In the
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-26-00010-CV
GABRIEL SANCHEZ, Appellant
V.
OFFICER WREN, MAYOR L. KELLY JONES, AND CITY OF WESTWORTH VILLAGE,
Appellees
On Appeal from the 17th District Court
Tarrant County, Texas
Trial Court No. 17-365033-25
Before Stevens, C.J., van Cleef and Rambin, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Rambin
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The trial court dismissed Gabriel Sanchez’s claims seeking relief that included an
injunction, a declaratory judgment, and damages against Appellees, Officer Wren, Mayor L.
Kelly Jones, and the City of Westworth Village (City Defendants) arising from a routine traffic
stop.1 Wren stopped Sanchez for running a stop sign and issued a citation. Sanchez sued Wren
individually and in his official capacity, Jones individually and in his official capacity, and the
City. The trial court held a hearing on the City’s plea to the jurisdiction, motion under Section
101.106 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, and motion under Rule 91a of the Texas
Rules of Civil Procedure, and granted the motions and dismissed Sanchez’s claims against these
defendants with prejudice. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.106; TEX. R. CIV. P.
91a.
On appeal, Sanchez argues that the trial court erred by (1) conducting a combined hearing
and entering a single dismissal order, (2) dismissing with prejudice, and (3) denying his motion
to amend.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Applicable Facts
On May 30, 2023, Wren, a police officer with the Westworth Village Police Department
(WVPD), stopped Sanchez for running a stop sign and issued Sanchez a citation. By July 18,
1
This appeal was transferred to this Court from the Second Court of Appeals pursuant to a Texas Supreme Court docket equalization order. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (Supp.). Accordingly, we apply the precedent of the Second Court of Appeals in deciding this case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2
2023, the date of the trial on the citation, Wren had voluntarily left the WVPD. Wren did not
appear at trial, and the State dropped the citation charge against Sanchez.
On May 29, 2025, Sanchez filed suit against Wren, Jones, and the City for malicious
prosecution, false imprisonment, and emotional distress arising from the traffic stop and the
“nightly panic attacks, insomnia, and persistent fear of wrongful arrest.” Sanchez sought relief
that included an injunction, a declaratory judgment, and damages against the City Defendants.2
The City Defendants filed a motion that included a plea to the jurisdiction and motion to dismiss
under Section 101.106 and Rule 91a.
In addition to suing the City Defendants, Sanchez had also sued Tarrant County, the
Tarrant County Judge, and the Tarrant County District Attorney (County Defendants). Further,
Sanchez sued the State of Texas and the Texas Attorney General (State Defendants).
On July 21, 2025, the trial court heard, and granted, the County Defendants’ motion to
dismiss.
On August 11, 2025, the trial court heard, and granted, the City Defendants’ motion to
dismiss. The City Defendants argued that that (1) probable cause for the traffic stop defeated
Sanchez’s claims; (2) the individual defendants were entitled to dismissal under Section 101.106;
(3) the City retained governmental immunity because no waiver under the Texas Tort Claims Act
had been pleaded; (4) no injunction could issue to bar criminal enforcement; (5) the request for
declaratory relief was improper; and (6) limitations and the absence of diligent service barred the
2
Sanchez’s original and first amended petitions did not include the first name of Officer Wren. As the case progressed, the City Defendants submitted a declaration from an officer with the last name of Wren who attested to being the officer involved in the traffic stop at issue.
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suit. The City Defendants offered dash-camera and body-camera footage. The trial court asked
whether there was any objection to the exhibit, and Sanchez responded, “No, your Honor.” The
trial court admitted the video footage. The trial court announced from the bench that it was
ruling for the City Defendants and signed a written order dismissing Sanchez’s claims against the
City Defendants the same day.
As of August 11, the trial court’s order regarding the City Defendants was interlocutory
because Sanchez’s claims against the State Defendants had yet to be ruled on by the trial court.
On September 18, 2025, Sanchez nonsuited his claims against the State Defendants. On
September 19, 2025, the trial court entered an order dismissing the State Defendants.
On September 23, 2025, Sanchez filed a motion to reconsider or modify the interlocutory
dismissal, alternatively for leave to amend or to sever. On September 24, 2025, he filed a
separate motion for leave to file a second amended petition.
On November 3, 2025, the trial court held a hearing on Sanchez’s motions. The trial
court concluded that it lacked plenary jurisdiction and signed an order to that effect.
On December 16, 2025, Sanchez filed a notice of appeal.
II. Preliminary Issues
The City Defendants assert that Sanchez is a vexatious litigant. They also come close to
asserting that Sanchez’s appeal is untimely. While they provide a list of prior litigation
involving Sanchez, they do not assert that he has formally been found to be a vexatious litigant.
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 11.051, § 11.101 (Supp.). That argument, therefore,
is unavailing, and we proceed to examine Sanchez’s appeal.
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Regarding timeliness of the appeal, what we review here is the trial court’s judgment, not
the trial court’s ruling on Sanchez’s motions after the judgment became final. Rusk State Hosp.
v. Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 92 (Tex. 2012) (“Generally, Texas appellate courts have jurisdiction
only over final judgments.”); Szabuniewicz v. King Invs., Inc., No. 02-23-00239-CV, 2023 WL
5967889, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Sept. 14, 2023, pet. denied) (per curiam) (mem. op.)
(collecting cases). Sanchez’s nonsuit of the State Defendants was immediately effective when
filed, but we use the trial court’s order dismissing the State Defendants (the following day) as the
date from which we calculate the deadline for Sanchez to appeal. See Paskauskiene v. Tex.
Dep’t of Motor Vehicles, No. 02-24-00516-CV, 2025 WL 2370578, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth Aug. 14, 2025, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch at
Galveston v. Est. of Blackmon ex rel. Shultz, 195 S.W.3d 98, 100 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam)).
As set forth above, the sequence is as follows:
• July 21, 2025: The trial court dismissed the County Defendants;
• August 11, 2025: The trial court dismissed the City Defendants; and
• September 19, 2025: The trial court dismissed the State Defendants.
Given that sequence, the trial court’s order formally dismissing the State Defendants was
the last in a series of orders that “dispose[d] of all then-pending claims and parties.” In re
C.K.M., 709 S.W.3d 613, 617 (Tex. 2025) (per curiam). Consequently, the trial court’s
August 11, 2025, order regarding the City Defendants was interlocutory when it was made, but
became, on September 19, 2025, the trial court’s final judgment regarding the City Defendants.
See id. Accordingly, Sanchez’s post-trial motions asking the trial court to revisit the final
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judgment regarding the City Defendants served to extend his appellate deadline. See TEX. R.
APP. P. 26.1.
III. No Error Requiring Reversal of the Trial Court’s Judgment
In his first issue, Sanchez argues that “[t]he trial court combined different procedural
tracks, allowed evidence to come in during a hearing that included Rule 91a, and then entered
one dismissal order without separating what standard governed what ruling.”
A. Standard of Review
“The trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction is a question of law we review
de novo.” Herrera v. Mata, 702 S.W.3d 538, 541 (Tex. 2024) (per curiam); see City of Houston
v. Gomez, 716 S.W.3d 161, 164 (Tex. 2025) (per curiam) (“We review the denial of a plea to the
jurisdiction de novo.”). “We review the merits of a Rule 91a motion de novo because the
availability of a remedy under the facts alleged is a question of law and the rule’s factualplausibility standard is akin to a legal-sufficiency review.” City of Dallas v. Sanchez, 494
S.W.3d 722, 724 (Tex. 2016) (per curiam). “The admission and exclusion of evidence is
committed to the trial court’s sound discretion.” City of Brownsville v. Alvarado, 897 S.W.2d
750, 753 (Tex. 1995). “A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts without regard for any
guiding rules or principles.” Id. at 754 (citing Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701
S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985)).
B. Analysis
By his first issue, Sanchez does not directly challenge the substance of the trial court’s
judgment. Instead, Sanchez asserts procedural error regarding the trial court’s combined hearing
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and single dismissal order. Sanchez asserts that “the proper remedy is reversal and remand so
the trial court can apply the correct separate standards to the correct procedural vehicles.”
Sanchez does not provide any authority that prohibits a trial court from issuing a single
dismissal order when it conducted a hearing on more than one motion. Specifically, Sanchez
provides no authority that would prohibit a trial court from conducting a combined hearing on a
plea to the jurisdiction, a motion to dismiss under Section 101.106, and a motion to dismiss
under Rule 91a. Such motions are often filed and heard contemporaneously. See, e.g.,
Chambers-Liberty Cntys. Navigation Dist. v. State, 575 S.W.3d 339, 343 (Tex. 2019) (“The
District and the Commissioners filed a plea to the jurisdiction and a motion to dismiss under
[Rule] 91a, asserting that the District’s immunity from suit bars the State’s claims. The trial
court denied the plea and the motion.”); In re Oncor Elec. Delivery Co., 716 S.W.3d 525, 530
(Tex. 2025) (orig. proceeding) (“ERCOT filed a plea to the jurisdiction based on governmental
immunity, and all the defendants moved for dismissal under Rule 91a . . . . The trial court
dismissed the claims against the retail electric providers, the gas producers, and ERCOT.”
(citation omitted)).
Again, though, what we review here is the trial court’s judgment. See Szabuniewicz,
2023 WL 5967889, at *2. So, we look to whether Sanchez presents any argument that would
impact the trial court’s judgment. See id.
An appellate “brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made,
[supported by] appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).
“We have said that ‘[t]here cannot be two sets of procedural rules, one for litigants with counsel
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and the other for litigants representing themselves.’” Goldstein v. Sabatino, 690 S.W.3d 287,
295 (Tex. 2024) (alteration in original) (quoting Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181,
184–85 (Tex. 1978)). “Still, courts should ‘review and evaluate pro se pleadings with liberality
and patience.’” Id. (quoting Li v. Pemberton Park Cmty. Ass’n, 631 S.W.3d 701, 706 (Tex.
2021) (per curiam)). With those principles in mind, we approach Sanchez’s brief with patience
and treat with liberality arguments that could be considered an attack on the trial court’s
judgment. We do not find briefing waiver, but our patience and liberality stop before it gets to
the point of making up arguments for Sanchez and thereby giving him “an unfair advantage over
litigants represented by counsel.” See Mansfield State Bank, 573 S.W.2d at 185.
Sanchez’s procedural complaint about a combined hearing and order does not justify
reversal of the trial court’s judgment. Sanchez’s brief stops at pointing out what he contends is a
procedural flaw in the way the trial court heard and decided things. He does not provide
authority that the alleged procedural flaw, in and of itself, requires reversal. Nor does Sanchez
explain how the alleged procedural flaw caused substantive error in the trial court’s judgment.
Rather, Sanchez asserts that “the proper remedy is reversal and remand so the trial court can
apply the correct separate standards to the correct procedural vehicles.” Which is to say that he
seeks separate hearings and orders for their own sake, without explaining how that would change
the outcome. In that, we see no basis to reverse the trial court’s judgment.
Sanchez argues that the trial court improperly admitted evidence when a Rule 91a motion
requires determination on the pleadings only. But when the evidence was offered, and the trial
court asked whether there was any objection, Sanchez answered, “No, your Honor.” To preserve
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“a complaint for appellate review, the record must show that . . . the complaint was made to the
trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion” stating the grounds for the ruling sought,
and that the trial court ruled or refused to rule. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). A party who
affirmatively states that he has “no objection” to the admission of evidence waives any complaint
about its admission. In re Commitment of Hill, 334 S.W.3d 226, 229 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam)
(citing TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1) (“A party preserves error by a timely request that makes clear—by
words or context—the grounds for the request and by obtaining a ruling on that request, whether
express or implicit.”). Because Sanchez affirmatively stated that he had no objection, Sanchez
waived any complaint about the admission of the video footage. See id.
A matter Sanchez raises in a later issue bears mentioning here. Sanchez asserts that the
trial court’s judgment erred by not granting his motion for leave to amend. Sanchez, however,
does not assert that a new amendment would have contained new and curative factual
allegations.3 Instead, Sanchez argues that his motion for leave to amend sought to add claims
against Wren under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. But that motion for leave to
amend was filed after the trial court’s judgment became final. We therefore address that motion
for leave in the next issue, which takes into account the timing of the proposed amended petition.
We overrule Sanchez’s first issue.
3
See Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226–27 (Tex. 2004) (“If the pleadings do not contain sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction but do not affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the issue is one of pleading sufficiency and the plaintiffs should be afforded the opportunity to amend.”).
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IV. No Error to Deny Amendment and to Dismiss with Prejudice
Sanchez’s second and third issues turn on the trial court’s denials of his September 23
and 24, 2025 motions (September Motions).
A. Standard of Review
Sanchez provides no standard of review for these issues. The City Defendants contend
that the trial court had no jurisdiction to hear the September Motions, or alternatively, that the
trial court’s ruling should be reviewed for abuse of discretion under the standard applied to trial
amendments.4 For reasons set out above, the September Motions were filed while the trial court
had jurisdiction to hear post-trial motions, but a motion to reconsider is not a separately
appealable order. This narrows the dispute to Sanchez’s motion for leave to amend. We
therefore apply the standard of review applicable to trial court rulings on motions brought under
Rule 63 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure:
Parties may amend their pleadings, respond to pleadings on file of other parties,
file suggestions of death and make representative parties, and file such other pleas
as they may desire by filing such pleas with the clerk at such time as not to
operate as a surprise to the opposite party; provided, that any pleadings, responses
or pleas offered for filing within seven days of the date of trial or thereafter, or
after such time as may be ordered by the judge under Rule 166 [of the Texas
Rules of Civil Procedure], shall be filed only after leave of the judge is obtained,
which leave shall be granted by the judge unless there is a showing that such
filing will operate as a surprise to the opposite party.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 63 (emphasis added).
“On appeal, the trial court’s ruling will not be disturbed unless the complaining party
clearly shows an abuse of discretion.” Hardin v. Hardin, 597 S.W.2d 347, 349–50 (Tex. 1980) 4
In the further alternative, the City Defendants set forth as another possible standard of review, the standard applicable to requests for new trials based on new evidence. We need not address this further alternative as Sanchez does not seek post-trial relief based on new evidence.
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(citing Victory v. State, 158 S.W.2d 760 (Tex. 1942)). “The filing of a trial amendment is within
the sound discretion of the trial court and unless the trial court clearly abuses that discretion no
reversible error is shown.” Victory, 158 S.W.2d at 763. The Victory rule has continuing vitality.
See Denbury Green Pipeline-Tex., LLC v. Tex. Rice Land Partners, Ltd., 510 S.W.3d 909,
918 n.7 (Tex. 2017) (citing Victory, 158 S.W.2d at 763).
B. Analysis
As noted above, Sanchez’s proposed amended petition sought to add new claims against
Wren under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983. We are aware that the trial court denied Sanchez’s motion
for leave to amend on the mistaken belief that it lacked jurisdiction to hear his motion. We are
also aware that, in the mandamus context, the Texas Supreme Court has held that “an error of
law or an erroneous application of law to facts is always an abuse of discretion.” In re
Facebook, Inc., 625 S.W.3d 80, 86 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding) (citing In re Geomet Recycling
LLC, 578 S.W.3d 82, 91–92 (Tex. 2019) (orig. proceeding)). But in the trial- or post-trialamendment context, the appellate burden is on the complaining party: “When amendments
which introduce new substantive matter have been refused by the trial court under Rule 63, the
burden of showing an abuse of discretion is on the complaining party, rather than on the opposite
party to show surprise.” Hardin, 597 S.W.2d at 349. There is a longstanding strain in the trialamendment context where reviewing courts look, not just for legal error by the trial court, but to
whether the rejected amendment would have changed the judgment on appeal.5 Consistent with
5
“It is harmless if the denial would not have affected the judgment rendered.” Haskell v. Border City Bank, 649 S.W.2d 133, 135 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1983, no writ) (citing Harberson v. Lawhon, 518 S.W.2d 840 (Tex. App.— Fort Worth 1975, no writ)); see Healey v. Healey, 529 S.W.3d 124, 144 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2017, pet. denied)
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such cases, the Texas Supreme Court has looked to whether the proposed amendment has
evidentiary support that would change the result in the case. See Crosstex N. Tex. Pipeline, L.P.
v. Gardiner, 505 S.W.3d 580, 617 (Tex. 2016).6 As might be expected, appeals regarding trial
and post-trial amendments are usually part of an appeal seeking to set aside a final judgment.
See id., at 590; Hardin, 597 S.W.2d at 349.
Thus, under Hardin, Sanchez bore the burden to show an abuse of discretion, and under
Crosstex that burden involved more than just seeking leave to amend for amendment’s sake;
Sanchez’s burden included showing how the proposed amendment would have entitled him to a
different judgment.
Sanchez’s brief does not set forth how, given the facts of the case, his proposed
amendment would have brought about a judgment other than dismissal.
We overrule Sanchez’s second and third issues.
V. Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Jeff Rambin
Justice
Date Submitted: July 7, 2026
Date Decided: August 7, 2026
(“Assuming without deciding that the trial court’s refusal to allow the trial amendment was an abuse of discretion, we conclude that any error was harmless.”).
6
See Gardiner, 505 S.W.3d at 617 (“On the record as it currently exists in this case, we find no evidence that the compressor station was abnormally dangerous or that Crosstex engaged in the type of abnormally dangerous or ultrahazardous conduct that would support such a cause of action. We thus conclude that the trial court properly denied the Gardiners’s request for a trial amendment to assert that claim.”).
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