NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and official text of the opinion.
In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: February 6, 2024
S23A0854. JACKSON v. THE STATE.
S23A0855. CASTLE v. THE STATE.
BETHEL, Justice.
Following the deadly shooting of Norman Ray Moore, Jr.,
(“Norman”) at a party in Bartow County, Dedric Jackson and
Dimitrius Castle were jointly tried and convicted of felony murder
and other related crimes.1 On appeal, Jackson contends that he
1 The crimes occurred on March 13, 2010. On October 21, 2010, a Bartow
County grand jury indicted Castle, Dedric Jackson, and Leondris Jackson for
malice murder (Count 1), felony murder predicated on aggravated assault for
fatally shooting Norman (Count 2), aggravated assault with a deadly weapon
for non-fatally shooting Norman in the forearm (Count 3), possession of a
firearm during the commission of a crime (Count 4), and battery (Count 5).
Leondris Jackson’s case was resolved in juvenile court and is not part of this
appeal. Following a joint trial from November 14-17, 2011, the jury found
Jackson and Castle not guilty of malice murder (Count 1), but guilty of all other
counts. The trial court sentenced Jackson and Castle to serve life in prison on
Count 2, twenty years in prison on Count 3 to be served consecutively to Count
2, five years in prison on Count 4 to be served consecutively to Count 2, and
twelve months on Count 5.
Jackson and Castle timely filed a joint motion for new trial, which they
received ineffective assistance in several ways. Specifically, Jackson
alleges that his trial counsel: withdrew his request for a jury charge
on justification and failed to request a charge on defense of
habitation; failed to object to evidence of a prior crime and of bad
character; failed to object to certain witness testimony; and failed to
object to two jury instructions. Jackson further asserts that the
cumulative prejudice resulting from these actions and omissions
violated his right to effective assistance of counsel. Finally, Jackson
argues that the trial court erred by not charging the jury sua sponte
on what he characterizes as his sole defense of justification.
Castle contends the following: that the evidence at trial was
insufficient to sustain his conviction for battery (Count 5); that trial
counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to request jury
instructions on justification and related principles and accomplice
corroboration and by calling a cumulative defense witness who
amended several times through new counsel. Following a hearing on June 28,
2022, the trial court denied the amended motion on July 14, 2022. Jackson and
Castle then filed timely notices of appeal, and their cases were docketed to the
August 2023 term of this Court and submitted for a decision on the briefs.
2
opened the door to impeachment evidence of Castle’s defense theory;
and that the trial court erred by failing to merge the aggravated
assault verdict (Count 3) into the felony murder conviction (Count
2). For the reasons detailed below, each of Jackson’s and Castle’s
claims fail. Accordingly, we affirm in both cases.
Background Facts 2
The evidence presented at trial showed the following.3
Appellants Castle and Jackson, who are brothers, lived with their
mother in an apartment complex in Cartersville. On the evening of
March 13, 2010, they held Jackson’s eighteenth birthday party
there. Leondris Jackson (“Leondris”), who was Appellants’ younger
cousin, attended the party, along with Jackson and Castle.
Norman, the victim, came to the party with his cousin, Trinis
Moore (“Trinis”), and a friend, Algernon Shaw. When Norman’s
group arrived at the complex in an automobile, Norman rolled down
2 The background facts for both cases are consolidated because the
appellants were jointly tried.
3 Because the appellants were tried in 2011, the provisions of Georgia’s
former Evidence Code apply here.
3
his window and attempted to talk to a girl on the sidewalk outside
of the apartment building. A group of people, including Jackson,
Castle, and Leondris, were mingling on the apartment’s front porch
and just inside the door. According to Trinis, someone in Castle and
Jackson’s group taunted Norman’s group, daring them to get out of
the car.
Norman and Trinis exited the car, shouting “east side” and “on
the E,” which were references to their gang. Jackson and Castle’s
group walked out to meet them, with some shouting “BBS” 4 as they
approached Norman’s group. Trinis testified that when they exited
the vehicle, Norman cocked his gun, pointed the gun down, and
approached Jackson and Castle’s group. The two groups met
between the sidewalk and driveway. Several other witnesses either
heard or saw Norman cock his gun, and Leondris’s sister observed
Norman put the gun in his pants. After seeing Norman’s gun,
4 Testimony at trial established that Jackson and Castle were members
of a group known as “BBS,” which stood for “Bottom Boy Survivors.” Leondris’s
sister testified that there were “probably like ten” people in BBS, and several
lay witnesses characterized the group as a gang.
4
Jackson and Castle ran into their apartment to retrieve their own
guns. Defontae Leonard, who also attended the party, testified that
Castle’s weapon was a “40” and Jackson’s a 9-millimeter.
When Jackson and Castle reemerged, they confronted Norman
and Trinis. Jackson began arguing with Norman, while a few feet
away, Castle argued with Trinis. Alex Florez, a friend of Castle and
Jackson, testified that Castle, Jackson, and Trinis carried guns
during the confrontation, but that Norman was not holding a
weapon. Several witnesses testified that, as the argument escalated,
they saw Jackson hit Norman in the head with the gun, and Jackson
and Norman then “got to fighting” on the ground. A crowd formed
around Norman, with several people kicking and punching Norman.
A family member of Trinis separated him from Castle. Florez then
pulled Jackson off Norman.
Florez and Leonard testified that, when Jackson stood up, he
shot Norman. Florez stated that Castle came “from around where he
was” near the truck, about 10 or 15 feet away, and shot Norman a
second time. Leonard testified that this second shot hit Norman in
5
the chest. Castle and Jackson’s aunt testified that she “might have”
seen Castle shoot someone, though she could not be sure. This was
not the only version of events recounted at trial. Another witness
testified that she saw Leondris hit Norman in the face with the gun,
and three witnesses claimed that they saw Leondris shoot Norman.
At the scene of the shooting, police discovered Jackson’s
driver’s license at Norman’s feet. Police also discovered a .40-caliber
Smith & Wesson bullet in the road, as well as a Winchester 9-millimeter Luger shell casing. After the shooting, Jackson asked a
friend to “hold the gun,” but the friend refused.
Norman was transported to the hospital, where he was
pronounced dead. The medical examiner testified that Norman had
an abrasion to his face caused by a blunt force injury, a non-fatal
gunshot wound to his left forearm, and a fatal gunshot wound to his
chest. At the hospital, a loaded semiautomatic Glock handgun was
discovered tucked into the front of Norman’s shorts, and an EMT
testified that the weapon was not visible during transport.
A witness later told an investigator that, after the shooting, she
6
saw Leondris and Castle sneak out the back of the apartment with
Leondris’s father. Later that evening, a car owned by Leondris’s
father was seen leaving the complex, and the occupants of the
vehicle’s backseat had their heads ducked down. Police discovered a
brochure for a 9-millimeter handgun in the vehicle’s trunk, 5 as well
as Winchester 9-millimeter Luger bullets.
Case No. S23A0854
1. Jackson argues that he received ineffective assistance from
his trial counsel in numerous regards. To prevail on his claims of
ineffectiveness, Jackson
has the burden of proving both that the performance of
his lawyer was professionally deficient and that he was
prejudiced as a result. To prove deficient performance, [an
appellant] must show that his trial counsel acted or failed
to act in an objectively reasonable way, considering all of
the circumstances and in light of prevailing professional
norms. To prove resulting prejudice, [an appellant] must
show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
deficiency, the result of the trial would have been
different. In examining an ineffectiveness claim, a court
need not address both components of the inquiry if the
defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.
5 Leondris’s father disclaimed ownership of a 9-millimeter handgun.
7
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Floyd v. State, 307 Ga. 789, 799
(4) (837 SE2d 790) (2020). “A strong presumption exists that
counsel’s conduct falls within the broad range of professional
conduct.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Ford v. State, 298 Ga.
560, 566 (8) (783 SE2d 906) (2016). With these principles in mind,
we consider each of Jackson’s claims of ineffective assistance in turn.
(a) Jackson first argues that his trial counsel performed
deficiently by withdrawing his request for a jury charge on
justification. We disagree.
At the hearing on the motion for new trial, trial counsel
testified that, based on the evidence presented at trial, he chose to
pursue the “better” defenses of mere presence and association,
arguing that someone else was responsible for the shooting. Counsel
testified that he did not pursue a justification defense because
Jackson had not admitted to firing any shots generally, let alone in
self-defense, and such an admission was a “strong part” of pursuing
the defense.
8
On appeal, Jackson argues that trial counsel’s reasoning for
withdrawing the charge was unsound because there was witness
testimony that Jackson shot Norman, and Jackson’s trial counsel
testified that evidence showing that Jackson had fired shots during
the altercation would have changed his mind about the justification
defense. Jackson further argues that because he was indicted as a
party to the crime, he need not have actually fired the fatal shot at
all. One of his co-defendants could have fired the fatal shot, and had
he been justified in doing so, that defense would have been available
to Jackson.
However, properly assessing the performance of counsel “calls
for an inquiry into the objective reasonableness of counsel’s
performance, not counsel’s subjective state of mind.” Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U. S. 86, 110 (131 SCt 770, 178 LE2d 624) (2011) (citing
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 688 (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d
674) (1984)). See also Head v. Carr, 273 Ga. 613, 615-16 (544 SE2d
409) (2001) (“To show deficient performance, [a claimant] must
demonstrate that trial counsel’s performance was not reasonable
9
under the circumstances confronting them before and during the
trial, without using hindsight.”) (internal citations removed); Shaw
v. State, 292 Ga. 871, 875 (3) (a) n.7 (742 SE2d 707) (2013) (“[W]e
are not limited in our assessment of the objective reasonableness of
lawyer performance to the subjective reasons offered by trial counsel
for his conduct. If a reasonable lawyer might have done what the
actual lawyer did – whether for the same reasons given by the actual
lawyer or different reasons entirely – the actual lawyer cannot be
said to have performed in an objectively unreasonable way.”). “Trial
counsel’s decision about which defense to present is a matter of trial
strategy,” Floyd, 307 Ga. at 802 (4) (b), and “will generally be
considered reasonable if supported by evidence in the record,”
Wilson v. State, 313 Ga. 319, 322 (869 SE2d 384) (2022). “Unless the
choice of strategy is objectively unreasonable, such that no
competent trial counsel would have pursued such a course, we will
not second-guess counsel’s decisions in this regard.” (Citation and
punctuation omitted.) Butler v. State, 313 Ga. 675, 685 (c) (872 SE2d
722) (2022).
10
Trial counsel’s decision to pursue mere presence and
association defenses in this case was not objectively unreasonable,
as the record reflects that multiple witnesses testified to seeing
Leondris, not Jackson, strike and shoot Norman, and Jackson did
not admit to the shooting. And “[t]he fact that the chosen strategy
failed while another reasonable strategy remained unemployed does
not render trial counsel deficient.” State v. Tedder, 305 Ga. 577, 584
(826 SE2d 30) (2019). See also Muller v. State, 284 Ga. 70, 72 (3)
(663 SE2d 206) (2008) (holding that counsel’s decision to withdraw
request for charge on justification not deficient because “[a]lthough
others might have pursued a different strategy, that withdrawal did
not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness” (citation and
punctuation omitted)). Moreover, a self-defense instruction would
have been inconsistent with the mere presence defense, and counsel
generally is not deficient for failing to request jury instructions that
are contrary to a reasonably chosen defense strategy. See Gaston v.
State, 307 Ga. 634, 637 (2) (a) (837 SE2d 808) (2020) (“[I]t is rarely
an unreasonable strategy not to pursue defenses that logically
11
conflict.”); Williams v. State, 292 Ga. 844, 853 (3) (f) (742 SE2d 445)
(2013) (counsel’s decision not to request instruction on self-defense
was not deficient where the instruction was inconsistent with the
defense theory). Accordingly, this argument fails.
(b) Jackson next argues that trial counsel was deficient because
he failed to consider and request a charge on defense of habitation.
Jackson argues that slight evidence6 supported such a charge
because Norman and his companions came to Jackson’s home and
“started trouble” by brandishing a loaded gun. Jackson further
argues that, at the hearing on the motion for new trial, defense
counsel agreed that it could have been possible to argue a defense of
habitation before the jury.
OCGA § 16-3-23 authorizes the use of force reasonably believed
necessary to prevent or terminate another’s unlawful entry into or
attack upon a habitation. A person is authorized to use deadly force
only if, as applicable here,
6 See Coleman v. State, 286 Ga. 291, 297 (6) (687 SE2d 427) (2009) (“A
request to charge the jury is appropriate where there is any evidence, however
slight, on which to predicate it.”).
12
[t]he entry is made or attempted in a violent and
tumultuous manner and he or she reasonably believes
that the entry is attempted or made for the purpose of
assaulting or offering personal violence to any person
dwelling or being therein and that such force is necessary
to prevent the assault or offer of personal violence[.]
OCGA § 16-3-23 (1). However, “[w]here there is no evidence that the
victim was attempting to enter or attack the habitation at the time
he was injured by the defendant, the defense of habitation is not
available.” Coleman v. State, 286 Ga. 291, 297 (6) (687 SE2d 427)
(2009).
Here, the record is clear that the confrontation between
Norman and Jackson that culminated in the fatal shooting occurred
outside Jackson’s home, in an area near the complex’s parking lot.7
Moreover, despite Jackson’s suggestion that the defense could have
applied, our review of the record uncovers no evidence that Norman
entered Jackson’s habitation at any point during this confrontation,
that he made any attempt to enter Jackson’s habitation, or that he
threatened to enter Jackson’s habitation. And Jackson directs us to
7 Jackson does not argue that the confrontation occurred on the curtilage
of the home.
13
no evidence supporting a reasonable belief on Jackson’s part that
any of those things happened in conjunction with a threat to assault
or do personal violence to any person inside the residence.8
Accordingly, OCGA § 16-3-23 was unavailable to him as a defense.
See id.; Walker v. State, 301 Ga. 482, 486 (2) (b) (801 SE2d 804)
(2017). And because a request for a charge on defense of habitation
would have failed, trial counsel did not perform deficiently in failing
to request such a charge. See Coleman, 286 Ga. at 297 (6) (a).
(c) Jackson next argues that his trial counsel was deficient in
failing to object to the testimony of Tonya Hall, who recounted the
details of a verbal altercation with Castle and Jackson. On appeal,
Jackson contends that this testimony amounted to evidence of his
“bad character.” This argument fails.
At trial, Hall testified that, on the night of the crimes, she
stopped at the apartment complex, leaving her children in her
vehicle while she quickly went inside the apartment. When Hall
8 There is also no indication that Jackson was in a vehicle during the
confrontation.
14
returned to the vehicle, her son was “having a conversation” or
“words” with Castle. Hall testified that Castle swore repeatedly at
her and her son, and said, “Come on, I got something for you,” and
“I got something for y’all a**,” while reaching behind his back; on
this basis, Hall believed Castle had a gun. Hall also testified that,
while she called 911 to report the incident, Castle said, “That’s all
that b***h a** do is just call the police on us back and forth.” While
Hall’s testimony primarily related to her confrontation with Castle,
she also testified that Jackson came outside during this
confrontation and said that “they didn’t want to get their b***h a**
beat down again.” On cross-examination, trial counsel elicited
testimony that Hall had previously called the police five or more
times regarding Castle and Jackson, though she claimed that the
police never did anything in response and made it seem like she and
her family were “villains” or “bad people.”
Even assuming that this testimony was objectionable, Jackson
has not shown prejudice under the facts of this case. Indeed,
multiple eyewitnesses placed Jackson at the scene of the murder and
15
testified that they saw him shoot Norman. In light of the strong
evidence against him, “[t]here is not a reasonable probability that
the trial result would have been different in the absence” of Hall’s
testimony. See, e.g., Stallworth v. State, 304 Ga. 333, 335 (2) (a) (818
SE2d 662) (2018) (no reasonable probability of different trial result
where three eyewitnesses placed appellant and co-defendant at
crime scene and appellant was seen “violently arguing with the
victim prior to the shooting”).
(d) (i) Jackson next argues that trial counsel was deficient in
failing to object to the testimony of three witnesses who saw Jackson
with a gun prior to the incident.9 Jackson contends that, because the
weapons were not linked to the murder, the testimony was
irrelevant and constituted inadmissible propensity evidence. Again,
we disagree.
As an initial matter, no bullets were recovered from Moore’s
9 Specifically, one witness testified that he saw Jackson with a gun the
day before the crimes, a second witness testified that he saw Jackson with a
.22-caliber pistol a few weeks before the crimes, and a third witness testified
that he saw Jackson holding a 9-millimeter handgun during the confrontation
with Norman.
16
body and it was unclear from the wounds what caliber of gun was
used to shoot him. However, a 9-millimeter casing was found at the
scene, and one of the witnesses testified to having seen Jackson
holding a gun of the same caliber during the confrontation, while a
second testified to seeing Jackson with a gun of an unspecified
caliber the day before the shooting. This evidence is “relevant to a
disputed issue at trial” — that is, whether Jackson did, in fact, carry,
brandish, and fire a handgun at the time of the party — “inasmuch
as it tended to show that he had access to such a gun.” Thomas v.
State, 293 Ga. 829, 833 (4) (750 SE2d 297) (2013). And it does not
constitute propensity evidence. See Nichols v. State, 282 Ga. 401,
405 (2) (651 SE2d 15) (2007) (“[I]n order to show a defendant has a
propensity for certain behavior, the State must introduce evidence
of the defendant’s other similar behavior.”). Cf. Palmer v. State, 271
Ga. 234, 240 (8) (c) (517 SE2d 502) (1999) (deputy’s testimony that
he pulled defendant over several years before the murder and
noticed a rifle in the back seat of the defendant’s car, which was the
same weapon used in a later murder, was not similar transaction
17
evidence but was relevant evidence that defendant possessed
murder weapon).
Moreover, to the extent Jackson argues that Davis v. State, 301
Ga. 397 (801 SE2d 897) (2017) and Moore v. State, 294 Ga. 682 (755
SE2d 703) (2014) held that evidence tending to show a defendant
possessed a weapon prior to the crimes at issue is categorically
inadmissible, he is incorrect. In Davis, we said that any error in the
admission of “so-called similar transaction evidence” regarding a
defendant’s possession of a firearm two years prior to the shooting
and his statement about it some months beforehand was harmless
given the strength of the other evidence in the case. 301 Ga. at 400-401 (3). And in Moore, although we held that evidence of appellant’s
tattoo depicting a gun was impermissibly offered as evidence of
appellant’s propensity to carry or use a firearm, we ultimately
concluded, under the facts of that case, that its erroneous admission
was harmless and did not mandate a new trial. See 294 Ga. at 685-686 (3). Accordingly, Jackson’s counsel was not deficient for failing
to object to the testimony on these grounds.
18
As for the witness testimony that Jackson was seen with a .22-caliber pistol in the few weeks leading to the murder, even if we
assume that such testimony was inadmissible and that trial counsel
should have objected, we cannot say that Jackson has established a
reasonable probability that, had counsel done so, the outcome of his
trial would have been different. Jurors also heard the other strong
evidence presented at trial, including testimony from eyewitnesses
who saw Jackson shoot Norman. See Kitchens v. State, 289 Ga. 242,
244 (2) (b) (710 SE2d 551) (2011) (no prejudice in failing to object to
testimony where there was strong evidence of appellant’s guilt,
including several eyewitnesses who testified that appellant shot the
victim). For these reasons, Jackson’s claim of ineffective assistance
on these grounds fails.
(ii) Jackson also argues that trial counsel should have objected
to testimony about Jackson having a Taser prior to the shooting, but
Jackson fails to point to any specific witnesses who testified to ever
seeing Jackson with such a device. To the extent Jackson points to
the record, he relies only on portions that involve witnesses who
19
testified that they saw individuals other than Jackson with a Taser
prior to the murder. We cannot say that forgoing an objection to
testimony about other individuals having a Taser was so patently
unreasonable that no competent lawyer would have made the same
decision. See Jackson v. State, 317 Ga. 95, 105 (2) (c) (891 SE2d 866)
(2023) (“[I]t is well established that the burden is on the party
alleging error to show it by the record.” (citation and punctuation
omitted)). Cf. Durham v. State, 292 Ga. 239, 242 (4) (a) (734 SE2d
377) (2012) (decision not to object to hearsay testimony that was not
harmful to the defendant was trial strategy that fell “within the
range of reasonable professional conduct”).
(e) Jackson also argues that trial counsel should have objected
to testimony regarding his gang membership because the crimes
were not gang-related and the testimony was “highly prejudicial.”
Specifically, Jackson argues that trial counsel should have objected
to testimony that he and Castle were members of BBS and that the
group members shouted “BBS” when they confronted Norman and
his companions, as well as testimony about the meaning of BBS and
20
its affiliated colors. We disagree that trial counsel’s failure to object
on these grounds was objectively unreasonable.
The State was permitted
[to] present evidence of a defendant’s motive for allegedly
committing a crime. If that motive directly involves
appellant’s membership in ‘an unsavory group,’ the
relevant evidence does not become immaterial because it
incidentally places appellant’s character or reputation in
evidence.
Marshall v. State, 275 Ga. 740, 745 (10) (571 SE2d 761) (2002). The
evidence at trial showed that, immediately preceding the conflict
that resulted in Norman’s death, Norman and his companions called
out their group identifier (“east side”) and Jackson and his
companions responded with their own identifier (“BBS”).
Accordingly, the testimony at issue provided evidence of a possible
motive for the conflict and would have been admissible for this
purpose. See id. Moreover, under the former Evidence Code, “[t]he
State [was] entitled to present evidence of the entire res gestae of a
crime,” which would include the testimony regarding the gang
identifiers that were declared by the opposing groups immediately
21
prior to the murder, “even if the defendant’s character [was]
incidentally placed in issue.” Corza v. State, 273 Ga. 164, 166 (2)
(539 SE2d 149) (2000). Trial counsel was not deficient for failing to
make a meritless objection. See Watson v. State, 303 Ga. 758, 763 (3)
(814 SE2d 396) (2018).
(f) Jackson next argues that his counsel performed deficiently
by failing to object to testimony that Florez was threatened after
giving a statement to law enforcement officials against Jackson and
Castle. Jackson asserts that the testimony was improper because
there was no evidence that the threat was “made by,” “connected to,”
or “directed by” Jackson or was otherwise related to him. Jackson’s
argument fails because he has not established the requisite
prejudice.
Florez testified at trial that he was friends with Castle and
Jackson, was a member of BBS, was at the party, and witnessed and
participated in the fight. Florez conceded that he initially lied to the
police when he was first interviewed, but stated that he later gave a
second, honest statement implicating the defendants to the police.
22
Florez further testified that, after making the second statement, he
received phone calls saying that, if he testified, “they were going to
get me.” Florez did not explain who “they” were, nor did he identify
the caller.
While evidence that a defendant has attempted to obstruct
justice, including by intimidating a witness, can be relevant
circumstantial evidence of guilt, see Morrell v. State, 313 Ga. 247,
256 (2) (a) (869 SE2d 447) (2022), there was no evidence that
Jackson or Castle made or directed the calls here. And although a
trial court has discretion to admit testimony of an anonymous threat
to explain a witness’s conduct on the stand, see Coleman v. State,
278 Ga. 486, 487-488 (604 SE2d 151) (2004), it does not appear from
the record that this testimony was used to explain Florez’s conduct.
Assuming without deciding that trial counsel’s failure to object
was deficient, Jackson has not established that he was prejudiced
by this testimony. Florez’s reference to the anonymous threats was
fleeting, the threats were not tied to Jackson or Castle, and it does
not appear from the record, nor does Jackson argue, that there was
23
any other mention of these threats. In light of the other evidence
presented at trial, including testimony from eyewitnesses who saw
Jackson shoot Norman, we cannot say that Jackson has established
a reasonable probability that, had trial counsel objected to this
evidence, the outcome of his trial would have been different. See
Atkinson v. State, 301 Ga. 518, 528 (6) (j) (801 SE2d 833) (2017).
Accordingly, this argument fails.
(g) Jackson also contends that his trial counsel performed
deficiently by failing to object to two jury instructions; the first
instructed the jury that it could consider the intelligence of
witnesses in determining their credibility and the second concerned
the resolution of conflicts in witness testimony. These arguments
fail.
(i) Citing McKenzie v. State, 293 Ga. App. 350 (667 SE2d 142)
(2008), Jackson asserts that the trial court erred by charging the
jury that intelligence is a factor in determining credibility. Prior to
McKenzie, the pattern jury charge identified intelligence as a factor
24
that could inform the jury’s determination of credibility. 10 McKenzie
suggested that this portion of the charge was problematic and
confusing, though not “so harmful as to require a reversal”; after
that 2008 decision, the reference to intelligence in the jury
instruction was removed. Id. at 352 (2). See also Suggested Pattern
Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases (4th ed.) § 1.31.10 (2023).
Since McKenzie, this Court also has expressed concern with
respect to this portion of the charge, but we have held that, “[e]ven
assuming the better practice is to omit intelligence as one of the
factors in the credibility charge, its inclusion is not reversible error.”
Howard v. State, 288 Ga. 741, 747 (6) (707 SE2d 80) (2011). See also
Redding v. State, 311 Ga. 757, 763 (4) (858 SE2d 469) (2021); Moore
v. State, 306 Ga. 532, 535 (2) (c) (832 SE2d 384) (2019); Ingram v.
10 The pattern charge provided:
In deciding credibility, you may consider all of the facts and
circumstances of the case, the manner in which the witnesses
testify, their intelligence, their interest or lack of interest in the
case, their means and opportunity for knowing the facts about
which they testify, the nature of the facts about which they testify,
the probability or improbability of their testimony, and the
occurrences about which they testify.
(Emphasis supplied.) Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal
Cases (4th ed.) § 1.31.10 (2007).
25
State, 297 Ga. 854, 857 (778 SE2d 781) (2015); Gamble v. State, 291
Ga. 581, 583 (731 SE2d 758) (2012). And because the inclusion of the
intelligence portion of the instruction is not itself reversible error,
Jackson cannot show the prejudice necessary to succeed on his claim
that counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to object to the
charge, and this claim fails. See Howard, 288 Ga. at 747 (6).
(ii) Jackson’s claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to object to the jury charge on conflicts in testimony, which
he contends was akin to the charge disapproved in Noggle v. State,
256 Ga. 383, 386 (4) (349 SE2d 175) (1986), also lacks merit. The
relevant portion of the charge given in this case instructed the jurors
that:
[I]f you should find that there is a conflict in the testimony
of the witnesses or a conflict between a witness or
witnesses, it is your duty to settle this conflict if you can
without believing that any witness has made a false
statement. If you cannot do this, it then becomes your
duty to believe that witness or those witnesses which you
think are best entitled to belief. In short, it is for you alone
to determine what testimony you will believe and what
testimony you will not believe.
The court’s jury charge on conflicts in the evidence largely
26
tracked the pattern jury charge that was in effect at the time of
Jackson’s trial in 2011:
When you consider the evidence in this case, if you
find a conflict, you should settle this conflict, if you can,
without believing that any witness made a false
statement.
If you cannot do so, then you should believe that
witness or those witnesses whom you think are best
entitled to belief.
Pattern Charge 1.31.20, Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions,
Volume II, Criminal Cases (4th ed. 2007). 11 And as we previously
noted in Smith v. State, 308 Ga. 81, 87-89 (3) (839 SE2d 630) (2020),
because this instruction had been approved by controlling case law
at the time of Jackson’s trial in 2011, we cannot say that Jackson’s
counsel performed in an objectively unreasonable way by failing to
object. See Smith, 308 Ga. at 87-89 (3). Accordingly, Jackson’s claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel fails.
(h) Finally, Jackson contends that, taken together, the
11 This pattern jury charge was in effect until 2013. See Smith v. State,
308 Ga. 81, 89 (3) n.6 (839 SE2d 630) (2020). We have since noted that more
recent editions of the Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions now state that
“[t]here is no support for this former charge in current law.” Id. at 89 (3).
27
cumulative effect of trial counsel’s alleged deficiencies prejudiced
him such that his convictions should be reversed. “[I]t is the
prejudice arising from counsel’s errors that is constitutionally
relevant, not that each individual error by counsel should be
considered in a vacuum.” Schofield v. Holsey, 281 Ga. 809, 811 (II)
n.1 (642 SE2d 56) (2007), overruled on other grounds, State v. Lane,
308 Ga. 10, 23 (1) (838 SE2d 808) (2020).
We assumed deficiency in Division 1 (c), (d) (i), (f), and (g)
relating to counsel’s failure to object to evidence of Jackson’s
character and testimony regarding Jackson’s possession of a firearm
in the weeks leading to the murder and the anonymous threats, and
the portion of the jury instructions pertaining to intelligence.
However, given our other conclusions above regarding the strength
of the evidence against Jackson, including voluminous eyewitness
testimony, we cannot conclude that, absent these errors, a different
outcome would have been reasonably probable. Jackson has thus
failed to establish that the combined prejudicial effect of these
assumed errors requires a new trial. See Jackson v. State, 317 Ga.
28
95, 106-107 (4) (891 SE2d 866) (2023). Therefore, Jackson’s claim of
cumulative prejudice fails.
2. During the charge conference, Jackson withdrew his
previous request for a jury charge on justification. He now contends
that the trial court nonetheless should have given such a charge sua
sponte because it was his sole defense. Because Jackson did not
object to the trial court’s failure to give this instruction at trial, we
review this claim only for plain error. See State v. Kelly, 290 Ga. 29,
31-32 (1) (718 SE2d 232) (2011).
In order to reverse a conviction on this ground, all four
prongs of the standard adopted in Kelly must be met: the
instruction, or in this case the failure to give it, was
erroneous; the error was obvious; the failure to give the
instruction likely affected the outcome of the proceedings;
and the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or
public reputation of judicial proceedings.
Hoffler v. State, 292 Ga. 537, 542 (4) (739 SE2d 362) (2013); Kelly,
290 Ga. at 33 (noting that the “error or defect” must not have been
“intentionally relinquished or abandoned, i.e., affirmatively waived,
by the appellant”). Jackson’s claim regarding a jury instruction on
justification falters at the first step of the plain error analysis.
29
During the first few days of trial, Jackson filed a request that
the court give a charge on justification. However, at the charge
conference after the close of evidence, Jackson explicitly withdrew
his request for a justification instruction through counsel. Thus,
Jackson affirmatively waived any right to a justification charge and
cannot show plain error in this regard, and we need not address the
remaining prongs of the plain error standard. See Walker v. State,
301 Ga. 482, 485 (2) (a) (801 SE2d 804) (2017); Brown v. State, 298
Ga. 880, 882 (3) (785 SE2d 512) (2016). Accordingly, this
enumeration fails.
Case No. S23A0855
3. On appeal, Castle argues that the evidence presented at trial
was insufficient to sustain his conviction for battery based on the act
of striking Norman in the face with a handgun (Count 5) because
the evidence showed that either Jackson or Leondris pistol-whipped
Norman. We disagree.
When reviewing the sufficiency of evidence, the proper inquiry
is whether a rational trier of fact could have found the defendant
30
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S.
307, 318-319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). We view
the evidence in the “light most favorable to the verdict, with
deference to the jury’s assessment of the weight and credibility of
the evidence.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Hayes v. State,
292 Ga. 506, 506 (739 SE2d 313) (2013). Castle was charged
individually and as a party to the crime of battery. See OCGA § 16-2-20 (a). “Whether a person is a party to a crime may be inferred
from that person’s presence, companionship, and conduct before,
during, and after the crime.” (Citation and punctuation
omitted.) Williams v. State, 304 Ga. 658, 661 (1) (821 SE2d 351)
(2018). And “[w]hether the evidence supports such an inference is a
question for the jury.” Mohamed v. State, 307 Ga. 89, 90 (1) (834
SE2d 762) (2019).
Castle asserts that the evidence failed to establish that he was
party to the crime of battery because, he says, “there was no
evidence that [he] facilitated or encouraged the pistol-whipping
performed by a third party.” Castle is correct that “a person’s mere
31
presence at the scene of the crime and mere approval of the criminal
act are insufficient to establish that [he] was a party to the crime,”
Grant v. State, 298 Ga. 835, 837 (1) (785 SE2d 285) (2016), but there
was evidence from which the jury could infer more than Castle’s
mere presence or approval.
Indeed, several witnesses testified that, when Norman fell to
the ground after being pistol-whipped, Castle joined in attacking
him, and that Castle shot Norman while he was lying on the ground
after being beaten. And the trial court properly instructed the jury
on the law of party to a crime and mere presence. It thus “makes no
difference here” that the evidence showed that someone else was
responsible for pistol-whipping Norman; Castle’s “conduct supports
the jury’s conclusion that he shared an intent” to batter Norman.
Mohamed, 307 Ga. at 90 (1). Accordingly, Castle’s sufficiency
argument fails.
4. Castle next argues that his trial counsel was constitutionally
ineffective in three ways: (1) by failing to request jury instructions
on justification and related principles; (2) by failing to request a jury
32
instruction on accomplice corroboration; and (3) by calling a defense
witness, Trinis, whose testimony was unnecessary and who opened
the door to substantial impeachment of Castle’s defense theory. His
arguments fail.
(a) At trial, Castle pursued an identity defense. On appeal,
however, Castle argues that, because “any reasonable construction
of the evidence placed [him] squarely within Georgia’s party to a
crime doctrine” with respect to the shooting (going so far as to say
that “overwhelming evidence supported Castle’s presence at the
scene, armed, and involved in the altercation that eventually led to
the shooting”), justification was his only legally viable defense.
Castle asserts that trial counsel’s failure to pursue a justification
defense was based on a misunderstanding of the law.
In particular, in his motion for new trial, Castle pointed to his
counsel’s statement at trial that he did not anticipate putting Castle
on the stand and therefore did not anticipate asserting self-defense.
On appeal, Castle focuses on trial counsel’s testimony at the motionfor-new-trial hearing in which trial counsel indicated that he did not
33
believe he could pursue a justification defense without Castle
testifying and admitting that he shot Norman. Assuming, arguendo,
that counsel misunderstood the state of the law at the time of trial
and that his performance was therefore deficient, 12 this claim
nevertheless fails because Castle has not established the requisite
prejudice.
Here, trial counsel presented an identity defense, arguing that
Castle was not the person who shot Norman. To that end, trial
counsel successfully elicited testimony from multiple witnesses that
supported Castle’s defense strategy. Moreover, the evidence
supporting an instruction on justification was weak and attempting
to argue that Castle acted in self-defense could have drawn attention
to the fact that, when Norman was shot, he was not holding a gun,
he was lying on the ground, and he had just been beaten. And, as we
12 But see McClure v. State, 306 Ga. 856, 865 (1) (834 SE2d 96) (2019)
(clarifying whether the admission necessary to assert an affirmative defense
was “a legal admission that [was] binding upon the defendant or merely a nonbinding assumption of facts for the sake of argument,” and noting that the
phrase “admits the doing of the act charged” could have been “easily
misinterpreted”).
34
held in Division 1 (a) above, jury instructions on justification and
related principles would have been inconsistent with an identity
defense.
Moreover, the evidence against Castle, including eyewitness
testimony, was strong. Accordingly, even if counsel’s failure to
pursue a justification defense resulted from a misunderstanding of
law, we cannot say that this mistake prejudiced Castle’s defense.
See, e.g., Stallworth, 304 Ga. at 335 (2) (a) (no “reasonable
probability that the trial result would have been different” where
three eyewitnesses placed appellant and co-defendant at crime
scene and appellant was seen “violently arguing with the victim
prior to the shooting”). Accordingly, Castle’s ineffective assistance
claim fails.
(b) Citing former OCGA § 24-4-8,13 Castle argues that his trial
counsel was deficient in failing to request a jury charge on
13 Former OCGA § 24-4-8 provided, “The testimony of a single witness is
generally sufficient to establish a fact. However, in certain cases, including . . . felony cases where the only witness is an accomplice, the testimony of a single
witness is not sufficient.” The language of this former Code section was carried
over to the current Evidence Code. See OCGA § 24-14-8.
35
accomplice corroboration as to Florez’s testimony. Castle is
incorrect.
Even assuming for the sake of argument that Florez was an
accomplice, controlling precedent at the time of Castle’s trial “held
that refusal to give a requested charge on accomplice corroboration
was not error, so long as some corroborating evidence was
presented.” Robinson v. State, 303 Ga. 321, 325 (3) (a) (812 SE2d
232) (2018) (relying on Hall v. State, 241 Ga. 252 (244 SE2d 833)
(1978)). While we later overruled Hall’s holding in Hamm v. State,
294 Ga. 791, 796 (2) (756 SE2d 507) (2014), that decision came three
years after Castle’s trial. And it is well settled that “there is no
general duty on the part of defense counsel to anticipate changes in
the law, and only in a rare case would it be ineffective assistance by
a trial attorney not to make an objection that would be overruled
under prevailing law.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Lyman
v. State, 301 Ga. 312, 322 (3) (a) (800 SE2d 333) (2017).
Nor did any prejudice arise from counsel’s failure to request an
accomplice corroboration charge because Florez’s testimony
36
connecting Castle to the altercation and shooting was corroborated
by multiple other witnesses. For example, one witness testified that
Castle had a gun during the altercation with Norman, and she heard
him cock it. A second witness testified that Castle was fighting with
Norman, that Castle had a gun, and that he hit Norman. A third
witness testified that she saw Castle kick Norman and that Castle
had a gun in his hand. A fourth witness testified that she saw Castle
“jump” and hit Norman and that she saw Castle with a gun. And a
fifth witness testified that he saw Castle shoot Norman. It is
therefore “unlikely that the omission of the accomplice corroboration
instruction affected the outcome” of Castle’s trial. (Citation and
punctuation omitted.) Robinson, 303 Ga. at 326 (3) (a). For these
reasons, Castle has failed to establish that trial counsel was
deficient or that he was prejudiced as a result, and therefore his
claim of ineffective assistance fails.
(c) Castle also argues that his trial counsel was deficient for
calling Trinis as a defense witness because, he says, Trinis’s
testimony was discredited in various respects and otherwise failed
37
to support Castle’s defense. Again, we disagree.
“[D]ecisions about which witnesses to call at trial are matters
of trial strategy and tactics, and such strategic and tactical decisions
do not amount to deficient performance unless they are so
unreasonable that no competent attorney would have made them
under similar circumstances.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)
Roseboro v. State, 308 Ga. 428, 437 (2) (b) (841 SE2d 706) (2020). See
also Muller v. State, 284 Ga. 70, 72 (3) (663 SE2d 206) (2008) (“In
the realm of specific decisions regarding trial strategy, and in
particular decisions about which witnesses should be called to
testify, defense attorneys are afforded wide discretion.”).
Here, Trinis’s testimony underscored the confused nature of
the brawl and Norman’s confrontational arrival at the party,
potentially helping Castle’s defense. That Trinis was impeached in
some respects does not render the decision to call him objectively
unreasonable, especially given that his impeachment might have
benefited Castle’s defense by calling into question any unfavorable
testimony Trinis did happen to give. See Watkins v. State, 285 Ga.
38
355, 358 (2) (676 SE2d 196) (2009) (holding that trial counsel’s
decision to call a detective as a witness was not so unreasonable as
to constitute deficient performance even though the detective ended
up giving unfavorable testimony). And Castle’s after-the-fact
disagreement with this strategy is not grounds for deficient
performance. See McKenzie v. State, 284 Ga. 342, 348 (4) (c) (667
SE2d 43) (2008) (“The fact that appellant and his present counsel
now disagree with the difficult decisions regarding trial tactics and
strategy made by trial counsel does not require a finding that
appellant received representation amounting to ineffective
assistance of counsel.”). This claim of error fails.
5. Finally, Castle argues that the trial court erred by imposing
separate sentences for felony murder predicated on the uncharged
aggravated assault of Norman by fatally shooting him (Count 2) and
for the aggravated assault of Norman by shooting him in the forearm
(Count 3). Castle contends that, because he and Jackson were each
charged for both gunshot wounds inflicted to Norman and because
witnesses testified inconsistently about who fired which shot, the
39
two shots were effectively the “same crime” and should have merged.
As we stated in State v. Riggs, 301 Ga. 63, 65 (1) n.4 (799 SE2d
770) (2017), as to each count charged in an indictment, a trial court
is required “to enter either (a) a written sentence on the count or (b)
a written notation that the count merged into another count for
purposes of sentencing or was vacated by operation of law.” Thus, in
entering its final judgment, a trial court necessarily must determine
whether to impose a sentence on a count or whether to merge that
count for sentencing. It is well settled that, where a defendant’s
crimes arise from “the same conduct,” he may not be convicted of
more than one crime if, among other things, “[o]ne crime is included
in the other[.]” OCGA § 16-1-7 (a) (1). “[W]here one crime is
completed before another crime, the ‘same conduct’ does not
establish the commission of both offenses.” Cordero v. State, 296 Ga.
703, 711 (3) (770 SE2d 577) (2015). One crime is completed before
the other where the crimes were separated by a “deliberate
interval.” Id. at 710-711 (3).
At sentencing, counsel argued to the trial court that there was
40
“either one or two guns . . . involved . . . . so I think factually there
was one assault,” and argued that the court should not sentence
Castle separately on the aggravated assault count. It was against
this backdrop that the trial court entered separate sentences on
Counts 2 and 3, and thus we conclude that the court implicitly found
that there were two assaults. See State v. Walden, 311 Ga. 389, 389
(858 SE2d 42) (2021) (“When – as here – a trial court makes no
explicit findings in ruling on a motion that does not require such
findings to be made, we presume that the trial court implicitly made
all the findings in support of its ruling that the record would allow.”).
And because there was witness testimony at trial authorizing such
a finding, those implicit factual findings are not clearly erroneous on
this record.14 See, e.g., id. at 390 (“we assume that the trial court
implicitly resolved all disputes of fact and credibility in favor of its
ruling, and we generally accept such implicit factual findings unless
14 The testimony summarized above included that of Florez, who testified
that, after Jackson shot Norman, Castle came back “around from where he was
around the truck,” which was “maybe ten to fifteen feet” away and then shot
Norman again.
41
clearly erroneous.”); Lowe v. State, 267 Ga. 410, 411 (478 SE2d 762)
(1996) (holding that merger was inappropriate where the defendant
shot the victim, approached the victim after he fell to his knees, and
stood over the victim while he pleaded for his life before “taking
deliberate aim” and shooting the victim a second time). Moreover,
these facts support a conclusion that there was a deliberate interval
between two aggravated assaults. Accordingly, Castle’s final
enumeration fails.
Judgments affirmed. All the Justices concur.
42