IN THE
Court of Appeals of Indiana
Nathan A. Floring, FILED
Aug 06 2026, 8:38 am
Appellant-Defendant
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
v. and Tax Court
State of Indiana,
Appellee-Plaintiff
August 6, 2026
Court of Appeals Case No.
25A-CR-3189
Appeal from the Johnson Superior Court
The Honorable Douglas B. Cummins, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
41D03-2401-F6-10
Opinion by Chief Judge Tavitas
Judges Bradford and Felix concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana Opinion 25A-CR-3189 August 6, 2026 Page 1 of 10
Tavitas, Chief Judge.
Case Summary
[1] In this interlocutory appeal, Nathan Floring (“Floring”) appeals the trial court’s
denial of his motion to dismiss charges for possession of methamphetamine, a
Level 6 felony, and possession of paraphernalia, a Class C misdemeanor. We
affirm.
Issue
[2] Floring raises one issue, which we restate as whether the trial court erred by
denying Floring’s motion to dismiss pursuant to the immunity provisions of
Indiana Code Section 16-42-27-2 (“Aaron’s Law”).
Facts
[3] On December 28, 2023, officers with the Greenwood Police Department were
dispatched to a residence regarding a female overdosing. The 911 caller,
Angela Floring (“Angela”), who is Floring’s sister, informed the dispatcher that
three doses of naloxone had been administered to the female. When officers
arrived, Floring was performing CPR on LeAnn Urbanski. Urbanski was
transported to the hospital for treatment, and officers obtained consent to search
the residence. During the search, officers discovered methamphetamine and a
burnt metal spoon in Floring’s bedroom. Angela told officers that Floring did
not want her to call 911 in response to Urbanski’s overdose.
Court of Appeals of Indiana Opinion 25A-CR-3189 August 6, 2026 Page 2 of 10 [4] The State charged Floring with possession of methamphetamine, a Level 6
felony, and possession of paraphernalia, a Class C misdemeanor. The State
also alleged that Floring is an habitual offender.
[5] Floring filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Indiana Code Sections 16-42-27-2(g) and (h). Floring argued that he was immune from criminal prosecution.
Floring, however, did not submit any required affidavits with his motion. In
response, the State argued that: (1) Floring failed to satisfy the procedural
requirements for a motion to dismiss found in Indiana Code Section 35-34-1-8
by failing to submit affidavits; and (2) the requirements for immunity found in
Indiana Code Section 16-42-27-2 had not been met. The State submitted
additional evidence, including the 911 call and the officer’s body camera video,
pursuant to Indiana Code Section 35-34-1-8(b). In the body camera video,
Angela told officers that Floring did not want her to call 911 in response to
Urbanski’s overdose.
[6] The trial court denied Floring’s motion to dismiss. The trial court found that
the requirements of Indiana Code Section 16-42-27-2(g) had not been met
because:
not only was [Floring] not the individual who contacted law
enforcement as required in subsection seven (7), bodycam video
from the night in question, admitted as State’s Exhibit 2,
indicates another individual had to make the decision to call law
enforcement and had to convince [Floring] of the need for the
same.
Court of Appeals of Indiana Opinion 25A-CR-3189 August 6, 2026 Page 3 of 10
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 43. Floring requested permission to pursue an
interlocutory appeal, which we granted.
Discussion and Decision
[7] Floring challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to dismiss the charges
against him. We review a “ruling on a motion to dismiss a charging
information for an abuse of discretion, which occurs only if a trial court’s
decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.”
State v. Katz, 179 N.E.3d 431, 440 (Ind. 2022). To the extent the motion turns
on a pure question of law, we review that question of law de novo. Anderson v.
State, 243 N.E.3d 389, 391 (Ind. Ct. App. 2024), trans. denied.
[8] Indiana Code Chapter 35-34-1 governs the filing of a motion to dismiss.
Indiana Code Section 35-34-1-4(a)(6) allows the dismissal of an information if
“[t]he defendant has immunity with respect to the offense charged.” Indiana
Code Section 35-34-1-8(a), however, provides:
If the motion is expressly or impliedly based upon the existence
or occurrence of facts, the motion shall be accompanied by
affidavits containing sworn allegations of these facts. The
sworn allegations may be based upon personal knowledge of the
affiant or upon information and belief, provided that in the latter
event the affiant discloses the sources of the information and the
grounds for the belief. If the motion is expressly or impliedly
based upon the existence of any question of law, the motion shall
be accompanied by a memorandum stating specifically the legal
question in issue. The defendant may also submit documentary
evidence tending to support the allegations of the motion.
Court of Appeals of Indiana Opinion 25A-CR-3189 August 6, 2026 Page 4 of 10
(emphasis added).
[9] The State argues that Floring’s motion fails because he failed to attach affidavits
despite factual assertions in his motion. In his motion, Floring contended that
he “received the naloxone from his treatment provider,” and that he “was party
to summoning emergency services while contemporaneously administering the
intervention drug,” but he provided no affidavit to establish these facts and the
motion to dismiss was not signed and verified by Floring. Appellant’s App.
Vol. II pp. 23-24. Given Floring’s failure to file affidavits as required by
Indiana Code Section 35-34-1-8(a), the trial court properly denied Floring’s
motion.
[10] Moreover, even if Floring had filed the required affidavits to support his factual
assertions, his motion fails on the merits. Floring’s argument requires that we
interpret Aaron’s Law, which provides immunity protections for certain
individuals who assist in opioid overdose situations. See John Millikan, Last
Line of Defense: How Indiana Can Encourage Naloxone Availability During Its Opioid
Crisis, 52 IND. L. REV. 329, 344 (2019).
[11] When asked to interpret a statute, we start with the text of the statute itself. Fix
v. State, 186 N.E.3d 1134, 1139 (Ind. 2022). “When the statute is clear and
unambiguous, we avoid judicial construction by interpreting its words in their
plain and ordinary meaning.” Id. “But when a statute permits more than one
reasonable interpretation, we consider that statute ambiguous.” Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana Opinion 25A-CR-3189 August 6, 2026 Page 5 of 10 [12] When a statute is ambiguous, we resort to the rules of statutory construction to
determine its meaning. Id. “In criminal cases, this includes the rule of lenity—
a rule that requires us to construe a penal statute strictly against the State while
resolving any ambiguities in favor of the defendant.” Id. “But even under this
rule, we avoid construing a statute so narrowly as to exclude cases they fairly
cover.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). We presume the “legislature
intended for the statutory language to be applied in a logical manner consistent
with the statute’s underlying policy and goals.” Id.
[13] Indiana Code Section 16-42-27-2 provides in relevant part:
(g) A law enforcement officer may not take an individual into
custody based solely on the commission of an offense described
in subsection (h), if the law enforcement officer, after making a
reasonable determination and considering the facts and
surrounding circumstances, reasonably believes that the
individual:
(1) obtained the overdose intervention drug as described
in subsection (a)(1)[ 1];
1
Indiana Code Section 16-42-27-2(a)(1) provides:
A prescriber may, directly or by standing order, prescribe or dispense an overdose intervention
drug without examining the individual to whom it may be administered if all of the following
conditions are met:
(1) The overdose intervention drug is dispensed or prescribed to:
(A) a person at risk of experiencing an opioid-related overdose; or
(B) a family member, a friend, or any other individual or entity in a position to assist an
individual who, there is reason to believe, is at risk of experiencing an opioid-related
overdose.
Court of Appeals of Indiana Opinion 25A-CR-3189 August 6, 2026 Page 6 of 10
(2) complied with the provisions in subsection (d)[ 2];
(3) administered an overdose intervention drug to an
individual who appeared to be experiencing an opioidrelated overdose;
(4) provided:
(A) the individual’s full name; and
(B) any other relevant information requested by the
law enforcement officer;
(5) remained at the scene with the individual who
reasonably appeared to be in need of medical assistance
until emergency medical assistance arrived;
(6) cooperated with emergency medical assistance
personnel and law enforcement officers at the scene; and
(7) came into contact with law enforcement because the
individual requested emergency medical assistance for
2
Indiana Code Section 16-42-27-2(d) provides:
An individual described in subsection (a)(1) may not be considered to be practicing medicine
without a license in violation of IC 25-22.5-8-2, if the individual, acting in good faith, does the
following:
(1) Obtains the overdose intervention drug from a prescriber or entity acting under a standing
order issued by a prescriber.
(2) Administers the overdose intervention drug to an individual who is experiencing an
apparent opioid-related overdose.
(3) Attempts to summon emergency services either immediately before or immediately after
administering the overdose intervention drug.
Court of Appeals of Indiana Opinion 25A-CR-3189 August 6, 2026 Page 7 of 10
another individual who appeared to be experiencing an
opioid-related overdose.
(h) An individual who meets the criteria in subsection (g) is
immune from criminal prosecution for the following:
*****
(2) IC 35-48-4-6.1 (possession of methamphetamine).
*****
(4) IC 35-48-4-8.3 (possession of paraphernalia).
*****
[14] The trial court found that Floring did not qualify for immunity under Indiana
Code Section 16-42-27-2 because he is not the individual who requested
emergency medical assistance. Rather, Angela is the individual who contacted
911 regarding Urbanski’s overdose, and in fact, Angela told officers that Floring
did not want her to call 911 in response to the overdose.
[15] Floring argues that the statute does not require that he personally placed the
911 call for immunity to apply and that the trial court’s interpretation produces
“absurd” results. Appellant’s Br. p. 9. We find Floring’s arguments to be
without merit.
[16] Floring contends that Aaron’s Law “was enacted to encourage individuals to
seek emergency medical assistance during opioid overdoses without fear of
Court of Appeals of Indiana Opinion 25A-CR-3189 August 6, 2026 Page 8 of 10
criminal prosecution for low-level drug offenses.” Id. at 5. According to
Floring, this Court “should interpret this type of statute broadly to encourage
lifesaving conduct.” Id. at 9. The State responds that the General Assembly
“intentionally conditioned immunity on a number of specific factors requiring
personal action—not merely presence at the scene of an overdose.” Appellee’s
Br. p. 12. The State further contends that the General Assembly:
could have chosen to provide blanket immunity for any drug
possession crimes committed by anyone at the scene of a
suspected overdose where someone has requested emergency
medical assistance. Instead, the legislature chose to incentivize
drug users to: obtain naloxone lawfully, administer it properly,
personally summon medical assistance, and cooperate fully with
law enforcement. These requirements ensure that immunity is
granted only to individuals who act responsibly and
transparently—not to those who hide drugs, mislead police, or
rely on others to take lifesaving steps.
Id. at 13.
[17] The plain language of the statute requires that Floring demonstrate that he
“came into contact with law enforcement because the individual requested
emergency medical assistance for another individual who appeared to be
experiencing an opioid-related overdose.” I.C. § 16-42-27-2(g)(7) (emphasis
added). Accordingly, the statute requires that Floring demonstrate that he
came into contact with law enforcement because he had requested emergency
medical assistance for Urbanski, who appeared to be experiencing an opioidrelated overdose. The undisputed evidence, however, indicates that Floring
Court of Appeals of Indiana Opinion 25A-CR-3189 August 6, 2026 Page 9 of 10
was not the individual who requested emergency medical assistance due to
Urbanski’s overdose. We do not find the fact that our General Assembly
enacted a statute to provide immunity to certain specified individuals under
specific circumstances to be absurd. Under these circumstances, even if Floring
had complied with the procedural requirements of Indiana Code Section 35-34-1-8(a), Floring was not entitled to immunity under Indiana Code Section 16-42-27-2, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Floring’s motion
to dismiss.
Conclusion
[18] The trial court’s denial of Floring’s motion to dismiss was not an abuse of
discretion. Accordingly, we affirm.
[19] Affirmed.
Bradford, J., and Felix, J., concur.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Michael J. Kyle
Franklin, Indiana
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Theodore E. Rokita
Attorney General of Indiana
George P. Sherman
Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
Court of Appeals of Indiana Opinion 25A-CR-3189 August 6, 2026 Page 10 of 10