FILE THIS OPINION WAS FILED
FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON
IN CLERK’S OFFICE FEBRUARY 17, 2022 SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON
FEBRUARY 17, 2022
ERIN L. LENNON
SUPREME COURT CLERK
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Dependency of
) No. 99301-7
)
K.W., a minor child. ) EN BANC
)
) : February 17, 2022
Filed ________________
_______________________________)
MONTOYA-LEWIS, J.— The Department of Children, Youth, and Families
(Department) and the dependency court system serve to provide protection for
children who are in unsafe situations with caregivers who are unable to provide safe
and stable parenting. When children have to be removed from their parents, the
legislative scheme requires that children be placed with relatives first to reduce the
disruption children face upon parental removal. In this case, K.W. was removed
from his long-term placement with his relative, “Grandma B.,” after she took a oneday trip and did not notify the social worker of the trip. The consequence of this
removal resulted in tremendous upheaval in K.W.’s life and violated the
requirements of RCW 13.34.130. Though K.W. was legally free, the placement
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preferences set out in the statute still applied, and the court erred in failing to apply
them and failing to place K.W. with relatives. We reverse.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Factual Background
K.W. is fortunate to have an extensive support system of relatives and family
friends who have been closely involved in his life since he was born in 2013. He is
closely bonded with dozens of family members, including his siblings, cousins, and
older relatives across generations who all live in the Seattle area. His cousins are
like siblings to him, and two women relatives have helped raise him since he was a
baby. K.W. and his family are Black. K.W. regularly spent time with his extended
family from a young age, attending family gatherings and significant cultural events
together, like the annual Martin Luther King Jr. march and rally.
In 2014, when K.W. was about a year old, his mother reached out to her cousin
for help caring for K.W. K.W. refers to this woman as his “grandma,” and we refer
to her as “Grandma B.” Grandma B. welcomed K.W. into her home, and he
remained in her care without interruption until December 6, 2019. In 2016, when
K.W. was about three and a half years old, a juvenile court found K.W. and his
siblings dependent. The dependency court continued K.W.’s placement with
Grandma B. at shelter care and disposition in 2016, and repeatedly throughout the
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next several years of the dependency. Grandma B. has effectively raised K.W. since
infancy, with the love and support of many other relatives.
Grandma B. has extensive experience working with children both
professionally and at home. She has decades of experience as a teacher at an early
childhood learning center for children experiencing the traumatic effects of
homelessness. In addition to raising her own children, she has helped care for other
children of friends and family. Grandma B.’s adult son, Mr. W., lived with her for
several years and also helped raise K.W. since he was an infant; one of Mr. W.’s
children is the same age as K.W., and the two children are very close.
In 2018, Grandma B. expressed interest in being a permanent placement for
K.W. However, in early 2019, she told the Department she could not be a permanent
placement for K.W. because she needed to go back to school to get a certificate in
order to keep her job. The Department approved continued placement with her.
K.W.’s great aunt, whom we refer to as “Aunt H.,” also helped raise K.W.
since he was an infant. Aunt H. worked as a bus driver and as a certified home care
aide worker for Seattle and King County’s Aging and Disability Services. She also
helped relatives and friends manage their finances and Social Security benefits. Like
Grandma B., Aunt H. had helped raise children of family members, as well as her
own. Aunt H. also expressed interest in being a permanent placement for K.W., but
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in mid-2019, she informed the Department she could not be a permanent placement
for him because of her work schedule, which required early morning driving shifts.
K.W.’s father’s parental rights were terminated in 2018. In March 2019,
K.W.’s mother’s parental rights were terminated, 1 and K.W. was declared legally
free. 2 The Department began to search for adoptive families for K.W. because no
relative could be a permanent placement option at that time. In November 2019, the
Department identified two couples as potential adoptive placements. Throughout
this process, K.W. continued to be placed with Grandma B.
1. The Department Removes K.W. from Relative Care
On Friday, December 6, 2019, after putting K.W. on the bus to school,
Grandma B. left for a day trip to attend her niece’s graduation, about three hours
away in northwest Oregon. She planned to return later that evening and arranged
for her son, Mr. W., to pick up K.W. Mr. W.’s daughter and K.W. attended the same
after-school day care, and Mr. W. was on K.W.’s approved pickup list. They
planned for K.W. to stay at Mr. W.’s house until Grandma B. returned later that
evening.
1
K.W.’s mother’s parental rights were later restored, and he has since been placed with her.
2
A child is considered “legally free” when no one holds parental rights and the child is legally free for adoption. See RCW 13.34.210.
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While Grandma B. was driving to Oregon, a department social worker sent
her a text message to see if she would be available to meet the following Wednesday.
Grandma B. responded, “I am out of town but I will connect with you when I am
back next week.” 4 Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 802. As it was Friday afternoon,
Grandma B. intended to get back in touch with the social worker the following
Monday. The social worker texted Grandma B. back, “Who is [K.W.] with while
you’re out of town?” Id. Grandma B. did not respond immediately because she was
driving. The social worker did not call Grandma B. or any other relative at that
point, but she contacted K.W.’s school. The school staff said K.W. had already
gotten on the bus to day care but mentioned that he had a cell phone and tried to call
a person labeled “Mom” that day. 4 CP at 795. The social worker went to the day
care and spoke with K.W., who said he was staying with Aunt H. for six days.
Concerned that Grandma B. might have left K.W. for six days, that Aunt H. might
not have childcare while she was at work, and that K.W. might have contact with his
mother, the social worker took him into custody.
The Department and the court-appointed special advocate (CASA) repeated
these allegations multiple times in the record over the next several months. Grandma
B. consistently stated that she had always planned to return to Washington the same
day and pick up K.W. from her son’s house, and she submitted an e-mail from her
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supervisor confirming that she requested one day off work and a receipt showing
that she rented a car for one day.
When Grandma B. learned that K.W. had been taken into department custody
on the afternoon of December 6, she immediately drove back to Seattle. She tried
to call the social worker to find out where K.W. was but got no answer, and when
she saw the missed text message, she responded that she was on her way back. These
events all happened within the span of two hours.
The Department placed K.W. in respite care for the weekend, 3 and the
following Monday, moved K.W. to the home of a prospective adoptive family. 4
Aunt H. contacted the Department that Monday to inform them she was able to be a
permanent placement for K.W. because her work schedule had changed. She also
pointed out that she was a certified home care aide, submitted a background check,
and submitted a home study that had been completed in 2013. The Department
informed her that K.W. was already placed with a prospective adoptive family.
3
While in respite care, K.W. said he was scared of returning to Grandma B.’s home, though he did not say why. He later filed a declaration saying that he felt safe with his grandma, he did not know why he said he felt unsafe, and he considered her house his home.
4
While in this first prospective adoptive family’s care, K.W. said he did not want to go back to Grandma B.’s home because he was scared of a man named Mr. R. He said that Mr. R. is “rude” and hits him, but that Mr. R. does not live at Grandma B.’s home. 4 CP at 797. In his subsequent declaration, K.W. retracted this statement as well, stating that it was a long time ago when Mr. R. was mean to him, and he felt safe in Grandma B.’s home.
Also, while K.W. was with this prospective adoptive family, his braids were cut off.
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However, within less than one week, that family informed the Department they
would not adopt K.W. and asked for him to be removed from their care.
2. K.W.’s First Request To Return to Relative Care
On December 20, 2019—two weeks after his abrupt removal from his
relatives—K.W. filed a motion to be returned to Grandma B. or, in the alternative,
to be placed with Aunt H. or Mr. W. K.W. filed a declaration expressing his strong
desire to return to his relatives. Grandma B., Aunt H., and Aunt H.’s son submitted
declarations in support of returning K.W. to relative placement.
The court held a hearing on December 24. K.W.’s attorney underscored that
K.W. had lived with Grandma B. for almost his entire life before he was suddenly
removed from her care. He stressed K.W.’s strong connections with his family; he
also argued there were “no true safety issues” with the relatives and that Grandma
B. and Aunt H. would satisfy the background check and home study requirements
without issue because of their jobs and prior experience caring for other children.
Report of Proceedings (RP) (Dec. 24, 2019) at 15, 27. The Department opposed
modifying placement to a relative without a department home study, due to alleged
safety concerns about each of K.W.’s requested relative placements, including
concerns that his relatives were permitting K.W. to have contact with his mother. 5
5
However, the Department had approved of supervised visits with K.W.’s mother throughout the dependency as recently as two months earlier and had approved an open adoption agreement that included visitation.
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The CASA reported that K.W. was having emotional outbursts at school since his
removal from Grandma B.’s care—but she argued that K.W. should be placed with
a prospective adoptive family because he needed permanence.
The court authorized the Department to place K.W. with Aunt H. It also
“urged [the Department] to expedite the completion of a home study” in the order
but authorized the placement with Aunt H. without the completion of a home study.
4 CP at 814. It further ordered the Department to meet with Aunt H. to address its
concerns and to “investigate and give priority to permanent placements with a
relative.” Id. at 815. However, it also authorized the Department to place K.W. in
licensed foster care.
Immediately following the hearing, a department social worker allegedly told
K.W.’s attorney and Aunt H. that they would not place K.W. with Aunt H. until a
home study was completed, despite the court order. Arguing that the Department
was acting in bad faith and the comments demonstrated their animus against the
relatives, K.W.’s attorney requested the court to order placement with Aunt H. once
the background check was completed. The court reiterated that a home study was
not required but declined to modify its order. The Department moved K.W. to the
home of another prospective adoptive family on December 27, 2019. 6 This was the
6
While K.W. was placed with this prospective family, his relatives requested through K.W.’s attorney that the Department allow K.W. to attend the Martin Luther King Jr. march and rally in January. K.W. had attended every year with his family, since the age of two. The
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third unfamiliar home K.W. was sent to in three weeks since he had been removed
from his relatives’ care.
3. Relatives’ Efforts To Satisfy the Department
Desperate to bring K.W. home to the love, stability, and familiarity of his
family, several relatives immediately began working to satisfy the Department’s
concerns about placing K.W. with them.
a. Aunt H.
Since the Department refused to place K.W. with Aunt H. before she
completed a home study, Aunt H. began the home study process immediately. She
submitted applications for a new background check and home study the same day of
the December 24 hearing. Pursuant to the court’s order, Aunt H. met with the
Department social worker on January 6, 2020, to discuss the Department’s concerns
regarding placement with her. The Department’s concerns seemed to be focused on
Aunt H.’s prior contact with the Department while caring for other children.
First, the Department raised concerns about the time when her grandniece was
in her care in 2007. Aunt H. had begun a home study for her grandniece with the
Department but did not complete it when she opted to do a home study through a
private agency instead. The Department was concerned that Aunt H. had allowed
Department denied the request, citing their inability to supervise his attendance and concerns about “tensions” with K.W.’s mother and extended family. Id. at 894.
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her grandniece to have unsupervised visits with her biological mother. Aunt H.
clarified that she permitted only supervised visits. The Department was also
concerned about a man they alleged was Aunt H.’s live-in boyfriend, who had a
criminal history and whose children were also dependent. Aunt H. explained that
the man was a family friend, not her boyfriend, and he did not live with her; he
received mail at her house for a time when he was experiencing housing instability.
Second, the Department was concerned by a couple of Child Protective
Services investigations in the intervening years. In 2008, there was an investigation
regarding allegations of sexual abuse of a child in Aunt H.’s care. The allegations
were determined to be unfounded. In 2015, there was an investigation when her
grandson was living with her. The child was found outside the home unattended
while Aunt H. was at work and she had left the child in his uncle’s care for an hour.
Drugs and a loaded gun were found in the uncle’s bedroom, and the uncle had a
criminal history. The uncle was only temporarily staying with Aunt H., and Aunt
H. kicked him out of the house immediately after this incident. She denied knowing
about the drugs, guns, and criminal history, and stated she would not have allowed
the drugs or guns in her home if she had known about them. In 2018, there was an
investigation with no specific allegations of abuse, negligence, or risk. Her grandson
was on the phone with his birth mother, who thought she heard a man count to three,
a thud, and then a child screaming. Aunt H. explained to the Department that the
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child’s mother suffered from mental illness and that there was no man in the home;
she also located a police report confirming that the police found no man in the house
and had no concerns for the child’s safety. More recently, another family member
had reported that Aunt H.’s grandson displayed sexualized behaviors toward other
children in the family, and the Department was concerned K.W. would potentially
share a bedroom with the grandson. Aunt H. said she had never seen any such
behavior and said she would never permit any inappropriate behavior. She also
pointed out that she had completed a home study to gain custody of her grandson.
Third, the Department was concerned about Aunt H.’s hopes for K.W. to
reunify with his parents. In May 2019, when she informed the Department that she
could not be a permanent placement for K.W. at that time, she noted that his parents
were progressing well, and she hoped that the Department would consider placing
K.W. with them. The Department informed her that K.W.’s mother’s and father’s
parental rights had been terminated, so they would not be a placement option. Aunt
H. had not known that their parental rights had been terminated until then, and she
clarified that she would allow K.W. to return to them only if court ordered. She also
stated that she would be willing to adopt K.W. if his mother’s and father’s parental
rights were not reinstated.
At the conclusion of the January 2020 meeting, Aunt H. asked if K.W. could
be placed with her, in light of the court order that authorized placement with her
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before a home study was completed. The social worker responded that they would
not move K.W. before she completed a home study. After this meeting, the
Department received notice that Aunt H. had passed the background check. Aunt
H. met with the home study evaluator on January 31, 2020, and they began the home
study process. Aunt H. also began training to become a licensed foster care parent.
b. Grandma B.
In late January, Grandma B. informed the Department she could also be a
permanent placement option for K.W. and requested a home study. The Department
told her that it had a policy of doing only one home study at a time and that because
it was engaged in the home study process for Aunt H., it would not begin a home
study for Grandma B. until Aunt H.’s was complete. Therefore, Grandma B. began
the process to obtain a private home study and began training to become a licensed
foster care parent.
The Department had concerns about Grandma B.’s history as a victim of
domestic violence about 10 years earlier. In 2011, Grandma B.’s son (Mr. W.)
obtained a protection order against Grandma B.’s husband, Mr. R. Grandma B. and
Mr. R. separated at that time, and they began a dissolution of marriage that was never
finalized. Grandma B. informed the Department that Mr. R. was her estranged
husband and had not lived with her in since 2011. Mr. R. submitted letters and
receipts for rent indicating his separate residence dating back to 2012. Grandma B.
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also explained that Mr. R. came to the home only to see their daughter, who lived
with Grandma B., and Grandma B. was willing to get a divorce.
The Department also believed that Grandma B. would not be a suitable
placement for K.W. because she might allow unsupervised visits with his biological
parents. The Department was concerned that Grandma B. allegedly permitted K.W.
to have contact with his parents and left him in their care on December 6, 2019, even
though their rights were terminated. Grandma B. stated that K.W. had not had
contact with his father since a social worker informed her that his parental rights had
been terminated. She also clarified that she allowed K.W. to speak to his mother
only under her supervision and reiterated that the plan for December 6, 2019, had
always been for K.W. to stay with her son, Mr. W., for the afternoon, not with K.W.’s
parents.
c. Mr. W.
In December 2019, Mr. W. also contacted the Department to express his desire
to be a permanent placement and adopt K.W. A social worker and the CASA
observed appropriate interactions between K.W. and Mr. W. and found Mr. W.’s
home clean and appropriate. But when a department social worker interviewed Mr.
W., he felt that the social worker was discouraging him from continuing the process
because they believed he would not be able to pass a home study. The Department
completed a background check on Mr. W. and learned that a previously dismissed
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DUI (driving under the influence) charge from a year earlier had recently been
refiled. The Department was also concerned about other criminal allegations from
2011 and 2012, and his report that someone had stolen his firearm in 2015. The
Department concluded that it would not consider placing K.W. with Mr. W. until the
DUI charge was fully resolved. It also determined that his background check would
require an additional review before deciding whether a home study could even occur
and, therefore, he could not be an immediate placement option.
4. K.W.’s Second Request To Return to Relative Care
On February 13, 2020, K.W. filed another motion to be returned to either
Grandma B. or Aunt H. as well as another declaration, again expressing his desire
to return to his relatives. Twenty relatives and family friends filed declarations in
support of his motion, describing the extended family’s close bonds. K.W. also
included a report by a clinical psychologist about placement best practices and the
psychological and developmental impact of relative placement. Grandma B. and
Aunt H. both filed declarations meticulously responding to the Department’s
concerns about permanent placement with them and detailing their efforts to
complete home studies. Grandma B. also provided a copy of the completed private
home study recommending her as a suitable placement for K.W. The social worker
who prepared it filed a declaration explaining that it met all the statutory
requirements for a preplacement adoption home study report.
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The CASA filed a motion requesting to modify the December order to delay
placing K.W. with a relative “until they have been fully vetted and passed the home
study process” and requesting that K.W. remain in foster care. 5 CP at 1018. The
CASA reported that K.W. continued to struggle in school since his parents’ rights
were terminated and since his removal from Grandma B.’s care. But she provided
the court with Grandma B.’s, Aunt H.’s, and Mr. R.’s civil court histories and argued
it was in K.W.’s best interests to stay with the prospective adoptive family.
The Department also opposed placing K.W. with a relative until that relative
passed a home study. The Department argued that there is no statutory preference
for relative placement once a dependent child becomes legally free and that
permanence is the highest priority for a legally free child. Since the relatives had
previously not been able to adopt K.W. and had only recently offered to be
permanent placements for him after K.W. was removed from Grandma B.’s care, the
Department did not want to place K.W. with a relative until they decided that would
be his final placement, which could be determined only after a home study.
The Department and the CASA also opposed Grandma B.’s private home
study, stating that it did not meet Department standards. Specifically, the
Department was concerned that the private home study did not include Grandma
B.’s estranged husband as a co-applicant. It argued that Mr. R. was a safety concern
because of his domestic violence history in 2011 and because of statements that
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K.W. had made about him and subsequently retracted. The Department would
require both Grandma B. and Mr. R. to complete a department home study, which it
would not begin before completing Aunt H.’s.
In a March 12, 2020, hearing, the court acknowledged that “it is clear . . . that
[K.W.] has a number of people who really care about him” but said that it was
“particularly concerned about stability” and concluded that “stability is equally and
sometimes more important” than living with relatives. RP (Mar. 12, 2020) at 86.
The court ultimately decided it was in K.W.’s “best interest” to remain in his current
potential adoptive foster placement. Id. at 88. Therefore, the court denied K.W.’s
motion and granted the CASA’s motion to delay relative placement until Grandma
B. or Aunt H. was “fully vetted with a Department approved home study.” 6 CP at
1364.
K.W.’s counsel reminded the court that Grandma B. had completed an
adoptive home study through the independent social worker. However, the court
said, “The information that was provided was not completely accurate.” RP (Mar.
12, 2020) at 90. When K.W.’s counsel asked what information was inaccurate, the
court simply said it would not argue with him. The court did not explain why it
found the private home study inadequate.
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B. Procedural History
K.W. filed a motion for discretionary review of the March order in the Court
of Appeals. The court denied review and denied K.W.’s motion to modify that
decision. K.W. then sought discretionary review in this court, which we granted. 7
Two amici curiae briefs were filed in support of K.W.: one on behalf of K.W.’s
mother and the other on behalf of the Washington Defender Association, Smith Law
LLC, American Civil Liberties Union of Washington, Fred T. Korematsu Center for
Law and Equality, Legal Counsel for Youth and Children, the Mockingbird Society,
and Treehouse (WDA et al. Amici).
ANALYSIS
A. Dependency and Placement Statutes
As a preliminary matter, the parties dispute which standard governs the
placement of a legally free dependent child, such as K.W. The meaning of a statute
7
The Department opposed review, arguing, in part, that the case was moot because K.W. had been returned to his mother’s care when her parental rights were reinstated. See supra note 1. Generally, this court will not review a moot case unless it presents issues of continuing and substantial public interest. In re Marriage of Horner, 151 Wn.2d 884, 891, 93 P.3d 124 (2004). We consider “whether the issues are of a public or private nature, whether an authoritative determination is desirable to provide future guidance to public officers, . . . whether the issues are likely to recur,” “the likelihood that the issue will escape review[,] and the adverseness and quality of the advocacy.” In re Dependency of Z.J.G., 196 Wn.2d 152, 161 n.7, 471 P.3d 853 (2020). Questions about how our courts resolve competing interests in child welfare cases are of a public nature, and the vigorous debate about preference for relative placement and dearth of applicable case law indicate that public officers would benefit from authoritative guidance on the matter. Further, placement decisions occur every day in our courts but are likely to evade review due to their interlocutory nature. Last, the advocacy has been genuinely adverse and includes briefs from numerous amici curiae. This case satisfies each consideration for establishing an issue of continuing and substantial public interest. Id.
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is a question of law we review de novo. Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn,
LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). We determine the plain meaning of a statute
based on “the statute and related statutes.” Id. at 11. The Washington Juvenile Court
Act recognizes that children have a “right to conditions of basic nurture, health, [and]
safety.” RCW 13.34.020. “The right of a child to basic nurturing includes the right
to a safe, stable, and permanent home and a speedy resolution of any proceeding
under this chapter.” Id.
When a child is found dependent, the court must enter an order indicating
whether the child will remain in the home or be removed “into the custody, control,
and care of a relative or other suitable person, the department, or agency responsible
for supervision of the child’s placement.” RCW 13.34.130(1)(b). The statute
governing placement of a dependent child expresses a strong preference for
placement with relatives:
The department may only place a child with a person not related to the
child as defined in RCW 74.15.020(2)(a)[8] . . . when the court finds that
such placement is in the best interest of the child. Unless there is
reasonable cause to believe that the health, safety, or welfare of the
child would be jeopardized or that efforts to reunite the parent and child
will be hindered, the child shall be placed with a person who is willing,
appropriate, and available to care for the child, and who is: (I) Related
to the child as defined in RCW 74.15.020(2)(a) with whom the child
has a relationship and is comfortable; or (II) a suitable person as
8
RCW 74.15.020(2)(a)(i) specifies people related to the child, including “[a]ny blood relative, including those of half-blood, and including first cousins, second cousins, nephews or nieces, and persons of preceding generations as denoted by prefixes of grand, great, or great-great.” Aunt H. is K.W.’s great aunt and Grandma B. is his mother’s cousin.
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described in subsection (1)(b) of this section.[9] The court shall
consider the child’s existing relationships and attachments when
determining placement.
RCW 13.34.130(3) (emphasis added). Thus, the Department is authorized to place
the child with someone other than a relative who has a relationship with the child
only if relative placement would jeopardize the child’s health, safety, or welfare. Id.
Further, “[p]lacement of the child with a relative or other suitable person as
described in subsection (1)(b) of this section shall be given preference by the court.”
RCW 13.34.130(6) (emphasis added). This statutory scheme makes it clear that both
the Department and the courts are directed by the legislature to preserve the family
unit and, when unable to do so, to place the child with family members, relatives, or
fictive kin before looking beyond those categories to nonrelatives.
During the course of a dependency, the court is required to review the child’s
status at least every six months to determine whether court supervision should
continue. RCW 13.34.138(1). Among other things, if the court concludes the
dependent child should not be returned to their parents’ home or homes, it must also
9
Previously, RCW 13.34.130(1)(b) authorized placement only with relatives or in the Department’s custody. See former RCW 13.34.130(1)(b) (LAWS OF 2007, ch. 413, § 6). In 2009, the legislature expanded this authority to include “a relative or other suitable person.” LAWS OF 2009, ch. 491, § 2(1)(b). The Department recognizes people who are not relatives by birth or law but who have kinship relationships as “suitable person[s]” if they have a preexisting relationship with the child or family, they are available and willing to safely care for and nurture the child, they pass the required background checks, and the child is comfortable with them. WASH. STATE DEP’T OF CHILDREN, YOUTH & FAMILY, POLICY NO. 4527, “Kinship Care: Searching for, Placing with, and Supporting Relatives and Suitable Other Persons,” (revised July 23, 2017) https://www.dcyf.wa.gov/4500-specific-services/4527-kinship-care-searching-placing-andsupporting-relatives-and-suitable [https://perma.cc/K72A-PFWD].
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determine “[w]hether preference has been given to placement with the child’s
relatives if such placement is in the child’s best interests.” RCW
13.34.138(2)(c)(ix). This means that the dependency court is charged with actively
ensuring that relative placements have been fairly evaluated. This is an active
process required at each hearing. Id. Making a finding that no such family
placements exist at one hearing does not mean that the inquiry ends: the statute
contemplates that the inquiry is ongoing, recognizing that family circumstances
change, as they so often do, and as they did in this very case. Id.
Although dependent children are very often placed somewhere other than
their parents’ homes, parental rights remain intact during a dependency. However,
if the Department ultimately concludes that parental rights to the dependent child
should be terminated, the court may enter an order terminating parental rights. RCW
13.34.180(1), .190. At that point, if “there remains no parent having parental rights,”
the child is considered legally free, and
the court shall commit the child to the custody of the department . . . for
the purpose of placing the child for adoption. If an adoptive home has
not been identified, the department shall place the child in a licensed
foster home or take other suitable measures for the care and welfare of
the child.
RCW 13.34.210. While the termination of parental rights authorizes the Department
to identify and place the child in an adoptive home, it does not put an end to the
dependency; a child who is legally free remains dependent until the court concludes
20
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that supervision should not continue. Id.; RCW 13.34.138(1). Many children
remain legally free after their parents’ parental rights have been terminated. For
example, in 2020, of the children who became legally free, 32 percent had adoptions
completed within six months of being legally free. WASH. STATE CTR. FOR COURT
RESEARCH, DEPENDENT CHILDREN IN WASHINGTON STATE: CASE TIMELINESS AND
OUTCOMES 2020 ANNUAL REPORT 21 (2020),
https://www.courts.wa.gov/subsite/wsccr/docs/2020DTR.pdf (hereinafter
DEPENDENT CHILDREN IN WASHINGTON STATE 2020 ANNUAL REPORT). That means
that 68 percent of legally free children remained legally free for at least six months
after their parents’ parental rights were terminated. Id. While many of those
children may be in permanent placements, the data do not assure that.
K.W. and the Department appear to agree that RCW 13.34.210 governs the
custody of legally free dependent children, but they disagree on whether the
preference for relative placement expressed by the legislature at various stages of
dependency are among the “suitable measures” the court must take at that time. See
RCW 13.34.060(2) (shelter care), .065(5)(b) (shelter care hearing), .130(1), (6)
(disposition). All amici argue that the dependency disposition statute, RCW
13.34.130—which explicitly states a strong preference for relative placement—
governs the placement of a dependent child, whether legally free or not, unless and
until there is a “change in circumstance.” See RCW 13.34.130(6), .150.
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We consider the statutory scheme as a whole when determining legislative
intent. Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 11-12. A child remains dependent even
after parental rights have been terminated. RCW 13.34.138(1), .210. During
dependency, the legislature requires courts and the Department to prioritize
placement with relatives “[u]nless there is reasonable cause to believe that the health,
safety, or welfare of the child would be jeopardized or that efforts to reunite the
parent and child will be hindered.” RCW 13.34.130(3). One of the primary goals
in dependency proceedings is the child’s stability, and the standards governing a
child’s placement should not change at each stage of a dependency. See RCW
13.34.020. When a dependent child becomes legally free, the Department is
authorized to identify an adoptive home and to place the child in licensed foster care
“or take other suitable measures for the care and welfare of the child.” RCW
13.34.210. Looking to the statutory scheme as a whole, we conclude that the
legislature intended “other suitable measures” to be those expressed throughout the
statutory scheme for child dependency and termination, including the placement
preferences stated in RCW 13.34.130(3): “the child shall be placed with a person
who is willing, appropriate, and available to care for the child, and who is[ a relative
or another] suitable person” with whom the child has a relationship and is
comfortable, and the court “shall consider the child’s existing relationships and
attachments when determining placement.” Therefore, the preference for relative
22
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placement and the requirement for the court to consider existing relationships and
attachments continue to apply to a dependent child once legally free. RCW
13.34.130(3), (6).
B. Placement with Relatives
In a dependency proceeding, we review a court’s decision regarding the
child’s placement for an abuse of discretion. In re Dependency of A.C., 74 Wn. App.
271, 275, 873 P.2d 535 (1994). “A court abuses its discretion if the decision is
manifestly unreasonable, or based on untenable grounds or untenable reasons.” In
re Dependency of M.R., 166 Wn. App. 504, 517, 270 P.3d 607 (2012). A
dependency court abuses its discretion when it makes a placement decision without
considering all the relevant factors. A.C., 74 Wn. App. at 279.
When making placement decisions, courts “must be mindful of the statutory
scheme, and particularly the legislative preference for placements that least disrupt
a child’s attachments and sense of stability.” In re Dependency of J.B.S., 123 Wn.2d
1, 12, 863 P.2d 1344 (1993). “A child who has been removed from [their] home has
a right to preferential placement with a relative or known suitable adult.” In re
Dependency of S.K.-P., 200 Wn. App. 86, 117, 401 P.3d 442 (2017), aff’d sub nom.
In re Dependency of E.H., 191 Wn.2d 872, 427 P.3d 587 (2018); see also RCW
13.34.130(3); McKinney v. State, 134 Wn.2d 388, 404, 950 P.2d 461 (1998) (“If an
out of home placement is necessary, first priority for placement is given to the child’s
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In re Dependency of K.W.
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relatives.” (citing RCW 13.34.130(1)(b))). Changes in custody should be minimized
because of the importance of the “‘continuity of established relationships.’” J.B.S.,
123 Wn.2d at 12-13 (quoting McDaniels v. Carlson, 108 Wn.2d 299, 312, 738 P.2d
254 (1987)). In determining an appropriate placement, the best interests of the child
are “paramount.” Id. at 11. Yet, “the criteria for establishing the best interests of
the child are not capable of specification” because each case is “largely dependent
upon its own facts and circumstances.” In re Welfare of Aschauer, 93 Wn.2d 689,
695, 611 P.2d 1245 (1980).
In J.B.S., this court reversed a juvenile court order removing a dependent child
from a foster family in Washington State who facilitated visits with his mother, to
place him in the custody of his father, who had been deported to Mexico after serving
time in prison for drug trafficking and who had a limited relationship with the child.
123 Wn.2d at 3, 10 n.5. The mother, though young at the time of the birth of the
child and the dependency, had resolved most of the issues that gave rise to the
dependency. Id. at 6-7. Both parents sought return of the child; return of the child
to the father would mean the child would be limited in his ability to see his mother
because the father could not travel legally into the United States. Id. The trial court
observed that placing the child with his estranged father in another country would
likely cause the child separation anxiety and trauma, but it erroneously believed that
RCW 13.34.020 required the child to be placed with an available parent regardless
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of numerous indications that such a placement would not be in the child’s best
interest. Id. at 8. Although the case involved competing desires of parents who
retained parental rights to the dependent child, the J.B.S. court’s guidance on the
considerations that should inform placement decisions is relevant to placement
decisions more generally, including when the child is placed out of the home and
when relatives are afforded preference. See RCW 13.34.130(3), (6). The court
explained that considerations should include “the psychological and emotional
bonds” between the child and their current caregivers, “the potential harm [the child]
would suffer if effectively severed from contact with these persons,” the nature of
the child’s attachment to the prospective caregiver, the prospective caregiver’s
history and current circumstances, “and the potential effect upon [the child] of an
abrupt and substantial change in [their] environment.” J.B.S., 123 Wn.2d at 11; see
also RCW 13.34.130(3) (“The court shall consider the child’s existing relationships
and attachments when determining placement.”). The court also explained that
while courts have discretion to consider criminal history and immigration status,
neither of those factors can be dispositive. J.B.S., 123 Wn.2d at 11-12; see also
M.R., 166 Wn. App. at 518-20 (abuse of discretion to remove a child from the care
of relatives he had close bonds with based on their status as undocumented
immigrants and the mere possibility of deportation). More than anything, though,
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J.B.S. stated that “the child’s best interests should be paramount.” 123 Wn.2d at 11
(some emphasis added).
The legislature has recognized that placement with relatives will very often
support the child’s best interests. RCW 13.34.130(3) (requiring the Department to
place a dependent child with a relative “[u]nless there is reasonable cause to believe
that the health, safety, or welfare of the child would be jeopardized” and permitting
it to place a dependent child with someone other than a relative only when doing so
would be in the best interests of the child).
Children adjudged dependent often suffer emotional damage from the
traumatic experience of being removed from their homes and placed
with strangers. Recognizing this potential harm, the Legislature seeks
to place a dependent child in a familiar and comfortable environment
as soon as possible after a court makes a dependency determination in
order to minimize any adverse effects to the child. Relatives of the
dependent child can often provide such an environment, and their
relationship to the child gives a preliminary assurance that the child will
be safeguarded from harm. The statutory scheme, which favors
placement of dependent children with relatives, clearly reflects that
legislative goal.
Babcock v. State, 116 Wn.2d 596, 656, 809 P.2d 143 (1991); see also LAWS OF 2021,
ch. 211, § 2 (recognizing that “Black and Indigenous children are still
disproportionately removed from their families and communities” and amending
shelter care statutes to reduce the removal of children from their homes in the first
instance and strengthen the preference for placement with relatives when out-ofhome placement is necessary).
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In re Dependency of K.W.
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While relative placement will not necessarily be in the child’s best interests in
every single case, ample evidence supports this legislative preference as one that
will often minimize the trauma to the child, particularly when the child has existing
relationships with the relatives. “[T]he vast majority of children in foster care have
relative or fictive kin relationships that are of great value to them,” and nurturing
and protecting those relationships increases the chances for children to achieve
permanency because “[w]hen these relationships are prioritized, protective factors
are increased, which promotes current and future well-being.” ADMIN. FOR
CHILDREN & FAMILIES, U.S. DEP’T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVS., ACHIEVING
PERMANENCY FOR THE WELL-BEING OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH 10 (2021),
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/im2101.pdf
[https://perma.cc/FS5T-USRG]. 10 Relational permanence is particularly critical for
Black, Indigenous, and other children of Color, who are disproportionately affected
by the trauma of child welfare and other legal systems. See generally J.
CHRISTOPHER GRAHAM, WASH. STATE DEP’T OF CHILDREN, YOUTH & FAMILIES,
2019 WASHINGTON STATE CHILD WELFARE RACIAL DISPARITY INDICES REPORT
10
See also Jennifer Miller, Creating a Kin-First Culture in Child Welfare, 36 CHILD L. PRAC. 83, 83 (2017) (“Research confirms that children do best in kinship foster care and that family connections are critical to healthy child development and a sense of belonging. Kinship care also helps preserve children’s cultural identity and relationship to their community.” (footnote omitted)); Br. of Pet’r at 29-30 (citing numerous studies); Br. of WDA et al. Amici at 8-10 (citing numerous studies); Sixto Cancel, Guest Essay, I Will Never Forget That I Could Have Lived with People Who Loved Me, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 16, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/16/opinion/foster-care-children-us.html.
27
In re Dependency of K.W.
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(2020) (hereinafter WASHINGTON CHILD WELFARE RACIAL DISPARITY),
https://www.dcyf.wa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/reports/CWRacialDisparityIndices
2019.pdf.
Yet, K.W. and amici correctly point out that the “best interests of the child”
standard is susceptible to class- and race-based biases, and it is impermissible for the
Department or dependency courts to rely on factors that serve as proxies for race in
order to deny placements with bonded relatives. Cf. In re Custody of Smith, 137
Wn.2d 1, 20, 969 P.2d 21 (1998) (warning against interpreting the “best interests of
the child” standard as permitting the State to “break up stable families and
redistribute its infant population to provide each child with the ‘best family’”), aff’d
sub nom. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 147 L. Ed. 2d 49 (2000)
(plurality opinion). Decisions in child welfare proceedings “are often vulnerable to
judgments based on cultural or class bias,” given that poor families and families of
Color are disproportionately impacted by child welfare proceedings. Santosky v.
Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 763, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982) (plurality
opinion); see also Br. of Pet’r at 31 (citing studies); Br. of WDA et al. Amici at 3-4
(“The disparate separation of Black and Native American families [is] the result of
a deeply engrained history of taking children of [C]olor from their parents in the
name of furthering the child’s ‘best interests.’” (citing Leah A. Hill, Loving Lessons:
White Supremacy, Loving v. Virginia, and Disproportionality in the Child Welfare
28
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System, 86 FORDHAM L. REV. 2727, 2733 (2018))). For example, in King County,
the Black population is approximately 14 percent of the overall population but made
up 36 percent of the dependency caseload in 2020. DEPENDENT CHILDREN IN
WASHINGTON STATE 2020 ANNUAL REPORT apps. B, C-71.
K.W. points to GR 37 for examples of criteria that have historically been used
as proxies for race or ethnicity, such as prior contact with law enforcement or not
being a native English speaker. GR 37(h)(i), (vii). Although GR 37 is not directly
applicable to placement decisions in child welfare cases, Washington courts have
previously condemned overreliance on similar factors in placement decisions that
can serve as proxies for race and class, like criminal history and immigration status.
E.g., J.B.S., 123 Wn.2d at 12; M.R., 166 Wn. App. at 505. We know that like all
human beings, judges and social workers hold biases, and we know that families of
Color are disproportionately impacted by child welfare proceedings. Therefore,
actors in child welfare proceedings must be vigilant in preventing bias from
interfering in their decision-making. Factors that serve as proxies for race cannot be
used to deny placement with relatives with whom the child has a relationship and is
comfortable. RCW 13.34.130(3).
Given the expressed statutory preference for relative placement, the
empirically demonstrated value and importance of relational permanence, and the
danger of improper biases about “best interests” contaminating the decision-making
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process, courts must give meaningful preference to relative placement options.
Children are entitled to procedural fairness in the evaluation of potential placements.
Courts must do more than give a passing acknowledgment for relative preference,
as occurred in this case. Courts must actually treat relatives as preferred placement
options and cannot use factors that operate as proxies for race or class to deny
placement with a relative. RCW 13.34.130(3), (6).
C. Failure To Return K.W. to Relative Care
RCW 13.34.130(3) requires the court to consider the child’s existing
relationships and attachments and to give preference to placement with relatives who
are “willing, appropriate, and available to care for the child” and “with whom the
child has a relationship and is comfortable.” In the event that the child cannot be
maintained in “his or her home,” the child must be placed with a “relative or other
suitable person.” RCW 13.34.130(1)(a), (b)(i). The last resort, as contemplated by
the statute, is placement “with a person not related to the child.” RCW 13.34.130(3).
Here, K.W. requested to be returned to relative care with either Aunt H. or
Grandma B., relatives with whom he had strong relationships and attachments, since
they had been involved in raising him since he was an infant. It is important to note
here that K.W. had been living with Grandma B. prior to his removal with no issues;
the reason for removal appears to have been the failure of Grandma B. to notify the
Department that she was taking a one-day trip and had arranged for someone else
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In re Dependency of K.W.
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K.W. knew to watch him until her return. K.W., the prospective relative caregivers,
and numerous other members of the family attested to the bonds between K.W. and
these relatives and to the safe environments they could provide him. Aunt H. and
Grandma B. endeavored to answer every single one of the Department’s concerns
and made significant efforts to complete home studies and otherwise demonstrate
that they were willing, appropriate, and available to care for K.W. It is difficult to
imagine what more Aunt H. or Grandma B. could have done to demonstrate the
strength of their familial bonds and their commitment to providing safe care for K.W.
in their homes.
Aunt H. had previously been very involved in K.W.’s life and had expressed
a desire to be a permanent placement for him. Nevertheless, the Department refused
to even consider placing K.W. with her before completing a home study—despite a
court order expressly authorizing placement with her. Instead, when the Department
met with Aunt H., the social worker raised concerns about her prior involvement
with the Department; Aunt H. responded to each concern by explaining that each
incident had either been unfounded, caused her to make changes to make the home
safer, or alerted her to a risk she would take steps to protect K.W. from. The
Department did not explain why she remained an unsuitable relative placement for
K.W., other than its apparent prediction that she was unlikely to pass a home study.
Prior involvement with child welfare agencies, without more, can serve as a proxy
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for race or class, given that families of Color are disproportionately impacted by the
child welfare system. 11 See WASHINGTON CHILD WELFARE RACIAL DISPARITY,
supra. The Department’s reliance on Aunt H.’s prior interactions with the child
welfare system as a reason to deny her placement after she addressed each specific
concern was arbitrary and improper. Cf. J.B.S., 123 Wn.2d at 12 (criminal history
11
For example, under the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)—the “gold standard” in child welfare policy—children in foster care or preadoptive placement “shall be placed in the least restrictive setting which most approximates a family” with highest preference to a member of the child’s extended family, absent “good cause to the contrary.” 25 U.S.C. § 1915(b); BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, U.S. DEP’T OF INTERIOR, GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE INDIAN CHILD WELFARE ACT 39 (2016). A party seeking to deviate from this placement preference must state their reasons on the record and bears the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that there is good cause to depart from the placement preference. 25 C.F.R. § 23.132(a), (b). One reason a court may conclude that there is good cause to depart from the placement preference is the unavailability of a suitable placement, but “the standards for determining whether a placement is unavailable must conform to the prevailing social and cultural standards of the Indian community in which the Indian child’s parent or extended family resides or with which the Indian child’s parent or extended family members maintain social and cultural ties,” and socioeconomic status may not be a basis to depart from the placement preference. 25 C.F.R. § 23.132(c)(5), (d). Notably, prior contact with the child welfare system, criminal history, and poverty are not good cause reasons to depart from the strong preference for placement with relatives under ICWA. Likewise, tribes located around Washington State prioritize placement with extended family or other members of the tribal community and rarely treat factors like prior child welfare proceedings or criminal history as disqualifying in determining out-of-home placements for children. See, e.g., NISQUALLY TRIBAL CODE § 50.09.09; NOOKSACK LAWS & ORDINANCES § 15.09.100; JAMESTOWN S’KLALLAM TRIBE TRIBAL CODE § 33.01.09(J); PUYALLUP TRIBAL CODE § 7.04.840. But see TULALIP TRIBAL CODE § 4.05.110(4) (prohibiting placement with someone with a criminal conviction, but only for certain crimes identified as disqualifying crimes by the social services division charged by the Tulalip Tribe with the responsibility to protect the health and welfare of Tulalip families and their children (beda?chelh)).
32
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cannot be a dispositive factor in placement decisions); M.R., 166 Wn. App. at 505
(immigration status cannot be a dispositive factor in placement decisions).
Likewise, Grandma B. had been the relative whom K.W.’s mother asked to
care for K.W. when he was a year old and who had raised him until the age of six,
with the Department’s repeated approval. This is in compliance with the statute,
which says, “Absent good cause, the department shall follow the wishes of the
natural parent regarding the placement of the child.” RCW 13.34.130(2). Grandma
B. helped raise multiple children—both her own natural children and the children of
friends and family who needed help—and she had a professional background and
training in early childhood development and trauma-informed care. The Department
insisted that it removed K.W. from Grandma B.’s care due to safety concerns and
that it did not want to return K.W. to Grandma B. without further investigation.
However, it is unclear what, if anything, the Department did to investigate those
safety concerns—other than receive statements from Grandma B. and Aunt H.
addressing each of those concerns. Instead, the Department appeared to conclude
that Grandma B. was not a suitable placement because she had been the victim of
domestic violence a decade earlier and allowed her estranged husband to maintain a
relationship with their daughter. The Department insisted that it would not consider
placement with Grandma B. until she had completed a department-authorized home
study including her estranged husband, despite her statements that he had not lived
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in her home since before she took K.W. into her home and that she was willing to
get a divorce. 12 The Department also penalized Grandma B., Aunt H., and Mr. W.
for being unable to commit to being permanent placements for K.W. earlier. 13
Additionally, the Department overemphasized the importance of future
permanence, failing to consider the significant stability K.W.’s long-term relative
caregivers had provided him for almost his entire life and the dramatic instability the
Department had introduced into K.W.’s life by removing him from Grandma B.’s
care. The Department apparently opposed placement with relatives because it could
not be certain they would ultimately become permanent placements for K.W.
However, these rationales of “permanency” and “stability” crumble under the facts
of this case, where the Department abruptly removed K.W. from a relative placement
with no prior safety concerns without conducting sufficient inquiry into the plans for
his care, subjected him to three different foster homes in a few weeks, prevented him
12
The Department has now conceded that the trial court erred in rejecting Grandma B’s private home study based on unspecified alleged inaccuracies, and it also concedes that it should not have refused to conduct its own home study with Grandma B. while Aunt H.’s was pending.
13
Under Laws of 2021, ch. 211, § 9(5)(c)(iii)(B) and (D), “[u]ncertainty on the part of the relative . . . regarding potential adoption of the child” and “conditions of the relative[’s] . . . home [that] are not sufficient to satisfy the requirements of a licensed foster home” are impermissible reasons to deny shelter care placement with a relative who had expressed interest in caring for the child and meets other statutory requirements.
34
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from attending an important annual family and cultural event, and then refused to
return him to the care of his relatives, despite his and his family’s many requests.
We reverse. Statutory preferences to place dependent children with relatives
are “suitable measures for the care and welfare of the child” consistent with the
statutory scheme and continue to apply after a child becomes legally free. RCW
13.34.210, .130(3), (6). The purpose of these statutes is to ensure children are safe
and in placements that are consistent, stable, and in homes with relatives. Disrupting
a child’s placement, as happened in this case, for reasons that appear to have virtually
no grounds at all, creates chaos for the child. That chaos can be mitigated or
alleviated by following the statutory scheme ensuring children should be placed with
relatives. Courts must afford meaningful preference to placement with relatives.
RCW 13.34.130(3).
In this case, the juvenile court applied the wrong standard, which is an abuse
of discretion. M.R., 166 Wn. App. at 517. The court failed to consider whether the
relatives K.W. requested to be placed with were “willing, appropriate, and available
to care for the child” and “with whom the child has a relationship and is
comfortable.” RCW 13.34.130(3); see A.C., 74 Wn. App. at 279 (a dependency
court abuses its discretion when it makes a placement decision without considering
the appropriate factors). Further, the court overlooked the Department’s role in
causing instability to K.W.’s placement and giving inappropriate weight to factors
35
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that serve as proxies for race. It was an abuse of discretion to deny K.W.’s request
to return to placement with a long-term relative caregiver after the Department
abruptly removed him and the relatives made remarkable efforts to assuage the
Department’s concerns. 14 The court also erred in concluding that “stability” refers
only to future permanence as a stabilizing factor for a dependent child, particularly
when the child has existing relationships with the relatives. RCW 13.34.130(3)
(preference for placement with a relative “with whom the child has a relationship
and is comfortable”); cf. J.B.S., 123 Wn.2d at 11. Here, the Department and the
court relied on impermissible factors and failed to give meaningful preference to the
relative placements K.W. requested.
CONCLUSION
The legislature has expressed a strong preference for placement with relatives
during child welfare proceedings, and those placements must be given meaningful
preference throughout a dependency in order to effectuate the empirically
demonstrated harm-reduction purposes of relational stability. Here, the trial court
abused its discretion in denying K.W.’s request to be returned to the care of relatives
with whom he had existing relationships and felt comfortable. RCW 13.34.130(3).
The court also erred in accepting the Department’s reasons for opposing relative
14
The court notes here that relative placements need not be exceptionally qualified under the statute. Rather, they need to be able to provide a safe place for children and provide competent care for the child. RCW 13.34.130(1)(b)(ii), (10).
36
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placements—which, without more, serve as proxies for race and class. Therefore,
we reverse and remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this
decision.
WE CONCUR:
37