Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
March 8, 2022
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of: No. 52119-9-II
ASARIA JUSTICE MILLER,
PUBLISHED OPINION
Petitioner,
PRICE, J. — Asaria J. Miller brings this personal restraint petition (PRP), arguing that she
is entitled to resentencing under State v. Houston-Sconiers1 because the sentencing court did not
meaningfully consider mitigating factors related to her youth at sentencing. We grant Miller’s
petition and order a resentencing.
FACTS
In 2012, Miller, a 16-year-old Black girl, and her boyfriend killed her father’s ex-girlfriend.
Although Miller’s father was not present at the time of the murder, he recruited her to carry out
the act. Miller was charged with first degree burglary with a firearm enhancement, conspiracy to
commit first degree murder, and first degree murder with a firearm enhancement.
Miller reached an agreement with the State whereby, in exchange for her cooperating,
testifying, and pleading guilty, the State amended the charges against her and recommended a midrange sentence. Miller’s father and boyfriend were both convicted of the murder.
1
188 Wn.2d 1, 391 P.3d 409 (2017).
No. 52119-9-II
Miller pled guilty in 2013 to the amended charge of first degree murder with a firearm
sentencing enhancement. The same judge who presided over the prosecutions of Miller’s father
and boyfriend presided over her sentencing.
Miller had an offender score of 3 due to a prior conviction of first degree assault. Based
on Miller’s offender score, the standard range for first degree murder was 271 to 361 months. The
State and defense counsel both recommended a sentence of 300 months for first degree murder,
plus 60 months for the firearm enhancement, for a total of 360 months.
When explaining the recommendation, Miller’s defense counsel briefly mentioned Miller’s
youth:
There are a lot of reasons why [the sentencing court] should not go to the
high end, other than just the facts of the case itself. When I first learned about this
case, and then the more I got into it, I was sort of blown away by the facts of this
case in the sense that it was unbelievable and inconceivable to me that not only
would a father talk to his daughter about killing his girlfriend/ex-wife, whatever
she was, but would actually recruit her to help do it, and ultimately to find
somebody to do it. And then not only carry it out with his daughter, but then come
to court and try to shift the blame onto his daughter. Oh, it was all her idea. Well
that’s ridiculous, and it’s offensive.
She was 16 at the time and pregnant. She does have a prior assault. Again,
and, I—I almost am reluctant to say this, but that was—also involved her as an
accomplice with older individuals. She and another girl, I think, were the only two
juveniles. The rest of the people that were convicted of that, including the person
who actually did it, were adults.
Suppl. Pet., App. A at 17-18. Defense counsel also described the action as a “whim [ ] of a 16
year old.” Id. at 18. No additional statements regarding Miller’s youth were made at sentencing.
The sentencing court rejected the joint recommendation and imposed a total sentence of
390 months, 30 months greater than the recommendation.
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No. 52119-9-II
In explaining its decision, the sentencing court noted that during Miller’s testimony at her
father’s trial, Miller had said that her father had asked for her assistance with the murder because
of her history of a prior assault. The sentencing court stated that it believed there may have been
some pride in that statement. It also noted that Miller and her father had justified the murder to
each other by saying, “Millers don’t get beat down.” Id. at 21. The sentencing court briefly
referenced Miller’s youth in its decision, saying:
[I]n taking into consideration of all the factors the parties have said, and the
consideration that [] Miller, at the age of 16, committed a violent offense, having
already committed a violent offense, has now set her life. Most young people’s
lives aren’t set in stone by the time they are 17 years old. Yours is.
Id.
More than one year after her conviction and sentence became final, Miller filed a CrR 7.8
motion for relief from judgment that was transferred to this court as a PRP.
ANALYSIS
I. UNLAWFUL RESTRAINT
A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
Generally, petitioners have only one year from the date their judgment becomes final to
bring a PRP. RCW 10.73.090. Petitions filed after the one-year mark are time barred unless an
exception applies. RCW 10.73.100.
A petitioner can overcome the one-year time bar if they can identify (1) a significant change
in the law (2) that is material to the conviction or sentence and (3) that applies retroactively. RCW
10.73.100(6); State v. Miller, 185 Wn.2d 111, 114, 371 P.3d 528 (2016). Additionally, to obtain
relief in a PRP, the petitioner must also show actual and substantial prejudice resulting from the
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No. 52119-9-II
alleged constitutional errors by a preponderance of the evidence. In re Pers. Restraint of Cook,
114 Wn.2d 802, 813-14, 792 P.2d 506 (1990). A petitioner “ ‘must shoulder the burden of
showing, not merely that errors at [their] trial created a possibility of prejudice,’ but that the
outcome would more likely than not have been different had the alleged error not occurred.” In re
Pers. Restraint of Meippen, 193 Wn.2d 310, 315-16, 440 P.3d 978 (2019) (internal quotation
marks omitted) (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Hagler, 97 Wn.2d 818, 825, 650 P.2d 1103
(1982)).
In Houston-Sconiers, our Supreme Court held that when sentencing juveniles, the Eighth
Amendment requires courts to consider the “ ‘hallmark features’ ” of youth and have discretion to
impose a sentence below the standard range. 188 Wn.2d 1 at 23 (quoting Miller v. Alabama, 567
U.S. 460, 477, 132 S. Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 407 (2012)).
Following Houston-Sconiers, our Supreme Court held that “a petitioner [seeking relief
under Houston-Sconiers] establishes actual and substantial prejudice when a sentencing court fails
to consider mitigating factors relating to the youthfulness of a juvenile tried as an adult and/or does
not appreciate its discretion to impose any exceptional sentence in light of that consideration.” In
re Pers. Restraint of Domingo-Cornelio, 196 Wn.2d 255, 268, 474 P.3d 524 (2020). “Unless the
court meaningfully considers youth and knows it has absolute discretion to impose a lower
sentence, we cannot be certain that an adult standard range was imposed appropriately on a
juvenile.” Id. Where a petitioner establishes actual and substantial prejudice, we will remand for
resentencing. Id. at 268-69.
The hallmark features of youth include a juvenile’s “ ‘immaturity, impetuosity, and failure
to appreciate risks and consequences,’ ” along with “the nature of the juvenile’s surrounding
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No. 52119-9-II
environment and family circumstances, the extent of the juvenile’s participation in the crime, and
‘the way familial and peer pressures may have affected [them].’ ” Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d
at 23 (alteration in original) (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 477). Trial courts must also examine
factors that indicate a likelihood of rehabilitation and the impact of youth on the juvenile’s legal
defense. Id.
B. APPLICATION
Miller argues she is entitled to resentencing under Houston-Sconiers. It is well-established
that Houston-Sconiers was a significant change in the law that is retroactively applicable and
material to cases such as Miller’s where juveniles were sentenced as adults. Domingo-Cornelio,
196 Wn.2d at 262-65. Thus, Miller’s petition is not time barred. Therefore, the question here is
whether Miller has made a showing of actual and substantial prejudice arising from a constitutional
error that entitles her to a resentencing. We determine that she has.
As Miller capably presented at oral argument, the sentencing court did not meaningfully
consider Miller’s youth at her sentencing because the sentencing court was not presented with facts
or arguments related to the mitigating qualities of Miller’s youth. Although Miller’s age was
mentioned, there was no direct reference to her maturity or ability to appreciate the consequences
of her actions. Moreover, the sentencing court did not consider factors related to Miller’s
surrounding environment and family circumstances. Although it could be argued that defense
counsel implied that Miller was influenced by family pressures and was impetuous, counsel did
not directly argue the mitigating qualities of Miller’s youth. And although the sentencing court
referenced Miller’s age once, noting that most individuals’ lives are not set in stone at such a young
age, this sole reference is not enough to show that it meaningfully considered the mitigating factors
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No. 52119-9-II
of Miller’s youth. Because facts related to the mitigating qualities of Miller’s youth were neither
presented nor discussed at her sentencing, the sentencing court cannot be said to have meaningfully
considered her youth.2
The sentencing court’s failure to meaningfully consider Miller’s youth at her sentencing,
resulted in actual and substantial prejudice to Miller. And it is more likely than not that Miller
would have received a lesser sentence had the sentencing court complied with Houston-Sconiers.
Because Miller was actually and substantially prejudiced, we find that she is entitled to relief by
this PRP.3
II. REQUESTED STANDARD OF “PER SE PREJUDICE”
Miller and amicus curiae also argue that we should apply a standard of “per se prejudice”
or presumptive prejudice to juvenile resentencing cases because certain groups of children,
particularly Black girls, receive disparate treatment during sentencing.4 Miller and amicus curiae
maintain that the standard of per se prejudice should be used because Black children do not receive
meaningful consideration of youth at sentencing as compared to their white counterparts. They
also argue that the standard of per se prejudice should apply because Miller is required to prove
2
We acknowledge that it would have been difficult for the sentencing court to adequately consider Miller’s youth because the law around juvenile sentencing has evolved dramatically since Miller was sentenced in 2013. See State v. O’Dell, 183 Wn.2d 680, 688-89, 358 P.3d 359 (2015); Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d at 19-20.
3
Although Miller’s sentence was the result of a plea agreement, we note that the State confirmed at oral argument that it would not accuse Miller of breaching the plea agreement if the matter were remanded for resentencing to address the mitigating factors of youth.
4
Miller also argues that the standard of per se prejudice should apply more broadly to children of color.
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No. 52119-9-II
actual and substantial prejudice from the sentencing court’s failure to consider her youth, a high
barrier, especially considering that the sentencing court was not initially required to consider
youth.
Amicus curiae argues that it is well-established by empirical literature and has been
acknowledged by our Supreme Court that Black children are prejudiced by, in addition to other
stereotypes, “adultification” or the tendency of society to view Black children as older than
similarly aged youths. This results in harsher punishments for Black children in the criminal
justice system. Additionally, Black girls are also prejudiced by gender bias, further creating a
punitive discrepancy between Black girls and their peers. Amicus curiae argues that the superior
court demonstrated adultification bias at Miller’s sentencing when the judge noted the “hint of
pride” in Miller’s testimony and told her, “Most young people’s lives aren’t set in stone by the
time they are 17 years old. Yours is.” Suppl. Pet., App. A at 20-21.
Amicus curiae also argues that a conclusive presumption of prejudice should apply in cases
such as this one where a Miller5 hearing has not occurred because that is an error implicating a
core constitutional procedural right. They argue that a conclusive presumption of prejudice was
effectively recognized in Domingo-Cornelio because the rule articulated in that case was
“functionally equivalent to a per se prejudice rule.” Br. of Amicus Curiae at 18.
We agree that adultification may detrimentally affect children of color at criminal
sentencings. In a recent, comprehensive study of bias in the justice system, Washington’s Gender
and Justice Commission explained that studies involving justice officials, as well as studies
5
Miller, 567 U.S. 460.
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No. 52119-9-II
involving the general population, “have shown that girls of color are perceived differently than
white girls.” GENDER & JUSTICE COMM’N, WASH. COURTS, 2021: HOW GENDER AND RACE
AFFECT JUSTICE NOW at 453 (Sept. 2021),6 For example, compared with their white counterparts,
“Black girls are seen as more adult, needing less protection and nurturing, and being more
knowledgeable about sex; and juvenile offenders of color are seen as more blameworthy and
deserving of harsher punishment.” Id.
[A] nationally-representative survey of white Americans found that when primed
to think about Black juvenile offenders, participants were more likely to support
the most severe penalty of life without parole in non-homicide cases as compared
to priming for a white juvenile offender; and participants perceived youth as more
similar to adults in blameworthiness when primed to think of Black juvenile
offenders than white juvenile offenders.
Id. at 453 n.97. In Washington, Indigenous and Black girls were overrepresented in juvenile
detention in every county with populations high enough to report in 2019. Id. at 456.7 Thus, we
recognize that adultification is real and can lead to harsher sentences for children of color if care
is not taken to consciously avoid biased outcomes.
Notwithstanding our agreement that courts at all levels must remain vigilant when
sentencing Black, Indigenous, and children of color to avoid the real bias that has long plagued
our justice system, it remains that actual and substantial prejudice is the established standard to be
followed by this court. Neither Miller nor amicus curiae offer an example of a Miller resentencing
6
https://www.courts.wa.gov/subsite/gjc/documents/2021_Gender_Justice_Study_Report.pdf. 7
In 2019, Black girls were 4.9 percent of the female youth population in Washington, but 14.6 percent of the female juvenile detention admissions.
2021: HOW GENDER AND RACE AFFECT JUSTICE NOW, supra, tbl.1, at 455.
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No. 52119-9-II
where a standard other than actual and substantial prejudice has been applied. Creating a new
standard, however desirable from a policy perspective, would require us to depart from clearly
established standards for PRPs. We decline to do so.
Nevertheless, in the face of this convincing information about disparities in sentencing,
trial courts should consider, in addition to issues common with all youths set forth in HoustonSconiers, these potential biases when sentencing children of color.
CONCLUSION
We grant Miller’s petition and order resentencing consistent with Houston-Sconiers.
PRICE, J.
We concur:
GLASGOW, A.C.J.
WORSWICK, J.
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