NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and official text of the opinion.
In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: September 7, 2022
S22A0771. MITCHELL v. THE STATE.
COLVIN, Justice.
Following a jury trial, Kashawn Mitchell was convicted of
malice murder and related offenses in connection with the shooting
death of Jaron Acklin. 1 Mitchell claims that the evidence presented
at trial was insufficient to support his convictions, that the trial
court erred by admitting his custodial statements into evidence, and
1On March 16, 2016, a DeKalb County grand jury jointly indicted
Mitchell and Julius Bynum-Horn on charges of malice murder (Count 1), two
counts of felony murder predicated on armed robbery and aggravated assault
(Counts 2 and 3), one count of armed robbery (Count 4), aggravated assault
(Count 5), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (Count
6). Mitchell was tried alone from April 17 through 20, 2017, and the jury found
him guilty of all charges. The trial court sentenced Mitchell to life in prison
without parole for malice murder, a consecutive life sentence with the
possibility of parole for armed robbery, and five years consecutive for the
weapon charge. The remaining counts were either merged for sentencing
purposes or vacated by operation of law. Mitchell timely filed a motion for new
trial, which was amended through new counsel on July 15, 2021. After a
hearing, the trial court denied the motion as amended on December 30, 2021.
The appeal was docketed to the April 2022 term of this Court and submitted
for a decision on the briefs.
that the trial court erred during sentencing. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm.
1. Mitchell raises two challenges to the evidence supporting
his convictions. First, he asserts that the trial court applied the
incorrect legal standard by reviewing his claims under OCGA §§ 5-5-20 and 5-5-21 only for legal sufficiency of the evidence. See Holmes
v. State, 306 Ga. 524, 528 (2) (832 SE2d 392) (2019) (holding that,
“when the record reflects that the trial court reviewed the motion for
new trial [on the general grounds] only for legal sufficiency of the
evidence, the trial court has failed to exercise [its] discretion” as the
“thirteenth juror” (citations and punctuation omitted)). In its order
denying Mitchell’s motion for new trial, however, the court noted
that it had reviewed “the record, pleadings, and applicable law,” and
that it had also taken into consideration “the testimony, evidence,
exhibits, and arguments of the parties, as well as the demeanor,
credibility, and veracity of the witnesses presented at the [motion
for new trial] hearing.” Accordingly, “[t]he court did not state the
incorrect standard in its order, and nothing in the record indicates
2
that the court was unaware of its responsibility” in reviewing the
evidence pursuant to the general grounds. Hodges v. State, 309 Ga.
590, 592 (2) (847 SE2d 538) (2020) (citation and punctuation
omitted). Therefore, this portion of Mitchell’s claim fails.
Mitchell also claims that the evidence presented at trial was
insufficient to support his convictions. When evaluating the
sufficiency of evidence as a matter of constitutional due process, we
must determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdicts, “any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61
LE2d 560) (1979) (emphasis omitted). “This Court does not reweigh
evidence or resolve conflicts in testimony; instead, evidence is
reviewed in a light most favorable to the verdict, with deference to
the jury’s assessment of the weight and credibility of the evidence.”
Hayes v. State, 292 Ga. 506, 506 (739 SE2d 313) (2013) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
Viewing the evidence in this light, the record shows that, on
3
the morning of November 16, 2015, a maintenance worker entered
Acklin’s apartment after one of Acklin’s friends voiced concerns that
she had not heard from him for two days. Upon entering the
residence, the maintenance worker found Acklin dead of a single
gunshot wound to the head. When the police responded to the scene,
they found Acklin leaning against the wall of his living room with
his hands bound behind his back. Detectives noted that there were
no signs of forced entry or of a struggle. A spent 9mm cartridge
casing was on the living room floor along with empty money clips.
Officers learned that a number of items were missing from the
apartment, including two hoverboards (one red and one blue) and
designer bags.
A forensic examination of Acklin’s laptop showed that it was
last used on November 13, 2015, around 12:13 p.m. Detectives
reviewed surveillance video of the apartment complex from that
time, which showed two men entering Acklin’s building.
Approximately an hour later, the same two men exited the building
carrying bags and two hoverboards. The men got into Acklin’s car
4
and drove off.
During their investigation, detectives learned that Acklin ran
a large, illegal, check-cashing scheme and, because of this, he was
very cautious about who he allowed into his apartment, almost
never permitting strangers or surprise visitors inside. The State
presented evidence that Mitchell and Julius Bynum-Horn were
friends with Acklin and that they had previously helped him move
into his apartment. Phone records showed that the last call Acklin
received on November 13 was from a phone used by Mitchell. On
that day, that same cell phone had pinged a cell tower near Acklin’s
apartment.
Surveillance video recovered from a nearby Wal-Mart showed
Mitchell and Bynum-Horn riding on hoverboards in the parking lot
on the afternoon of November 13, 2015. The men went inside the
store, purchased gold spray paint and, according to a witness, used
it to change the color of the hoverboards from red and blue to gold.
Detectives searched the residence where Mitchell was staying and
located bullets that matched the caliber and brand of the spent
5
casing found at the crime scene. They also located a red hoverboard
that had been spray-painted gold.
Detectives called Mitchell after they obtained a warrant for his
arrest. Mitchell told detectives that he was in New Jersey.
However, based upon a previously obtained order, officers were able
to track Mitchell’s cell phone to his girlfriend’s apartment in Stone
Mountain. Mitchell was arrested at his girlfriend’s residence and,
while inside, officers found one of Acklin’s missing designer bags.
After his arrest, Mitchell was interviewed by police on two
separate occasions – first on December 21, 2015, and again on
December 23, 2015. During the first interview, Mitchell admitted
that he drove to Acklin’s apartment complex on November 13, but
denied going inside, claiming he could not get through the front
security gate. During the second interview, Mitchell stated the
following. He drove Bynum-Horn over to Acklin’s apartment so that
they could discuss money Acklin owed to Bynum-Horn. While the
three men were in the apartment, Acklin and Bynum-Horn got into
an argument, which turned so heated that both men pulled guns.
6
They eventually calmed down and put their weapons away, but
Bynum-Horn pulled his gun out again during the conversation.
Bynum-Horn forced Acklin against the wall, tied him up and held
him at gunpoint. During this time, Mitchell took about $2,000 in
cash, a hoverboard, and the keys to Acklin’s car and then walked
outside. Bynum-Horn exited the apartment shortly after with
another hoverboard, a designer backpack, and clothing. Mitchell
and Bynum-Horn then left in Acklin’s car and abandoned it at
another apartment complex located nearby. Mitchell denied
shooting Acklin.
Mitchell alleges that the evidence was insufficient to support
his convictions because there was no physical evidence connecting
him to the scene of the crime. Viewing all of the evidence presented
at trial in the light most favorable to the verdicts, however, it was
sufficient as a matter of constitutional due process to authorize a
rational jury to find Mitchell guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the
crimes charged. See OCGA §§ 16-2-20 (defining party to a crime);
16-5-1 (a) (defining malice murder); 16-8-41 (a) (defining armed
7
robbery); 16-11-106 (b) (defining possession of a firearm during the
commission of a felony). See also Johnson v. State, 296 Ga. 504, 505
(1) (769 SE2d 87) (2015) (explaining that “the State was not required
to produce any physical evidence, as the testimony of a single
witness is generally sufficient to establish a fact, and the lack of
corroboration with physical evidence only goes to the weight of the
evidence and the credibility of the testifying witness, which is solely
within the purview of the jury” (citation and punctuation omitted)).
2. Mitchell claims that the trial court erred by failing to grant in
full the motion to suppress his December 21 and December 23
custodial statements. First, Mitchell contends that his statements
were obtained in violation of OCGA § 24-8-824,2 alleging that his
December 21 statement was induced by the “remotest fear of injury”
because officers threatened him with physical violence, and that his
December 23 statement was induced by “the slightest hope of
benefit” because he was promised a lesser charge in exchange for a
2 “To make a confession admissible, it shall have been made voluntarily,
without being induced by another by the slightest hope of benefit or remotest
fear of injury.”
8
statement. Second, he claims that his statements were not made
freely and voluntarily as a matter of constitutional due process. We
see no reversible error.
As an initial matter, there are questions as to whether
Mitchell’s fear of injury and constitutional due process claims are
preserved for ordinary appellate review rather than plain error.
However, we need not decide the preservation issues in this case
because, as discussed below, these claims fail even if we apply
ordinary appellate review. See State v. Kelly, 290 Ga. 29, 33 (2) (a)
(718 SE2d 232) (2011) (when reviewing for plain error, a defendant
must show, among other things, that the legal error was “clear or
obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute”). See also
Dolphy v. State, 288 Ga. 705, 710 (3) (707 SE2d 56) (2011)
(explaining that, where there is no reversible error, “it follows that
there could be no plain error either since plain error does not exist
in the absence of reversible error” (punctuation omitted)).
Turning to Mitchell’s claims, at a pre-trial Jackson-Denno 3
3 Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368 (84 SCt 1774, 12 LE2d 908) (1964).
9
hearing, Detectives Stallings and Yeargin testified that, at the
December 21 interview, Mitchell was not under the influence of any
drugs or alcohol and did not appear to suffer from any mental illness.
Prior to beginning the interview, detectives informed Mitchell that
they needed to read him his rights, to which Mitchell responded,
“Yeah, like right to remain silent.” The detectives read Mitchell his
Miranda 4 rights, which he agreed to waive by signing a waiver form.
The detectives testified that Mitchell never requested an attorney,
that he never asked to stop the interview, and that they did not
threaten Mitchell or promise him anything in exchange for his
statements.
Mitchell’s December 21 interview was audio-recorded and
played for the trial court. During this interview, Mitchell told
officers that he drove to Acklin’s apartment the night of November
13, but denied ever driving inside the apartment complex.
Throughout the interview, Mitchell denied killing Acklin, noting
that they were friends. One of the detectives explained that being
4 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436 (86 SCt 1602, 16 LE2d 694) (1966).
10
friends with a person does not stop murders from occurring. He then
said to Mitchell, “I mean, we, -- we could sit here and talk like this
or we can have Freaky[ 5] chase you down, beat you up in an
apartment, and put a gun in your mouth.” Mitchell responded,
“Freaky ain’t gonna do no s**t like that. I’m talking to this man.
This man ain’t gonna do no s**t like that.” Mitchell continued to
deny being present at Acklin’s apartment on the day of his death.
Mitchell was interviewed a second time on December 23. This
interview was also recorded. Mitchell was read his Miranda rights
and, once again, acknowledged that he understood his rights, agreed
to speak with officers, and signed the waiver form. The detectives
later testified at the motion for new trial hearing that, during this
interview, Mitchell was not threatened in any way and he was not
promised anything in exchange for his statement.
During this interview, Mitchell asked to speak with someone
from the District Attorney’s office, asking why he should talk to
officers when he was not getting a deal in return. The detectives
5 “Freaky” was friends with Acklin and Mitchell.
11
called Assistant District Attorney Steven Ruth from the interview
room and stated that Mitchell “wants to know from you guys, if the
information that he provides does pan out, as far as, like, our second
suspect in this murder case, is his murder charge going to be reduced
to something else.” Ruth informed Mitchell that, “if you’re looking
for a deal based upon information that you might be able to bring
forward, all I can tell you is, ‘no sir,’ there is no deal on the table.”
Mitchell continued to press for a deal, at one point stating,
how can I give you guys everything that y’all want to hear,
like, y’all all sittin’ here stressin’ “who else is on the
video?” I know exactly who them two people is on that
video. I know who else was there. Right, so. Y’all sittin’
here base, basing your investigation on this when it’s way
more to the fact, but, my whole thing is, how can I give
y’all any information when y’all, the only thing y’all can
do is tell me, “hey, we don’t know, we don’t know what’s
going to happen once you tell us what we want to hear.
We can’t, we can’t promise you anything. We’re not, we’re
not telling you that we’re going to do anything.”
Mitchell continued his attempts to negotiate for a deal, and,
eventually, Detective Yeargin stated as follows:
I know what you’re asking is, you want a guarantee that
you’re not going to be charged with murder. Well, here’s
the thing, Shawn: right now, because Mr. Ruth has not
12
seen the case and because this is so fresh, because we just
arrested you the other night, alright? So, the issue is,
because they don’t have everything to make the charges
change, what we’re doing is getting something from you
to validate. That way, when it comes time to go to the
Grand Jury, which is, you know, which could be soon, that
you’ll be charged appropriately, instead of with murder.
Okay? And I’m telling you, from my point of view, I’m the
one in charge of this case, I will put it in front of the
District Attorney and say, “hey, this is what he told us,
this is what we validated, this is what the truth is, he’s
not the shooter.” Okay? That’s where we could go and
that’s all I can tell you right now.
Mitchell asked, “[i]f I give you the truth, you’re going to speak on my
behalf and let them know, this is what we feel . . . ,” after which the
detectives reminded Mitchell that the conversation was being
recorded and the prosecutor was listening and taking notes.
Mitchell responded “[a]lright. F**k it,” and gave a statement
admitting that he and Bynum-Horn robbed Acklin. The prosecutor
left the call, but the detectives continued speaking with Mitchell.
And the following exchange occurred:
Yeargin: Without him on the phone, I’m going to tell you,
I’m still recording, and I’m going to tell you,
man to man. Okay? I will take what I’ve got
right here, we’re going to vet this information
to make sure it’s accurate and I promise you, if
13
it is, I will talk to the D.A., and we will charge
you appropriately. Okay? You will get charged
with something, but it won’t be murder, in the
event that this all pans out. Okay?
Stallings: It may be robbery, home invasion, something
like that, but it ain’t going to be murder.
Mitchell: But it wasn’t home invasion, because we didn’tStallings: You get what I’m saying, though? It may be
something -Yeargin: Something different.
Stallings: It’s not going to be murder, though, it doesn’t
sound like. Man. Good luck to you, okay? And
we got you. It’s not over. Alright.
Mitchell: My whole thing is, when y’all go to Jay, he’s
going to shoot.
Stallings: Oh, we already told them.
Mitchell: And y’all going to shoot. And if y’all kill him,
that’s a wrap for me.
Yeargin: No it’s not.
Stallings: That’s not true.
Yeargin: Not true at all.
Stallings: Because you just told us things that we have
told nobody, outside of detectives, so.
Yeargin: And I’m going to tell you right now, you,
providing that information that keeps me safe,
knowing what I need to do in order to go into
that apartment, or that house, that’s going to
help you out, man. We’re not going to forget.
Alright? Let’s get you out of here, man.
The interview ended, and Mitchell made no additional incriminating
statements.
The trial court denied Mitchell’s motion to suppress in part,
14
finding that the “statements made by [Mitchell] to members of law
enforcement on December 21, 2015 . . . were freely and voluntary
given.” The court also denied the motion “as to the statements made
by [Mitchell] to members of law enforcement on December 23, 2015,
up until the point where Assistant District Attorney H. Steven Ruth,
who was present during the statement by telephone, hangs up the
telephone and terminates the call,” concluding that those
statements “have been freely and voluntarily given.” But the trial
court also granted the motion in part, suppressing the portion of
Mitchell’s interview that occurred after Ruth left the call, finding
that “portion not to have been freely and voluntarily given.” Later,
after the hearing on Mitchell’s motion for new trial, the court further
addressed the custodial statements, finding “that Mitchell’s
properly admitted Mirandized statements were not induced by any
hope of benefit. This is especially true because ADA Steve Ruth
abundantly made it clear to Mitchell in no uncertain terms that
there was no deal on the table.” The motion for new trial court also
found that Mitchell’s statements were not induced by threats or fear
15
of injury because, “when taken in context, no person in Mitchell’s
position would have believed that the interviewing detective was
making a credible death threat. The detective’s tone and Mitchell’s
tone combined with his words belie his claims in that regard.”
(a) Fear of Injury
Mitchell claims that his December 21 statement was induced
by fear of injury as a result of a “credible death threat” stemming
from the detective’s statements about “Freaky” chasing Mitchell and
beating him up and “put[ting] a gun in [his] mouth.” When
reviewing a statutory claim of involuntariness,
the reviewing court accepts the trial court’s
determinations as to the credibility and weight of
conflicting evidence unless they are clearly erroneous and
independently reviews the trial court’s application of the
law to the facts. De novo review is appropriate, however,
if the controlling facts can be definitively ascertained,
exclusively by reference to evidence, such as a recording
of a police interview, that is uncontradicted and presents
no questions of credibility.
Matthews v. State, 311 Ga. 531, 542 (3) (b) (858 SE2d 718) (2021)
(citation omitted). “Physical or mental torture is the type of fear of
injury that prevents a confession from being admissible” under
16
OCGA § 24-8-824. Browner v. State, 296 Ga. 138, 142 (2) (765 SE2d
348) (2014).
Here, the trial court found that “no person in Mitchell’s
position would have believed that the interviewing detective was
making a credible death threat.” The record supports this
conclusion. Mitchell did not testify at the hearing on the motion to
suppress, and the officers testified that they did not threaten
Mitchell in order to obtain a statement. Reviewing the exchange as
a whole, the record shows that the detective was responding to
Mitchell’s remarks that he would not have killed Acklin because
they were friends. Further, Mitchell’s “statements [and] demeanor,
. . . in the recording of the interview support the conclusion that [the
defendant] was not induced by any brutality or deprivation before or
during the interview or by any perceived threat of future injury.”
Matthews, 311 Ga. at 544 (3) (b). See also Gober v. State, 264 Ga.
226, 228 (2) (443 SE2d 616) (1994) (explaining that the challenged
statement did not violate the former version of OCGA § 24-8-824
because the statement “was not otherwise reasonably likely to
17
induce a fear of injury if [the defendant] invoked his right to
counsel”). Consequently, this claim fails.
(b) Hope of Benefit
Mitchell further claims that his December 23 statement was
induced by an improper hope of benefit, arguing that detectives
repeatedly emphasized that Mitchell would “be charged
appropriately, instead of with murder,” if he gave a statement. As
this Court has previously explained, the “slightest hope of benefit
refers to promises related to reduced criminal punishment – a
shorter sentence, lesser charges, or no charges at all.” Budhani v.
State, 306 Ga. 315, 325 (2) (b) (830 SE2d 195) (2019) (citation and
punctuation omitted). However, the record shows that Mitchell was
not promised a reduction in charges prior to making any
incriminating statements. Indeed, Mitchell attempted numerous
times to negotiate with the police and the prosecutor for a reduction
in his murder charge. The prosecutor, however, consistently refused
to engage in such negotiations, clearly telling Mitchell that there
was “no deal on the table.”
18
Likewise, the detectives did not promise Mitchell that they
would reduce his charges or that he would receive a shorter sentence
prior to him making any incriminating statements. Rather, “[t]he
detectives merely acknowledged that [Mitchell] wanted a deal, that
he perhaps could get some arrangement, and that they would talk
with the district attorney, but it was clear to [Mitchell] that any
agreement would require the assent of the district attorney.”
Shepard v. State, 300 Ga. 167, 170 (2) (794 SE2d 121) (2016)
(emphasis omitted). Moreover, the detectives repeatedly stated that
any reduction in charges would be contingent on their ability to
“validate [Mitchell’s] story.” This Court has previously held that an
officer’s statement urging a defendant to offer information that may
mitigate or justify his role in the crimes does not qualify as an
improper hope of benefit. See, e.g., Dawson v. State, 308 Ga. 613,
621-22 (3) (842 SE2d 875) (2020); Johnson v. State, 295 Ga. 421, 425
(2) (761 SE2d 13) (2014) (no improper hope of benefit where
detective did not “indicate that a confession would result in lesser
charges [but rather] merely suggested that [the defendant] would be
19
well served by offering his version of events as a means of justifying
or mitigating his role in the [crimes]”). Accordingly, we conclude
that the trial court did not err in denying Mitchell’s motion to
suppress on this ground.
(c) Voluntariness under Constitutional Due Process
Finally, Mitchell alleges that the State failed to meet its
burden of proof that his statements were voluntary under the
totality of the circumstances. When a defendant challenges the
voluntariness of his statement as a matter of constitutional due
process, a trial court must consider the totality of the circumstances,
with the burden of proof falling on the State to demonstrate the
voluntariness of the statements by a preponderance of the evidence.
See Welbon v. State, 301 Ga. 106, 109 (2) (799 SE2d 793) (2017).
Here, the record supports the trial court’s determination that,
under the totality of the circumstances, Mitchell’s December 21 and
December 23 statements were made voluntarily as a matter of
constitutional due process. The record shows that, prior to both
interviews, Mitchell was informed of his Miranda rights. After
20
receiving the verbal and written warnings, Mitchell indicated that
he understood his rights and agreed to speak with officers without
an attorney present. He never asked to stop the interview and, as
discussed above, in the portion of the interview that was not
suppressed, Mitchell was not promised any leniency in charges or
sentencing or coerced into making his statements.6 Indeed, “[t]here
is no evidence of excessively lengthy interrogation, physical
deprivation, brutality, or other such hallmarks of coercive police
activity” during either of Mitchell’s custodial interviews. Drake v.
State, 296 Ga. 286, 291 (3) (766 SE2d 447) (2014). Accordingly, the
trial court did not err by admitting these statements at trial.
3. Mitchell contends that the trial court erred in sentencing
him to life without the possibility of parole without first considering
6 Although Mitchell argues that there was a “theme” throughout both
interviews that officers were holding out a hope of “gain,” he has not identified
any specific evidence of an offer of a lesser sentence in any portion of the
interviews that were not suppressed. Further, the hope of benefit offered in
the suppressed portion of the December 23 interview had no causal
relationship to the earlier statements admitted as voluntary. See Pulley v.
State, 291 Ga. 330, 333 (2) (729 SE2d 338) (2012) (holding that law enforcement
promises alone are insufficient to render a confession inadmissible and that
“there must also be a causal connection between the police conduct and the
confession” (citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original)).
21
any mitigating or aggravating circumstances that would be taken
into account in a death penalty case. See OCGA § 17-10-30 (b).
However, we have rejected the contention that a trial court cannot
sentence a convicted murder “to life without the possibility of parole
without first considering any mitigating or aggravating
circumstances that would be taken into account in a death penalty
case.” Parks v. State, 305 Ga. 712, 713 (2) (827 SE2d 669) (2019).
As we have explained, a trial court sentencing a defendant for a
murder committed after April 29, 2009, may impose a sentence of
life without the possibility of parole even if the State did not seek
the death penalty in his case, and the court is “not required to recite
that it considered aggravated or mitigating circumstances in doing
so.” Id. at 714 (2). See also Williams v. State, 291 Ga. 19, 20 (1) (727
SE2d 95) (2012) (noting that a trial court need not consider
mitigating factors when sentencing a murder defendant to life
without the possibility of parole), disapproved of on other grounds
by Kimbrough v. State, 300 Ga. 516, 520 n.6 (796 SE2d 694) (2017).
Mitchell argues that we should overrule Parks and Williams
22
based on “evolving standards of decency” stemming from the United
States Supreme Court’s decision in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460
(132 SCt 2455, 183 LEd 407) (2012), which held that “mandatory
life-without-parole sentences for juveniles violate the Eighth
Amendment.” Id. at 470 (II). Mitchell’s reliance on Miller, however,
is misplaced, as Georgia law did not mandate that Mitchell receive
a life-without-parole sentence for his murder conviction. See OCGA
§ 16-5-1 (e) (1) (listing the available sentences for a person convicted
of murder as “death[,] . . . imprisonment for life without parole, or
by imprisonment for life”). Moreover, Mitchell was not a juvenile
when he committed the crimes. Accordingly, this claim fails.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.
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