Judgment rendered June 24, 2026.
Application for rehearing may be filed
within the delay allowed by Art. 2166,
La. C.C.P.
No. 56,888-CA
COURT OF APPEAL
SECOND CIRCUIT
STATE OF LOUISIANA
*****
JIMMY WASHINGTON AND Plaintiffs-Appellants DAPHNE WASHINGTON
versus
AMERICAN NATIONAL Defendants-Appellees GENERAL INSURANCE
COMPANY, COLLINS NATURAL
HORSEMANSHIP, LLC, DAVID
GLENN COLLINS, AND ANNA
GEORGE
*****
Appealed from the
Third Judicial District Court for the
Parish of Lincoln, Louisiana
Trial Court No. 62,674
Honorable Thomas Wynn Rogers, Judge
*****
PATRICK R. JACKSON, APLC Counsel for Appellants By: Patrick Richmond Jackson
DAVENPORT, FILES & KELLY, LLP Counsel for Appellees By: Martin Shane Craighead
*****
Before THOMPSON, ROBINSON, and MARCOTTE, JJ.
ROBINSON, J.
Daphne Washington suffered significant injuries when she fell from a
horse during a supervised trail ride. Daphne and her husband, Jimmy
Washington, appeal a judgment granting the defendants’ motion for
summary judgment and dismissing their lawsuit. For the following reasons,
we reverse the judgment and remand this matter to the trial court for further
proceedings.
FACTS
On April 8, 2022, Daphne and Jimmy were riding horses at Camp
Collins in Lincoln Parish when Daphne fell from her horse, Magnum. David
Collins (“Collins”) and Anna George owned Camp Collins and the horses
ridden by the Washingtons.
On October 31, 2022, the Washingtons filed suit against Collins
Natural Horsemanship, Collins, George, and American National General
Insurance Company. They alleged that Magnum stepped into a large hole
and threw Daphne to the ground. They also alleged that Collins told them
that the area that he had taken them riding through was infested by earthburrowing animals which had created subsurface and hidden holes. They
further alleged that Collins should not have taken them riding through that
area because of the unreasonable risk of harm it presented. The
Washingtons maintained that the accident was caused by: (1) the failure to
properly maintain the grounds to keep them free from hazardous conditions;
(2) the failure to properly inspect and maintain the grounds in a manner
sufficient to avoid deterioration and hazardous conditions; (3) the failure to warn them of a known hazardous condition; (4) the violation of the duty of
landowners to prevent unreasonable risk of injuries to those using the
grounds; and (5) the violation of Louisiana laws.
Collins, George, and their insurer, ANPAC Louisiana Insurance
Company, answered the petition. They stated that Collins had ceased doing
business through Collins Natural Horsemanship several years before the
accident.1 They denied that Magnum stepped into a large hole. The
defendants pled the provisions of La. R.S. 9:2795.3 and asserted that the
warning notice required by the statute had been posted.
La. R.S. 9:2795.3 (“statute”) provides a limitation on liability for
sponsors of equine activities. It states in relevant parts:
B. Except as provided in Subsection C of this Section, an
equine activity sponsor, an equine professional, or any other
person, which shall include a corporation or partnership, shall
not be liable for an injury to or the death of a participant
resulting from the inherent risks of equine activities and, except
as provided in Subsection C of this Section, no participant or
participant’s representative shall make any claim against,
maintain an action against, or recover from an equine activity
sponsor, an equine professional, or any other person for injury,
loss, damage, or death of the participant resulting from any of
the inherent risks of equine activities.
C. Nothing in Subsection B of this Section shall prevent or limit
the liability of an equine activity sponsor, an equine
professional, or any other person if the equine activity sponsor,
equine professional, or person either:
(2) Failed to make reasonable and prudent efforts to determine
the ability of the participant to engage safely in the equine
activity and to safely manage the particular equine based on the
participant’s representations of his ability.
(3) Owned, leased, rented, or otherwise was in lawful
possession and control of the land or facility upon which the
participant sustained injuries because of a dangerous latent
condition which was known or should have been known to the
1
The Washingtons dismissed their claims against Collins Natural Horsemanship as well against American National General Insurance Company.
2
equine activity sponsor, equine professional, or person and for
which warning signs have not been conspicuously posted.
(4) Committed an act or omission that constitutes willful or
wanton disregard for the safety of the participant, and that act or
omission caused the injury.
E. Every equine professional and every equine activity sponsor
shall post and maintain signs which contain the warning notice
specified in Subsection F of this Section. Such signs shall be
placed in a clearly visible location on or near any stable, corral,
or arena where the equine professional or the equine activity
sponsor conducts equine activities. The warning notice
specified in Subsection F of this Section shall appear on each
sign in black letters, with each letter to be a minimum of one
inch in height. Every written contract entered into by an equine
professional or by an equine activity sponsor for the providing
of professional services, instruction, or the rental of equipment
or tack or an equine to a participant, whether or not the contract
involves equine activities on or off the location or site of the
equine professional’s or the equine activity sponsor’s business,
shall contain in clearly readable print the warning notice
specified in Subsection F of this Section.
F. The signs and contracts described in Subsection E of this
Section shall contain the following warning notice:
WARNING
Under Louisiana law, an equine activity sponsor or equine
professional is not liable for an injury to or the death of a
participant in equine activities resulting from the inherent risks
of equine activities, pursuant to R.S. 9:2795.3.
G. Failure to comply with the requirements concerning warning
notices provided in this Section shall prevent an equine activity
sponsor or equine professional from invoking the privilege of
immunity provided by this Section.
On April 9, 2025, the defendants filed a motion for summary
judgment. They argued that Daphne was injured when she fell from
Magnum after he stubbed his hoof, stumbled, and dropped to his knee,
which is a normal and inherent risk of horseback riding. They maintained
that Magnum did not step into a preexisting hole, and the accident occurred
in an open pasture on a gently sloped decline and was at least 150 yards
3
away from the nearest known hole or molehill. They asserted that the
Washingtons were provided with well-trained horses and were given proper
riding instructions. They argued that the Washingtons had produced no
evidence to support their allegations that Collins and George failed to
properly maintain their grounds, allowed hazardous conditions to exist,
violated the duties of landowners, or violated Louisiana statutes. Finally, the
defendants contended that they were immune from liability under the statute.
In support of their motion, the defendants submitted the petition, excerpts
from Daphne’s deposition, excerpts from Jimmy’s deposition, excerpts from
Collins’s deposition, and Collins’s affidavit.
The Washingtons argued in opposition to the motion for summary
judgment that no signs warning them of dangers from holes or hills caused
by moles were posted even though the grounds were known to be infested by
moles. They further argued that Collins did not train Daphne on the need to
be alert for obstacles and what to do if her horse stumbled. The
Washingtons contended that genuine issues of material fact remained as to
three of the five exceptions found in the statute. The genuine issues of
material fact concerned: (1) Collins’s failure to make reasonable and prudent
efforts to determine Daphne’s ability to safely ride the horse; (2) the
existence of a dangerous latent condition, the molehills, which was known or
should have been known to Collins, and that he failed to have warning signs
conspicuously posted; (3) Collins’s act or omission, which constituted
willful or wanton disregard for their safety, through his failure to properly
assess their riding experience, failure to provide proper training and
instruction on riding, and failure to warn of the danger of molehills on the
4
property; and (4) the nature of the latent condition which caused the
accident.
Submitted in opposition to the motion for summary judgment were
excerpts from Collins’s deposition, excerpts from Daphne’s deposition, and
excerpts from Jimmy’s deposition.
Daphne testified at her deposition that she had not ridden a horse since
high school. When they arrived at Camp Collins, Collins was a little upset
with them because they were late and he said that time is money. George
had them sign waivers.
According to Daphne, they were given a very brief introduction in a
pavilion area on how to guide their horses with the reins. They then rode
around for a little bit before starting on the trail. Magnum ventured off the
trail and started up a hill. She alerted Collins, who told her to guide
Magnum back down. She was guiding Magnum downhill when she fell.
Daphne testified that while they were on the trail, she saw molehills and
holes. She asked Collins what he did to get rid of the moles since the
Washingtons had moles on their property. She recalled discussing moles
with Collins, but she could not remember what he said. Daphne did not
know if there were any molehills in the area where she fell.
Jimmy testified at his deposition that he had never been on a horse
before the trail ride. He recalled that they were running late, and the first
thing that Collins said to them when they arrived was that time is money.
Collins briefly told them how to pull the reins to steer and stop the horse.
5
Jimmy saw mole holes and asked Collins about them because he had mole
holes in his own yard. He asked Collins what he did for the moles, but
Collins never said how he treated them.
Jimmy testified that he did not inspect the area after the accident as he
was tending to Daphne. He was unable to say whether Magnum stumbled in
a hole or a molehill. A few days after Daphne fell, Jimmy returned to obtain
a copy of the release. Jimmy claimed that Collins told him then that the best
he could figure out was that Magnum stepped into a hole.
Collins testified at his deposition that he had been leading trail rides
since 1998. He asks trail riders about their level of experience, and always
assumes they overestimate their riding skills. Jimmy had never ridden a
horse before, and Daphne had ridden horses when she was a child. Collins
provided the Washingtons with two retired mounted patrol horses that he
referred to as “babysitters,” which are used for beginners.
Collins testified that it takes him three to five minutes to go over
everything with the riders. He tells them to keep their heels down, and he
shows them how to get a shorter grip on the reins, how to steer the horse,
how to make the horse stop and go, and what to do in an emergency. He
then walks them around his arena once or twice to ensure the riders are
comfortable with their horses. He asked the Washingtons if they wanted to
stay in the arena or go on the trail, and they said they wanted to go on the
trail. He did not recall telling the Washingtons that time is money when they
arrived late. There were no time constraints.
They rode in a line, with Collins leading, Jimmy in the middle, and
Daphne last. Daphne had gotten 40-50 feet behind them because Magnum
6
was a slower horse, so Collins stopped his horse and turned it sideways.
Although Magnum had momentarily gone off to the side, he was still on the
trail and had gotten right back in line where Collins wanted him to be.
Collins saw Magnum stub his hoof, go down to his knee, and then stand
right back up without moving. Collins dismounted, helped Jimmy off his
horse, then told him to hold the horses while he checked on Daphne.
Collins pointed out the molehills to the Washingtons as they rode so
they could avoid them. He would fill holes when he found them because a
horse can stumble in a hole, but had not done anything about the moles. He
did not recall Jimmy asking him about how he handled the moles.
Collins estimated that the distance from where the accident occurred
to the nearest molehill was 150-200 yards. He denied that there was a hole;
rather, Magnum made an indentation with his hoof. Collins also denied
telling Jimmy a few days later that he thought Magnum had stepped in a
hole.
Collins took a photo on April 11 of where Daphne had fallen. A
photo purported to be of the hole made by Magnum was attached to
Collins’s deposition. Collins estimated that Magnum’s hoof may have gone
into the dirt around three inches. It was a gentle slope where she had fallen,
and he had taken them on an easy part of the trail.
Collins testified that Magnum has a perfect safety record and he still
considers Magnum to be a “babysitter.” Since the accident, they have tried
to keep riders in their arena as they are somewhat “gun shy” about doing
trail rides. When asked if he saw any other reason why Magnum tripped at
7
that location, Collins replied that maybe it was because Daphne’s weight
was too far forward, but that was just an assumption.
Collins testified in his affidavit that an equine warning sign was
clearly visible to all visitors and was posted on the boarder’s tack room at
the stable. A photo of the sign was attached to his affidavit.
The trial court rendered its ruling on August 26, 2025. The court
determined that the facts alleged in the petition could only provide the
Washingtons with a cause of action under the third exception to the statute:
“Owned, leased, rented, or otherwise was in lawful possession and control of
the land or facility upon which the participant sustained injuries because of a
dangerous latent condition which was known or should have been known to
the equine activity sponsor, equine professional, or person and for which
warning signs have not been conspicuously posted.”
The court noted that in their opposition to the motion for summary
judgment, the Washingtons asserted there were genuine issues of material
facts surrounding: (1) Collins’s failure to make reasonable and prudent
efforts to determine Daphne’s ability to safely ride the horse, and (2) his
willful or wanton disregard for Daphne’s safety by failing to properly
assesses her experience, failing to provide proper training and instruction on
riding, and failing to warn of the danger of molehills on the property.
However, the court recognized that the petition did not allege any facts to
substantiate those two claims. The court added that the Washingtons had not
amended their pleadings.
The court then considered whether the Washingtons had expanded
their pleadings through their memorandum in opposition to the motion. The
8
defendants had not objected to the newly raised issues. The court ultimately
concluded that it would not consider the alleged issues of material fact raised
for the first time in the Washingtons’ opposition.
The court noted that the remaining issue was what caused Magnum to
stumble. Collins testified that he saw the horse stumble. When he returned
to the site later in the week, he found no large hole but only an imprint from
where Magnum had stubbed his hoof. Collins took a photo of the imprint.
While the court recognized that Jimmy claimed that Collins had told him
that the best he could figure out was that Magnum stepped into a hole, which
Collins denied saying, the court believed that the alleged statement was not
material since Collins verified there was no hole when he returned to the
scene and photographed the imprint. Therefore, the court found there were
no genuine issues of material fact and the defendants were entitled to
summary judgment as a matter of law because none of the statute’s
exceptions applied. The motion for summary judgment was granted, and the
Washingtons’ claims against Collins, George, and ANPAC were dismissed
with prejudice.
On September 3, 2025, the Washingtons filed a motion for leave to
amend their petition to add the two additional claims noted by the trial court.
The Washingtons also filed a motion for new trial on that same date. The
trial court denied both motions.
The Washingtons have appealed the judgment granting the summary
judgment.
9
DISCUSSION
The summary judgment procedure is designed to secure the just,
speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action, except those
disallowed by Article 969; the procedure is favored and shall be construed to
accomplish these ends. La. C.C.P. art. 966(A)(2). After an opportunity for
adequate discovery, a motion for summary judgment shall be granted if the
motion, memorandum, and supporting documents show that there is no
genuine issue as to material fact and that the mover is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law. La. C.C.P. art. 966(A)(3).
While the burden of proof rests with the mover, if the mover will not
bear the burden of proof at trial on the issue that is before the court on the
motion for summary judgment, the mover’s burden on the motion does not
require him to negate all essential elements of the adverse party’s claim,
action, or defense, but rather to point out to the court the absence of factual
support for one or more elements essential to the adverse party’s claim,
action, or defense. La. C.C.P. art. 966(D)(1). The burden is on the adverse
party to produce factual support sufficient to establish the existence of a
genuine issue of material fact or that the mover is not entitled to judgment as
a matter of law. Id.
A summary judgment is reviewed on appeal de novo, with the
appellate court using the same criteria that govern the trial court’s
determination of whether summary judgment is appropriate; i.e., whether
there is any genuine issue of material fact, and whether the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Samaha v. Rau, 07-1726 (La.
2/26/08), 977 So. 2d 880.
10
Statutes that grant immunities or advantages to special classes in
derogation of the general rights available to tort victims must be strictly
construed against the party claiming the immunity or advantage. Foshee v.
Louisiana Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co., 41,842 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1/31/07), 948
So. 2d 1171, writ denied, 07-0483 (La. 4/20/07), 954 So. 2d 169.
The Washingtons argue on appeal that facts were alleged supporting
the third and fourth exceptions. They further argue that while the trial court
acknowledged there are factual discrepancies concerning what Magnum
stepped in, the court then impermissibly resolved those discrepancies by
weighing evidence.
The defendants argue that the Washingtons failed to produce factual
support to establish that any exception to the statute applies. There was no
evidence that Magnum stepped into an already-existing hole. The
defendants further argue that the trial court did not weigh evidence, but
applied summary judgment principles to undisputed evidence showing that
Daphne fell because Magnum stumbled, which was an inherent risk of
equine activity that falls under the statute.
Turning our attention to the third exception, we conclude that there is
a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Daphne sustained her
injuries because of a dangerous latent condition which was known or should
have been known to Collins and George and for which warning signs have
not been conspicuously posted. Although Collins disputed it, Jimmy
claimed that Collins told him several days after the accident that the best he
could figure out was that Magnum stepped into a hole. Collins believed he
11
documented where Magnum stumbled with a photograph taken several days
after the accident. While Collins claims the nearest molehill was 150-200
yards away, there were holes created by moles at least some point along the
trail. It will be up to the factfinder to assess credibility and weigh the
probative value of the photograph to determine whether there was a
dangerous latent condition, i.e., a molehill or hole which caused Magnum to
stumble. Accordingly, the motion for summary judgment was improperly
granted.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons and at appellees’ costs, the judgment is
reversed and the matter remanded to the district court for further
proceedings.
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