FILED
DECEMBER 7, 2023
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
JEWELS HELPING HANDS; and BEN ) No. 39924-9-III STUCKART, )
)
Appellants, )
)
v. )
)
BRIAN HANSEN, ) PUBLISHED OPINION
)
Respondent, )
)
CITY OF SPOKANE; SPOKANE )
COUNTY; and VICKY DALTON, )
in her official capacity, )
)
Defendants. )
PENNELL, J. — Jewels Helping Hands and Ben Stuckart (collectively Jewels) seek
a judicial declaration invalidating an initiative placed on the November 2023 general
election ballot in the city of Spokane. The initiative seeks to expand an existing ban on
camping at certain locations within the city. Jewels argues the initiative: (1) improperly No. 39924-9-III
Jewels Helping Hands v. Hansen
seeks to exercise powers reserved solely to the Spokane City Council, (2) impermissibly
conflicts with controlling state law, and (3) is outside the scope of the local initiative
power because the measure is administrative, not legislative, in character. We disagree
with these three arguments and therefore affirm the superior court.
FACTS
In 2022, the city of Spokane adopted Ordinance C36272. The ordinance created
several new sections in the portion of the Spokane Municipal Code (SMC) concerning
protection of public lands and properties, and amended several existing sections within
that same portion of the code.
Relevant to our purposes on review, Ordinance C36272 substantially expanded
SMC 12.02.1010, which concerns unauthorized camping on public property. The
existing section prohibited all camping on public property and provided a nonexhaustive
exemplary list of prohibited locations. Ordinance C36272 expanded that list and also
carved out specific provisions concerning camping at certain locations that would
otherwise fall within the existing prohibition. Ordinance C36272 prohibited camping
where it posed a substantial danger to any person, posed an immediate threat or
unreasonable risk of harm to public health or safety, or posed a disruption to vital
government services. Any campers caught violating one of those three prohibitions
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would be subject to expedited removal, regardless of the availability of shelter space.
Ordinance C36272 provided the same for campers found underneath, or within 50 feet
of, any railroad viaduct in downtown Spokane or within three blocks of any congregate
shelter. With respect to the broad, original camping ban, Ordinance C36272 expressly
limited its enforcement to times when overnight shelter space is available.
The purpose of Ordinance C36272 was to bring the city of Spokane into
compliance with Martin v. City of Boise, 902 F.3d 1031 (9th Cir. 2018), amended on
reh’g, 920 F.3d 584 (9th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 674, 205 L. Ed. 2d 438
(2019). The Martin decision has been characterized by courts, lawyers, and others
as limiting cities’ ability to enforce homeless camping bans when shelter space is
unavailable.
Local voter Brian Hansen was not satisfied with the scope of Ordinance C36272.
Mr. Hansen and his supporters desired further limitations on such camping regardless of
the availability of shelter space. To that end, Mr. Hansen proposed a city-wide initiative
expanding the list of no-camping-anytime locations to include:
In public within one thousand (1,000) feet of the perimeter of the
grounds of a park (SMC Section 12.06A.030(B&D)), a day care center or
child care facility (RCW 35.63.170(3-4)), or a public or private school
(RCW 28A.150.010 and RCW 28A.195.010).
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Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 30. 1 Mr. Hansen and his supporters successfully gathered
sufficient signatures to qualify the initiative for the November 2023 ballot.
Local homeless advocates Jewels sued to enjoin placement of the initiative on the
ballot. They argued the initiative exceeds the scope of the local initiative power. Acting
under tight statutorily-mandated timelines, the superior court found the initiative to be
within the lawful scope of the local initiative power and dismissed Jewels’s complaint for
declaratory and injunctive relief.
Jewels appealed to this court and also asked this court to issue an emergency
injunction prohibiting the initiative from appearing on the November ballot. Our court
commissioner granted the emergency injunction, finding the likely harm from potentially
placing an improper initiative on the ballot outweighed the potential harm of wrongfully
1
This was apparently the second proposed version of the initiative. The initial version was potentially thought to be unconstitutionally void for vagueness due to the lack of definitions. The version at issue here was substituted with the addition of the parenthetical citations to existing definitions.
Furthermore, while not a relevant factor for deciding this case, it is noted that SMC 12.02.1010 already prohibits camping on public property within 1,000 feet of any park, day care center, child care facility, or public or private school. The prohibition is implicit in the existing blanket ban on camping on “any public property.” SMC 12.02.1010(A)(1). Thus, the practical effect of the initiative is simply to exempt the existing ban as to these locations from the requirement that overnight shelter space be available prior to enforcing the ban.
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removing the initiative, given the potential remedy of ordering it to appear on a future
ballot.
Due to the tight timelines under which everyone was operating under, our
commissioner’s ruling, granting a motion by Jewels for an emergency injunction pending
appeal to keep the initiative off the November 2023 ballot, was issued with less than one
day left before official ballots were required to be sent to print. Mr. Hansen immediately
moved to modify the commissioner’s ruling. In order to preserve the right of litigants to
have their cases decided by a panel of elected judges, this court reviews de novo all
commissioner rulings when requested by an aggrieved party. See State v. Rolax, 104
Wn.2d 129, 702 P.2d 1185 (1985). With less than one day before the ballot deadline, this
court could not possibly perform its due diligence and reach the merits of the case prior to
the printing of ballots. The emergency injunction was therefore lifted and the appeal was
set for accelerated review. 2
Election day occurred less than two weeks after oral argument in this case.
We take judicial notice of the fact that the initiative passed by a large majority of the
votes. ER 201. Our assessment of the parties’ arguments is therefore essentially a
Concurrently, Mr. Hansen also filed a motion to dismiss review of this matter as
2
nonappealable. Because Mr. Hansen prevails on the merits of his case, we deny his motion as moot.
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post-election review.
ANALYSIS
We review de novo as a question of law whether a proposed initiative is beyond
the scope of the local initiative power. City of Port Angeles v. Our Water-Our Choice!,
170 Wn.2d 1, 7, 239 P.3d 589 (2010).
Courts may review the subject matter of local initiatives and referenda (either preor post-election) to determine whether “‘the proposed law is beyond the scope of
the initiative power.’” Id. (quoting Seattle Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council v. City of
Seattle, 94 Wn.2d 740, 746, 620 P.2d 82 (1980)). 3 Relevant here are three subject matter
limitations. First, a local initiative may not involve “‘powers granted by the legislature
to the governing body of a city [i.e., the city council or mayor], rather than the city itself
[i.e., the electorate].’” Spokane Entrepreneurial Ctr. v. Spokane Moves to Amend the
Const., 185 Wn.2d 97, 108, 369 P.3d 140 (2016) (quoting City of Sequim v. Malkasian,
157 Wn.2d 251, 261, 138 P.3d 943 (2006)). Second, the local initiative must not
conflict with state law. Id. And third, the subject matter must be legislative, rather than
3
A subject matter challenge to an initiative or referendum is distinct from a substantive challenge. A substantive challenge, such as a challenge to the constitutionality of a given initiative or referendum, may only be made post-election. Coppernoll v. Reed, 155 Wn.2d 290, 297-98, 119 P.3d 318 (2005).
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administrative. Id. at 107. We address each in turn.
1. Does the initiative seek to exercise powers delegated exclusively to the Spokane City Council?
One of the criteria for exercising the local initiative power is the initiative must
exercise a power granted to the municipality, as opposed to a power granted to the
municipality’s legislative body:
“If the grant of power is to the city as a corporate entity, direct legislation is
permissible insofar as the statute is concerned. On the other hand, if the
grant of power is to the legislative authority of the city, the initiative and
referendum are prohibited.”
Leonard v. City of Bothell, 87 Wn.2d 847, 852-53, 557 P.2d 1306 (1976) (quoting Philip
A. Trautman, Initiative & Referendum in Wash.: A Survey, 49 WASH. L. REV. 55, 82-83
(1973)).
The parties’ dispute over whether the initiative falls exclusively within the power
of the Spokane City Council turns on how to characterize the initiative. According to
Jewels, the initiative is a zoning ordinance that falls within the exclusive powers of the
city’s legislative body. See Leonard, 87 Wn.2d at 853. Mr. Hansen counters that the
initiative is an exercise of police powers, which is an appropriate subject for the
electorate’s involvement. See RCW 35.22.200. We agree with Mr. Hansen.
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Scope of initiative
Our first step in deciding how to characterize the initiative is determining its
scope. The parties hotly contest whether the initiative would apply only to city-owned
property or to all property, public and private. The initiative would add a subsection to
SMC 12.02.1010(A)(3), consisting of a single sentence:
c. In public within one thousand (1,000) feet of the perimeter of the
grounds of a park (SMC Section 12.06A.030(B&D)), a day care
center or child care facility (RCW 35.63.170(3-4)), or a public or
private school (RCW 28A.150.010 and RCW 28A.195.010).
CP at 30. Read in isolation, this language makes no distinction between public and private
property.
A review of the two preceding subsections also fails to provide any public or
private context. The next level up specifies what activities are prohibited in the locations
described in the new subsection (c). The provision states:
3. At all times . . . it is unlawful to camp or store personal property,
including camp facilities and camp paraphernalia, or to have
unauthorized encampments at any time in the following locations:
Id.
Moving up the next level in the code is similarly uninformative. It simply reads:
“A. Prohibition.” Id. at 29. The section heading above “A” provides some indication of
where the prohibitions in “A” are intended to apply: “[SMC] 12.02.1010 Unauthorized
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Camping on Public Property—Violation.” Id.
The heading indicates the section applies only to public property. All of the title,
chapter and article headings leading to SMC 12.02.1010 similarly indicate this provision
of the code is intended to apply only to public property: Title 12 (“Public Ways and
Property”), Chapter 12.02 (“Obstruction, Encroachment of Public Ways”), and Article VI
(“Protection of Public Lands and Properties”).
Jewels, however, appropriately notes that section headings are ordinarily not
considered to be part of a law. At the state level, this is often because a statute will
specifically note that headings are not part of the law. See, e.g., RCW 11.02.001;
RCW 11.99.013; RCW 28B.900.050; RCW 29A.04.901; RCW 36.70A.902;
RCW 42.17A.905; RCW 43.21C.911; RCW 47.98.030; RCW 48.32.920;
RCW 70A.388.902; RCW 80.98.020; RCW 81.112.900; RCW 81.900.020. The same
is true of the Spokane Municipal Code: “Chapter headings, section captions and similar
catchlines . . . are not part of the code.” SMC 01.01.050. Thus, the section, chapter, and
title headings are irrelevant to determining the scope of SMC 12.02.1010.
Although the section headings are not law, other provisions of the applicable
municipal code make it clear SMC 12.02.1010 applies only to public property.
SMC 12.02.005 provides: “The purpose of this chapter is to regulate and control the
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obstruction of public rights-of-way in the City so that those rights-of-way remain
accessible and safe for their intended public use.” SMC 12.02.1000(B) provides:
“It is the purpose of this chapter to set standards for the preservation of public lands
and properties that prevent such harms from destroying these natural assets.”
While the initiative and SMC 12.02.1010 do not specify their geographic
limitations, SMC 12.02.005 and SMC 12.02.1000(B) limit application of the initiative
and SMC 12.02.1010 to city-owned property.
The history behind the adoption of SMC 12.02.1010(A)(2) and (3) also
supports finding the proposed initiative would apply only to city-owned property by
virtue of the initiative’s placement within subsection (A)(3). As discussed earlier,
SMC 12.02.1010(A)(1) is the original blanket ban on camping on public property.
SMC 12.02.1010(A)(1) specifically says it applies to only “public property.” In 2022,
the Spokane City Council adopted Ordinance C36272, which created subsections (A)(2)
and (A)(3) of SMC 12.02.1010, the bans on camping when it would pose a danger, or is
under or near a downtown railroad viaduct, or near a congregate shelter. Subsections
(A)(2) and (A)(3) do not expressly state they apply to only public property, unlike
subsection (A)(1). However, the ordinances recitals (“whereas” clauses) make abundantly
clear the city intended subsections (A)(2) and (A)(3) to apply to only individuals camping
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on public property:
WHEREAS, City-owned public lands and properties are generally
intended for the safe and sanitary use by the broader public . . .
WHEREAS, many individuals have resorted to using City park
property, public sidewalks under or near downtown viaducts . . .
WHEREAS, City Park space is preserved and maintained to help
benefit the physical and mental health and enjoyment of the public . . .
WHEREAS, camping interferes with . . . use of these protected
public properties; and
WHEREAS, public rights of way (ROW), including sidewalks, are
intended for safe and sanitary shared use . . .
CP at 48. Contrary to Jewels’s contention, the city clearly intended SMC 12.02.1010(A)(2)
and (A)(3) to apply to only city property. And, while the ordinance did not say so
specifically in its substantive provisions, it did not need to given the existing limitations
imposed by SMC 12.02.005 and SMC 12.02.1000(B). While the city’s uncodified
legislative intent behind subsections (A)(2) and (A)(3) does not carry over to the proposed
initiative, SMC 12.02.005 and SMC 12.02.1000(B) apply just the same.
Character of the initiative
Given the initiative impacts the conduct of individuals occupying only public
property, it is not a zoning ordinance. Zoning ordinances directly regulate the conduct of
landowners, not land occupiers such as guests or trespassers. See 8 EUGENE MCQUILLIN,
THE LAW OF MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS §§ 25:18, at 79 (3d ed. 2020) (Persons, property
and uses bound: “Generally all persons with an interest in property are bound by the
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zoning of that property to the extent that they cannot authorize, permit or require any use
of it contrary to zoning.”); 25:59, at 281 (Generally: “[Z]oning ordinances provide
landowners with permitted uses, which allow a landowner to use his or her land, in
said manner, as of right.”); 25:145, at 710 (Use control through zoning laws: “In
construing a zoning ordinance, courts afford permitted uses the broadest interpretation
so that a landowner may have the benefit of the least restrictive use and enjoyment of his
or her land.”); 25:146, at 714 (Uses subject to control: “[Z]oning may prevent a person
who owns real estate in a residence district from using it for any purpose unusual in such
district.”). When a zoning ordinance is violated, it is the owner who suffers the penalties,
not a guest, invitee, or even a trespasser.
The initiative here does not impose any penalties on any owner or holder of
property who runs afoul of its provisions—no city official will suffer punishment if a
member of the public violates the initiative’s provisions. The only people who could
suffer penalties under the terms of the initiative are those whom the law would
characterize as guests and trespassers. Because the initiative seeks to regulate those who
use the city’s property, and not the property owner or holder, it is not a zoning ordinance. 4
4
For this reason, the initiative also cannot be classified as addressing land use planning.
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Rather than addressing zoning, the initiative here is a classic vagrancy ordinance,
which is an exercise of the city’s general police powers. See 6A MCQUILLIN, supra,
§ 24:109, at 435 n.26 (3d ed. 2015) (Vagrancy: collecting cases upholding bans on
“camping and storage of personal property in public areas”). 5 As Mr. Hansen astutely
points out, the power to deal with “vagrants” and similar persons in Washington has
been expressly granted to the city as a whole, not the local legislative authority.
RCW 35.22.280(34)-(35).
Jewels’s initial challenge to the subject matter of the initiative therefore fails.
2. Does the initiative interfere with state law on homeless response
planning?
“While the inhabitants of a municipality may enact legislation governing local
affairs, they cannot enact legislation which conflicts with state law.” Seattle Bldg.
& Constr. Trades Council, 94 Wn.2d at 747. Jewels argues the initiative conflicts
5
For a century now, Washington’s Supreme Court has relied extensively on McQuillin’s treatise to answer questions of municipal governance, including the scope of the local initiative powers. See, e.g., State ex rel. Harlin v. Superior Court, 139 Wash. 282, 288-89, 247 P. 4 (1926), overruled on other grounds by State ex rel. Guthrie v. City of Richland, 80 Wn.2d 382, 391, 494 P.2d 990 (1972). Our Supreme Court up to current times has liberally cited, quoted, and relied on this treatise.
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with chapter 43.185C RCW, which is aimed at finding solutions to homelessness. 6
We disagree.
Contrary to Jewels’s arguments, chapter 43.185C RCW does not vest
homelessness regulation with any legislative authority, nor does it mandate or
circumscribe adoption of any homelessness regulation. The chapter is primarily
concerned with gathering data and creating performance metrics for measuring
communities’ progress on housing the homeless. RCW 43.185C.030-.060. The chapter
also governs several grant programs. See, e.g., RCW 43.185C.080, .185, .210. The
chapter says nothing about what cities may or may not do about individuals who are
currently unhoused.
The only provision of chapter 43.185C RCW that remotely overlaps with the
initiative is RCW 43.185C.160. This section requires each county’s homeless housing
task force to develop a five-year homelessness housing plan. Among the items each plan
must contain are “guidelines” for “[t]emporary encampments.” RCW 43.185C.160(2)(c).
But no part of this section requires cities or their legislative authority to implement the
6
Jewels also argues the initiative conflicts with RCW 35A.21.360, which governs the ability of religious organizations to host homeless persons on property owned or controlled by the organization. Even assuming Title 35A RCW applies to Spokane as a charter city, there is no conflict because the initiative does not apply to private property.
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county task force guidelines.
The initiative does not conflict with state law set forth in chapter 43.185C RCW.
Jewels therefore has not shown the initiative falls outside the scope of the second subject
matter limitation.
3. Is the initiative outside the local initiative power because it is
administrative in nature?
It is well settled that administrative, as opposed to legislative, matters are outside
the scope of the local initiative power. See, e.g., Neils v. City of Seattle, 185 Wash. 269,
273, 53 P.2d 848 (1936). The line between an administrative and legislative action is
blurred. Washington courts have adopted two tests for discerning the distinction.
The first test states:
“Actions relating to subjects of a permanent and general character are
usually regarded as legislative, and those providing for subjects of a
temporary and special character are regarded as administrative.”
Citizens for Financially Responsible Gov’t v. City of Spokane, 99 Wn.2d 339, 347,
662 P.2d 845 (1983) (quoting 5 MCQUILLIN, supra, § 16.55, at 194 (3d rev. ed. 1981).
The second test states:
“The power to be exercised is legislative in its nature if it prescribes a new
policy or plan; whereas, it is administrative in its nature if it merely pursues
a plan already adopted by the legislative body itself, or some power superior
to it.”
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Id.
Applying the first test, the initiative readily qualifies as legislative. The initiative is
not a temporary measure; it is permanent. And it applies generally throughout the city of
Spokane, not just to specific parcels of land. Nevertheless, even when an initiative passes
the first test, it cannot be considered legislative unless it also passes the second test. See
Heider v. City of Seattle, 100 Wn.2d 874, 876, 675 P.2d 597 (1984).
The second test is a much closer call, with its outcome depending on framing.
On the one hand, the initiative is new in that it proscribes new geographic locations
where camping is never permitted, regardless of shelter space. But on the other hand,
the initiative also appears to amend the Spokane City Council’s existing camping policy
and its decision about how to balance public safety concerns against Martin’s requirement
that areas be open for camping if homeless shelter space is not available. This framing
problem appears to be a feature (or flaw) of the second test. After all, cities rarely
legislate on a blank canvas. Almost all legislation is an amendment of some sort of
existing legislation.
The appropriate way to frame the character of the initiative is not resolved by
case law. Unlike past decisions that have resolved the difficult question of whether an
initiative is legislative or administrative in favor of the latter, the initiative here does not
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implicate the details of a “highly regulated” public utility or program. See Our Water-Our
Choice!, 170 Wn.2d at 12 (initiative implicating water fluoridation was administrative);
see also Spokane Entrepreneurial Ctr., 185 Wn.2d at 108 (initiative that would modify
“processes for zoning and development decisions” was administrative). Thus, we must
turn to other considerations to resolve the parties’ dispute.
We look to two guiding principles to resolve the parties’ dispute over whether the
initiative should be characterized as legislative or administrative. First, is the importance
of the right to vote on initiatives and referenda. “[C]ourts should not interfere in the
electoral and legislative processes.” Seattle Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council, 94 Wn.2d
at 746. Given the statutory right of Washington voters to directly participate in local
initiatives, courts should be hesitant to frame an issue in a way that strips away this right.
Doubts as to whether a matter is legislative or administrative should be resolved in favor
of allowing the voters to have their say. Second is the burden of proof. Jewels, not
Hansen, had the burden of proof in the trial court and continues to have the burden on
appeal. See 1000 Friends of Wash. v. McFarland, 159 Wn.2d 165, 183, 149 P.3d 616
(2006) (plurality opinion). When both parties’ cases are equally strong, the party with
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the burden of proof cannot prevail. 7
Both guiding principles favor finding the initiative is legislative, not
administrative. Our deference to the democratic process counsels in favor of
characterizing the initiative as legislative, rather than administrative. And given we are
otherwise in equipoise, we properly assign to Jewels the failure to establish its claim that
the initiative is improperly administrative. Jewels’s final challenge to the initiative’s
subject matter therefore fails.
CONCLUSION
The order dismissing Jewels’s initiative challenge is affirmed.
Pennell, J.
WE CONCUR:
______________________________ _________________________________ Lawrence-Berrey, A.C.J. Staab, J.
7
When discussing the burden of proof, we typically refer to the burden of establishing certain facts. But when a litigant challenges the legality of a statute, the litigant has also been assigned a burden of proof. See State v. Halstien, 122 Wn.2d 109, 118, 857 P.2d 270 (1993). Given that a party challenging an initiative is contesting the legality of a proposed statute, it is proper to assign that party the burden of proof. See 1000 Friends, 159 Wn.2d at 183 (“In general, those who oppose an election on a referendum will have the burden.”).
18