2. Head contends that the evidence adduced at trial was legally
insufficient to sustain the verdict against him under former OCGA
§ 24-4-8, the statute in effect at the time of Head’s trial. 10 Former
OCGA § 24-4-8 provided:
The testimony of a single witness is generally sufficient to
establish a fact. However, in certain cases, including
prosecutions for treason, prosecutions for perjury, and
9 Clemmons’s uncontroverted testimony at trial was that the woman who
showed up at Smith’s home the night of the shooting was the same woman who
missed her appointment earlier in the week. No further information about
Clemmons’s knowledge of the woman was provided at trial, and none of the
parties objected to his testimony.
10 This case was tried under the old Evidence Code, see Ga. L. 2011, p.
99, § 101, and for that reason, we cite former OCGA § 24-4-8. We note, however,
that the provisions of former OCGA § 24-4-8 are still present in the current
Evidence Code and can now be found at OCGA § 24-14-8. Although this case
was tried under former OCGA § 24-4-8, because the language of this former
code section still exists under the current Evidence Code in OCGA § 24-14-8,
cases decided under the current code section may apply to cases tried under
former OCGA § 24-14-8. Cf. Styles, 309 Ga. at 466 (1) n.4 (noting that the
inverse is true and cases decided under former OCGA § 24-4-8 may be applied
to cases applying the current evidence code OCGA § 24-14-8).
12
felony cases where the only witness is an accomplice, the
testimony of a single witness is not sufficient.
Nevertheless, corroborating circumstances may dispense
with the necessity for the testimony of a second witness[.]
(Emphasis supplied.) Sufficient corroborating evidence may be
circumstantial, slight, and need not be of itself sufficient to warrant
a conviction of the crime charged. See Styles v. State, 309 Ga. 463,
467 (1) (847 SE2d 325) (2020). “Corroboration of only the chronology
and details of the crimes is not sufficient, and there must be some
independent evidence tending to show that the defendant himself
was a participant in the crimes.” Id. (citations and punctuations
omitted). See also Doyle v. State, 307 Ga. 609, 611 (837 SE2d 833)
(2020) (“[T]he corroborating evidence may be circumstantial and
slight, and need not be sufficient in and of itself to warrant a
conviction, so long as it is independent of the accomplice’s testimony
and directly connects the defendant to the crime or leads to the
inference of guilt.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)). The
sufficiency of corroboration is a matter for the jury to decide, and in
considering sufficiency, we must consider all of the evidence that
13
was admitted by the trial court, regardless of whether that evidence
was admitted erroneously. See Raines v. State, 304 Ga. 582, 588 (2)
(820 SE2d 679) (2018). And multiple alleged accomplices may
corroborate one another’s testimony. See Handley v. State, 289 Ga.
786, 786 (1) (716 SE2d 176) (2011) (holding that the credibility of
multiple accomplices corroborating one another’s testimony was
sufficient to satisfy OCGA § 24-4-8). See also Huff v. State, 300 Ga.
807, 809 (1) (796 SE2d 688) (2017) (“The testimony of one accomplice
may corroborate another.”). Additionally, the jury is also “entitled to
disbelieve” the testimony of a witness or defendant because the jury
is the judge of the credibility of witnesses. See Arnold v. State, 286
Ga. 418, 419 (1) (687 SE2d 836) (2010).
For the reasons explained below, we conclude that the evidence
corroborating Michael’s testimony about Head’s participation in the
crime was sufficient and that “the evidence was also sufficient to
enable a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt
that [Head] was guilty of the crimes of which he was convicted.”
Crawford v. State, 294 Ga. 898, 902 (1) (757 SE2d 102) (2014)
14
(holding that evidence of phone records was sufficient to corroborate
the accomplice’s testimony despite the fact that the records “neither
reveal the content of the [phone] conversations nor even confirm that
[the defendant] himself, as opposed to some other person using his
phone, was a party to the calls”). 11
(a) Michael’s Testimony
Michael testified that, the evening of the shooting, he, Head,
Hunt, Sutton, Jarboe, and Sin were all discussing robbing Smith and
that Head was “leading the discussion” and assigning “roles,”
specifically, that Hunt would pretend to be interested in getting a
tattoo and that Sutton and Michael would “do[] the robbing.”
Michael stated that Head wanted him to carry a gun, and, when
Michael told Head he didn’t have a gun, Head provided him a .45-caliber handgun that was “nickel-plated at the top with a black
11 Although Head does not set forth a separate enumeration contending
that the evidence was insufficient as a matter of federal constitutional law, we
note that, as a matter of federal due process, accomplice testimony does not
need to be corroborated, so Michael’s testimony alone was sufficient to support
Head’s convictions. See State v. Thomas, 311 Ga. 407, 420 (4) (858 SE2d 52)
(2021). See also Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319.
15
bottom.” Michael further testified that Jarboe drove him, Hunt,
Sutton, and Sin to Smith’s home to execute the robbery, but that
Jarboe and Sin waited outside. After the shooting occurred, Michael
testified that the group ran out of Smith’s home, jumped in the car,
and yelled at Jarboe to drive away quickly. Once they returned to
Head’s home, Michael testified that Head was “going on and on
about [how] he needed to have his number changed on his phone,”
and Hunt responded that it had already occurred to her that the
phone number needed to be changed.
(b) Corroborating Evidence
Although the majority of the evidence implicating Head came
from his accomplice, Michael, multiple pieces of evidence
corroborated Michael’s testimony and authorized the jury to
conclude that Head was sufficiently involved in Smith’s shooting to
convict him of the crimes with which he was charged, at least as a
party to the crime. OCGA § 16-2-20 (b) (3) and (4) (a person is a party
to a crime if he “aids or abets in the commission of the crime” or
intentionally “advises, encourages, hires, counsels, or procures
16
another to commit the crime”). See also Willis v. State, 315 Ga. 19,
24 (2) (880 SE2d 158) (2022) (“[A]lthough the defendant’s mere
presence at the scene is not enough to convict him as a party to the
crime, the jury may infer his criminal intent from his presence,
companionship, and conduct before, during, and after the offense.”
(Citation and punctuation omitted.)). Additionally, the jury was
properly instructed on the requirement that an accomplice’s
testimony be corroborated and, having received this instruction,
“the jury was the proper arbiter of the weight” afforded to the
statements of Jarboe, Hunt, and the detective as well as the phone
records in “establishing [Head’s] complicity in the crimes.”
Crawford, 298 Ga. at 901-902 (1).
Jarboe’s written statement to police describing the events that
occurred the day of the shooting corroborates Michael’s testimony
that Head was at a meeting where a group was planning to rob
Smith. Jarboe stated that she and Sutton went to a residence where
there was “Sin and three other people.” She then identified Head
and Head’s girlfriend (Hunt) in her statement. Therefore, the jury
17
could have logically concluded that, once Jarboe and Sutton arrived
at the residence, there were six people present, which corroborates
Michael’s testimony identifying five people at the meeting, in
addition to himself. The jury could also have concluded from this
statement that, according to Jarboe, she, Sutton, Head, Hunt, and
Sin were all at a residence on the day of the shooting. Jarboe further
stated that Head told Sutton that he (Head) needed someone to drive
his girlfriend (Hunt) to “this tat[t]oo guy house” to get a tattoo and
that Jarboe and Sutton then agreed to take Hunt to get a tattoo.
Thus, the jury could, at the very least, “infer [Head’s] guilt” because
these statements corroborated Michael’s testimony about Head
assigning Hunt the “role” of the girl getting the tattoo. Doyle, 307
Ga. at 611. Jarboe stated that Sin, Hunt, and “Mike,” rode with her
and Sutton to take Hunt to get a tattoo, from which the jury could
infer that Jarboe was identifying Michael and corroborating his
testimony that Jarboe drove the group to execute the robbery.
Jarboe further stated that she and Sin waited outside and
“[everyone] was in the [tattoo guy’s] house for a few” before they
18
“came out talking loud tell[ing] me to drive off,” which corroborates
Michael’s version of events immediately after the shooting occurred.
Although she denied the veracity of her written statement to police
on the stand, the jury is tasked with resolving evidentiary conflicts
and assessing witness credibility and was at liberty to believe
Jarboe’s written statement to police over her testimony on the stand.
See Munn v. State, 313 Ga. 716, 720 (1) n.11 (873 SE2d 166) (2022)
(“It is axiomatic that resolving evidentiary conflicts and assessing
witness credibility are within the exclusive province of the jury.”
(Citation and punctuation omitted.)).
The detective testified that, during her interview, Hunt said
that she was present at a residence “with some other parties” where
the group discussed a plan to rob Smith, which supports Michael’s
testimony about the meeting and confirms Hunt’s presence at that
meeting. 12 She then stated that, after the meeting, “five people
12Because Hunt, Head, and Sutton were all tried together, much of the
detective’s testimony relaying statements made by Hunt or Head were strictly
limited so as to not use the testimony of one defendant to inculpate the other.
See Simpkins v. State, 303 Ga. 752, 755 (II) (814 SE2d 289) (2018) (noting that
19
including herself” went to Smith’s residence, which matches
Michael’s testimony about the five people—Hunt, Sutton, Jarboe,
Sin, and himself—that drove to Smith’s house. Further, Hunt
admitted that (1) she used the 3159 number that was used to call
and make the tattoo appointment with Smith, and (2) she later had
the 3159 number changed. The call to 611 around 8:00 p.m. on the
night of the shooting also serves as evidence that the number was
changed that night. Hunt’s statements corroborate Michael’s
version of the facts that, once the group returned to Head’s house,
Head was concerned about changing the phone number and talked
with Hunt about having it changed.
Therefore, the statements of Jarboe and Hunt corroborate
Michael’s testimony that Head was present at a meeting to plan the
robbery of Smith (where six people were present), that everyone
except Head (five people) went to Smith’s house to execute the
“the admission of a ‘powerfully incriminating’ statement by a non-testifying
codefendant that inculpates a defendant in the charged crimes
unconstitutionally deprives the defendant of his or her Sixth Amendment right
to cross-examine witnesses”) (citing Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 126
(88 SCt 1620, 20 LE2d 476) (1968).
20
robbery, and that when they returned to the initial meeting place,
Head and Hunt decided that they needed to change the 3519 number
on the phone. Head’s own statements about using the phone number
after it was changed and that Hunt changed the number further
corroborate this testimony. And, assuming that Hunt and Jarboe
were also accomplices, the “testimony of one accomplice may
corroborate another.” Huff, 300 Ga. at 809 (1). The testimony of the
witnesses corroborating Michael’s testimony about the number of
people at the residence where the robbery was planned is important
because Head’s involvement in the crime—and his conviction—is
based on his presence and participation at the meeting where the
robbery was planned. Jarboe’s written statement about Head’s
request to Sutton about driving Hunt to get a tattoo corroborated
Michael’s testimony that Head instructed the group to go to Smith’s
residence under the guise of getting a tattoo. Further, the group
returned to the meeting place to report back to Head what had
happened before Head and Hunt discussed changing the number on
the cell phone. The jury was therefore authorized to conclude that
21
Head’s “communication with the group before and after the crimes”
was evidence of Head’s criminal intent and implicated him in
Smith’s shooting, Willis, 315 Ga. at 25 (2), and that this evidence
was sufficient to corroborate Michael’s testimony about Head’s
involvement.
Moreover, despite Head’s ability to avoid explicitly admitting
his involvement in Smith’s shooting, he did tell the detective that he
did not go to Smith’s home and, instead, “stayed at the residence,”
from which the jury could disbelieve Head’s version of the facts—as
it pertains to the purpose of the meeting at the house that occurred
before the shooting—and conclude that he was, in fact, at a residence
planning the robbery of Smith before the rest of the group left to
execute said robbery. See Arnold, 286 Ga. at 419 (1).
Although Head contends (and we address in Division 3) that
the detective’s testimony identifying Head as the person using the
3159 phone number was improperly admitted, “this Court has
explained that in considering the sufficiency of an accomplice’s
testimony, we must consider all of the evidence submitted by the
22
trial court, regardless of whether that evidence was admitted
erroneously.” Thomas, 311 Ga. at 420 (4). Therefore, the evidence
showed that Head was at least, according to the detective, linked to
the phone that made calls to Smith in the days leading up to the
shooting. And, even without considering the contested phone
number testimony, Head admitted (1) to using the phone after the
shooting occurred and the number was changed; (2) that he knew
his girlfriend had the number changed on that phone; and (3) that
he continued to use that phone after it was changed.
Finally, when Head was arrested, a .45-caliber gun matching
the description Michael provided fell from his waistband and was
introduced as an exhibit at trial. Although taken individually, each
of the pieces of evidence do not corroborate every detail of Michael’s
testimony, taken together, the evidence sufficiently supports
Michael’s testimony because “only slight evidence of corroboration is
required.” Barber v. State, 314 Ga. 759, 763 (1) (879 SE2d 428)
(2022). Corroborating evidence “need not be sufficient in and of itself
to warrant a conviction, so long as it is independent of the
23
accomplice’s testimony and directly connects the defendant to the
crime or leads to the inference of guilt.” Id. at 763-764 (1). And, it is
“within the exclusive province of the jury” to determine whether
there was an inference of guilt based on the evidence submitted to
it. Munn, 313 Ga. at 720 (1) n.11. Therefore, the evidence is
sufficient. See Barber, 314 Ga. at 763 (1).
3. Head contends that the trial court abused its discretion
under former OCGA § 24-3-113 by admitting hearsay testimony from
the detective about Head’s use of the 3519 number that connected
Head with the charged offenses. This claim fails for the reasons that
follow.
A trial court’s error in allowing hearsay testimony is harmless
if it is highly probable that the alleged error did not contribute to
the verdict. See Lyons v. State, 309 Ga. 15 (22) (843 SE2d 825)
(2020) (“The test for determining . . . harmless error is whether it
is highly probable that the error did not contribute to the verdict.”).
13 Former OCGA § 24-3-1 defined hearsay as evidence that “does not
derive its value solely from the credit of the witness but rests mainly on the
veracity and competency of other persons.”
24
See also Williams v. State, 313 Ga. 443, 448 (1) (870 SE2d 397)
(2022) (noting that evidentiary errors are “harmless if it is highly
probable that the error did not contribute to the verdict”). Assuming,
without deciding, that (1) the detective’s statement that Head was
using the 3159 number was inadmissible hearsay, and (2) Head
properly preserved this objection for appellate review, we conclude
that any error by the trial court in allowing the evidence was
harmless. 14 See Harris v. State, 313 Ga. 872, 882 (4) (874 SE2d 73)
(2022) (“[A]ny [statements] that were erroneously admitted were
harmless in light of the properly admitted [statements.]”). “In
14The State argued at the motion-for-new-trial hearing that the basis for
Head’s objections to the detective’s testimony were not specific enough to
preserve the error, and the trial court agreed, citing Powell v. State, 335 Ga.
App. 565, 568 (782 SE2d 468) (2016). Id. (“When the specific ground of the
objection is not made at the time the evidence was offered, the failure to do so
amounts to a waiver of that specific ground.”). See also Hites v. State, 296 Ga.
528, 530 (2) (769 SE2 364) (2015) ([I]n order to raise on appeal an impropriety
regarding the admissibility of evidence, the specific ground of objection must
be made at the time the evidence is offered, and failure to do so amounts to a
waiver of that specific ground.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)). The trial
court judge presiding over the motion-for-new-trial hearing was the same judge
that presided over the trial, and was therefore the same judge that heard the
objections. Plain error review for errors that were not objected to at trial is only available for cases tried after January 1, 2013. See OCGA § 24-1-103 (d).
Because Head was tried in 2008, he cannot avail himself of plain error review,
if indeed he failed to properly object. However, we need not decide that issue
today.
25
determining whether the error was harmless, we review the record
de novo and we weigh the evidence as we would expect reasonable
jurors to have done so as opposed to viewing it all in the light most
favorable to the jury’s verdict.” Middlebrooks v. State, 315 Ga. 671,
684 (1) (884 SE2d 318) (2023). Further, “the erroneous admission of
hearsay is harmless where substantial, cumulative, legally
admissible evidence of the same fact is introduced.” Anglin v. State,
302 Ga. 333, 336 (2), (806 SE2d 573) (2017). See also Lopez v. State,
311 Ga. 269, 276 (2) (b) (857 SE2d 467) (2021). In Division 2, we
reviewed the evidence submitted at trial to determine if it was
sufficient to corroborate Michael’s testimony. We now review the
evidence de novo, and, having done so, we conclude that because it
is highly probable that the alleged hearsay testimony did not
contribute to the verdict, any error was therefore harmless. See
Pritchett v. State, 314 Ga. 767, 778-779 (2) (c) (879 SE2d 436) (2022).
At trial, the detective testified that he reviewed the phone
records for the 3159 number; noticed a number that was called
frequently; called that number; and by calling that number, he was
26
able to determine that the 3159 number belonged to Head.
Head argues that the State placed too much weight on the
detective’s testimony about the 3159 number and that the State
failed to present any other evidence independent of Michael’s
testimony to support Head’s alleged involvement. We disagree. The
detective’s testimony that the 3159 “belonged to Head” did very little
to implicate Head or corroborate Michael’s testimony in light of the
other evidence presented. Jarboe’s phone number—not the 3159
number—was the one used to call Smith’s phone at approximately
7:22 p.m. on the night of the shooting. Clemmons’s undisputed
testimony at trial was that the woman who called to make the tattoo
appointment days earlier—Hunt—was the same woman who
showed up for a tattoo appointment the night of the shooting. And,
a woman’s voice answered when Chaney called the 3159 number to
confirm a tattoo appointment with that same client a few days before
the shooting.
Independent of both Michael’s testimony and the detective’s
testimony associating the 3159 number with Head, the evidence
27
discussed in Division 2 provides the jury with a sufficient basis to
determine Head’s guilt. Further, the alleged hearsay testimony
connecting Head with the 3159 phone number that called Smith to
make the tattoo appointment is essentially cumulative of the
testimony provided by Hunt through the detective at trial. Because
Head admitted that he used the 3159 number after it was changed,
any of the detective’s hearsay testimony reinforcing the statements
made by Hunt and Head was cumulative. And, “weighing [this]
evidence as we would expect reasonable jurors to have done,” we
thus conclude that any error on the part of the trial court in
admitting this hearsay testimony was harmless. Pritchett, 314 Ga.
at 778-779 (2) (c). See also Davenport v. State, 309 Ga. 385, 389 (2)
(846 SE2d 83) (2020) (“A nonconstitutional error is harmless if it is
highly probable that the error did not contribute to the verdict.”
(Citation omitted.)).
Judgment affirmed. All Justices concur, except Warren, J.,
who concurs in judgment only in Division 2.
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