FOURTH DIVISION
MCFADDEN, P. J.,
WATKINS and PADGETT, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk's office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
https://www.gaappeals.gov/rules
July 27, 2026
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A26A1087. PATEL et al. v. BRIM.
PADGETT, Judge.
Vansh Patel and Piyushkumar Patel filed a complaint for damages against
Richard T. Brim, III, alleging negligence and a violation of the Georgia Dram Shop
Act, OCGA § 51-1-40. The Patels sought to recover for injuries Vansh sustained in
a single-vehicle collision caused by an underage intoxicated driver, whom the Patels
alleged consumed alcohol on Brim’s property. Brim moved to dismiss the complaint
pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-12(b)(6), arguing that because the Patels did not allege that
he sold, furnished, or served alcohol to the underage individual, knowing that the
individual would soon be driving, they failed to state a claim under Georgia law.
Following a hearing, the trial court granted Brim’s motion and dismissed the Patels’
complaint with prejudice. The Patels now appeal, claiming that “read as a whole,” the Dram Shop Act provides a cause of action against Brim where he “knew or
reasonably should have known[ ] that alcohol would be consumed” by underage
individuals on his property, but “took no steps to … prevent underage individuals
from consuming alcohol on his property, or [to] prevent underage, intoxicated
individuals from driving away from his property.” For the following reasons, we
disagree and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Construing the allegations of the complaint in light most favorable to the
plaintiffs,1 the record shows that Brim owned a farm in Terrell County, Georgia.
Brim’s niece hosted a graduation party at the farm which high school students
attended. David Mullins, an underage individual in attendance, became intoxicated
at the party. According to the Patels, underage individuals brought alcohol on to
Brim’s property. The Patels do not allege, and indeed concede, that Brim did not sell,
furnish, or provide alcohol at the party to the underage individuals. After becoming
intoxicated, Mullins drove a vehicle a half-mile off Brim’s property with Vansh in the
passenger seat, where the vehicle collided with a tree, causing Vansh to be ejected
1
“We review de novo a trial court’s determination that a pleading fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, construing the pleadings in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and with any doubts resolved in the plaintiff’s favor.” Babalola v. HSBC Bank, USA, N.A., 324 Ga. App. 750, 750 (751 SE2d 545) (2013) (punctuation omitted).
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from the vehicle. Mullins was killed in the collision and Vansh was left seriously
injured.
1. The Dram Shop Act provides the “exclusive remedy” for a plaintiff seeking
to impose liability on a third person for damages arising out of the acts of an
intoxicated driver. Delta Airlines v. Townsend, 279 Ga. 511, 512(1) (614 SE2d 745)
(2005). Accord Hulsey v. Northside Equities, 249 Ga. App. 474, 475 (548 SE2d 41)
(2001) (“the Dram Shop Act preempts any common law liability for the server of
alcohol except under its own terms”). The Dram Shop Act categorically “declares
that the consumption of alcoholic beverages, rather than the sale or furnishing or
serving of such beverages, is the proximate cause of any injury … inflicted by an
intoxicated person … upon another person, except as otherwise provided in
subsection (b) of this Code section.” OCGA § 51-1-40(a). As relevant here,
subsection (b) strictly limits liability for injury, death, and property damage to
situations in which a third person
willfully, knowingly, and unlawfully sells, furnishes, or serves alcoholic
beverages to a person who is not of lawful drinking age, knowing that
such person will soon be driving a motor vehicle, or … knowingly sells,
furnishes, or serves alcoholic beverages to a person who is in a state of
noticeable intoxication, knowing that such person will soon be driving a
motor vehicle.
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OCGA § 51-1-40(b). Thus, by its own terms, the Dram Shop Act provides a cause of
action only where a third party “sells, furnishes, or serves” alcohol to either an
underage or noticeably intoxicated individual, knowing that the individual will soon
be driving a motor vehicle. See OCGA § 51-1-40(b); Viau v. Fred Dean, Inc., 203 Ga.
App. 801, 802(1) (418 SE2d 604) (1992) (“OCGA § 51-1-40(b) does not impose
liability upon one who merely furnishes the premises upon which alcohol is
consumed. It imposes liability only upon one who furnishes the alcohol itself.”).
2. Acknowledging that they do not allege that Brim himself sold, furnished, or
served alcohol to Mullins, the Patels argue that subsection (b) of OCGA § 51-1-40
“should be expanded to apply to the facts of this case,” thereby allowing a cause of
action under the Dram Shop Act against the owner of a premises where the owner
“knowingly allowed underage high school students, who drove to [the premises] … ,
to consume alcohol on [the] premises without taking any reasonable steps to prevent
[the consumption], or stop them from driving away.”2
We are without authority to do so and therefore decline the Patels’ invitation
to expand the reach of OCGA § 51-1-40(b) beyond its plain language. When the
General Assembly enacted the Dram Shop Act in 1988, it abrogated the common law
2
Notably, the Patels do not cite to legal authority in support of their argument that OCGA § 51-1-40(b) provides or should provide a cause of action under the facts alleged here.
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rule that there was no right of recovery against one who sold or furnished alcohol to
an intoxicated person. Townsend, 279 Ga. at 511–12(1). Because the Act is in
derogation of the common law, we must adhere to the rule of construction that the
statute “must be limited strictly to the meaning of the language employed, and not
extended beyond [its] plain and explicit terms[.]” Id. at 512(1) (punctuation
omitted). In interpreting and applying those plain and explicit terms, this Court
repeatedly has held that a subsection (b) establishes a right of action only against a
defendant who furnishes alcohol and not against one who merely furnishes the
premises upon which alcohol is consumed. See Kappa Sigma Int’l Fraternity v. Tootle,
221 Ga. App. 890, 892–93(1) (473 SE2d 213) (1996) (reversing denial of summary
judgment to fraternity where there was no evidence that fraternity sold, furnished,
or served alcohol to intoxicated student who attended party sponsored by fraternity;
“[i]f the General Assembly intended to impose liability under such circumstances, it
could have simply stated so”); Viau, 203 Ga. App. at 802(1). See also Leavy v.
Cornelius, 376 Ga. App. 685, 687–88(1) (920 SE2d 172) (2025) (reversing denial of
motion to dismiss because Dram Shop Act barred claim that homeowner was
negligent by, among other things, failing to supervise minors at party where alcohol
was consumed); Armstrong v. State, 244 Ga. App. 871, 873(2) (537 SE2d 147) (2000)
(noting that while the Act permits civil liability where one knowingly serves alcohol
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to a minor or a noticeably intoxicated person, knowing that the minor or the
intoxicated person will soon be driving, “nothing in that statute or any other
provision of Georgia law mandates that a provider of alcoholic beverages must
prevent an intoxicated person from driving”). Because the Patels do not allege that
Brim knowingly sold, furnished, or served alcohol to Mullins, as is required to state
a claim under the Dram Shop Act, their claims are barred by OCGA § 51-1-40(a) and
(b), and the trial court did not err in dismissing their complaint.
3. The Patels alternatively argue — again without citation to legal authority —
that subsection (d) of OCGA § 51-1-40 provides them with a cause of action. We
disagree.
Subsection (d) provides that:
No person who owns, leases, or otherwise lawfully occupies a premises,
except a premises licensed for the sale of alcoholic beverages, shall be
liable to any person who consumes alcoholic beverages on the premises
in the absence of and without the consent of the owner, lessee, or lawful
occupant or to any other person … for any injury or death suffered on or
off the premises … caused by the intoxication of the person who
consumed the alcoholic beverages.”
OCGA § 51-1-40(d). The Patels concede that this subsection “shield[s] … private
property owners from liability for alcohol-related harm if someone consumes alcohol
on their property without their … permission.” Yet, to reach a conclusion that the
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subsection creates a cause of action here, they urge us to engage in statutory
contraposition,3 “flipping and negating” the subsection to mean that where a
property owner “impliedly consented” to underage drinking on his property, he will
be liable. Their argument is unpersuasive.
The rules of statutory construction mandate a presumption that the
General Assembly meant what it said and said what it meant. To that
end, we must afford the statutory text its plain and ordinary meaning,
we must view the statutory text in the context in which it appears, and
we must read the statutory text in its most natural and reasonable way[.] Deal v. Coleman, 294 Ga. 170, 172(1)(a) (751 SE2d 337) (2013) (citation modified).
Where “the statutory text is ʻclear and unambiguous,’ we attribute to the statute its
plain meaning, and our search for statutory meaning is at an end.” Id. at 173(1)(a).
The statutory text within subsection (d) is clear and unambiguous in insulating
property owners such as Brim from liability based on consumption of alcohol on the
property in the absence of the property owner’s consent. Beyond that, the subsection
is silent. It simply does not provide a cause of action as the Patels posit here.
Furthermore, for this Court to supplement the plain language of the subsection with
contrapositive clauses, as the Patels would have us do, would render meaningless
subsection (a)’s unequivocal declaration that “the consumption of alcoholic
3
The Patels acknowledge that contraposition “is not a formal canon of statutory construction.”
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beverages … is the proximate cause of any injury … inflicted by an intoxicated person
upon himself or upon another person, except as otherwise provided in subsection (b)
of this Code section.” See OCGA § 51-1-40(a). But see Deal, 294 Ga. at 174(1)(a) n.10
(“[W]e do not read a statute in a way that renders any part of [it] meaningless.”
(punctuation omitted)). Had the General Assembly intended to create an exception
to subsection (a) where a property owner’s “implied consent” to alcohol
consumption on the owner’s property, in and of itself, triggers liability to third
persons injured as a result of that consumption, it could have included such an
exception in subsection (b). It did not. Under the doctrine of separation of powers,
the limit of our authority is clear: “the courts cannot construe [a statute] to force an
outcome that the legislature did not expressly authorize. … [S]tatutory construction
belongs to the courts, legislation to the legislature. We cannot add a line to the law.”
Turner v. Ga. River Network, 297 Ga. 306, 308–09 (773 SE2d 706) (2015)
(punctuation omitted). We decline to construe the Dram Shop Act to force an
outcome and create a cause of action that the legislature did not expressly authorize.
Based upon the foregoing, the Patels failed to state a claim under OCGA § 51-1-40 and the trial court properly dismissed their complaint.
Judgment affirmed. McFadden, P. J., and Watkins, J., concur.
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