People v. Denham

2026 IL App (1st) 241578

SECOND DIVISION

August 18, 2026

No. 1-24-1578

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

)

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County

)

v. ) 12 CR 14828

)

TERRANCE DENHAM, ) Honorable

) Laura Ayala-Gonzalez,

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding

)

JUSTICE ELLIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Presiding Justice Van Tine and Justice McBride concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Terrance Denham appeals the dismissal of his postconviction petition at the second stage.

He claims his postconviction counsel provided unreasonable assistance for failing to adequately

craft a proportionate-penalties challenge to his 60-year prison sentence. We disagree and affirm.

¶2 The history of Denham’s trial and sentencing is laid out in our opinion affirming both on

direct appeal. See People v. Denham, 2019 IL App (1st) 160917-U. We recite only the facts

necessary to address his claims on appeal.

¶3 A jury found Denham guilty of first-degree murder in the death of Phillip Finley. Broadly

speaking, the evidence at trial showed that Denham got into an argument with Finley near a bus

stop close to the intersection of Garfield Boulevard and Wabash Avenue. Denham confessed to No. 1-24-1578

the shooting but claimed self-defense, as the two had a history of conflict.

¶4 At trial, several witnesses testified that, on July 10, 2012, near the intersection of Garfield

and Wabash, they saw a man, whom they identified as Denham, shoot Finley and then flee the

scene. Police eventually tracked Denham down and arrested him outside an apartment; when he

was arrested, police found 19 bags of what they suspected was cannabis in his pants. A swab

taken of Denham’s hand after his arrest tested positive for gunshot residue.

¶5 Denham was taken to a police station, where he spoke with investigators. Videos of his

interviews with police were played at trial. In the first video, after being advised of his rights,

Denham initially denied knowing anything about the Finley shooting. He later admitted he was

“selling something” in the area of the shooting but denied any role in the shooting. Finally, the

next morning, and after being advised of his rights again, Denham admitted he shot Finley, going

so far as to shoot him once or twice while Finley was lying on the ground. Denham told

investigators that Finley had “jumped” him previously and showed the interviewing sergeant the

scabs on his knees that he claimed came from that earlier fight. Denham said he did not intend to

kill Finley; he just wanted to hit him in the leg. Denham later told an assistant state’s attorney a

similar story, claiming he shot Finley in retaliation for having jumped him previously.

¶6 Denham testified in his own defense at trial. He told the jurors that the area around

Garfield and Wabash was gang-infested with all kinds of factions and that, after he had lost his

job at a restaurant, one member of the Bully Boys gang hired him to sell drugs, even though

Denham was not a member. In early June 2012, at around midnight, Denham was walking down

Garfield Boulevard when Finley and two other men walked past him; as Denham turned around,

he was met by Finley’s fist, which hit him square in the jaw. The two began fighting, Denham

said, while the other men who were with Finley punched and kicked Denham. The fight

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eventually broke up, and everybody went their separate ways.

¶7 About a month later, on July 10, Denham was selling marijuana when he saw Finley

walking down the street. Denham, still mad about Finley having jumped him, decided he was

going to get him back. To avoid starting a gang war, however, Denham approached Finley on his

own—but armed himself by retrieving a 9-millimeter handgun from a nearby garbage can, as he

believed Finley regularly carried a gun. Denham walked toward Finley; the two men met up,

face-to-face, near the intersection of Garfield and Wabash. When Finley approached him, he

gave Denham an angry look and, according to Denham, reached for his belt buckle. Denham

believed Finley was reaching for a gun and feared for his life, so he pulled out his gun, shot

Finley three times, and ran to a nearby building, where he was later arrested.

¶8 At Denham’s request, the jury was given instructions on second-degree murder and selfdefense. But the jury found Denham guilty of first-degree murder and made a special finding that

Denham had personally discharged a firearm that proximately caused Finley’s death.

¶9 At sentencing, defense counsel noted that Denham was in his early twenties at the time of

the killing (he was 21), trying to take care of his girlfriend and young child, and was working at a

pizza restaurant. Counsel argued that Denham was “a young man who made a stupid, stupid

decision and has cost him the vast majority of his life.” When given a chance to speak, Denham

apologized and said he did not kill Finley in cold blood. The trial court sentenced Denham to 60

years in prison; 35 for the murder, plus 25 years for the firearm enhancement. The court said it

considered the parties’ arguments in aggravation and mitigation, Denham’s statement, his family

and educational background, his work and social history, and his rehabilitative potential. Most of

that was contained in a presentence investigation (“PSI”) report, which the court said it reviewed.

Denham moved to reconsider the sentence, arguing that it was excessive and that his sentence

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constituted a de facto life sentence, but the court denied the motion.

¶ 10 On appeal, Denham argued that his conviction should be reduced to second-degree

murder and that his sentence was excessive. Id. ¶ 31. Notably, Denham did not argue that his

sentence, as applied to him, violated the proportionate-penalties clause of our state constitution.

We rejected his claims and affirmed. Id. ¶ 1. Denham filed a petition for leave to appeal (“PLA”)

with the Illinois Supreme Court that was denied.

¶ 11 On February 5, 2020, Denham filed a pro se postconviction petition, first alleging that

appellate counsel had been ineffective for not preserving the sentencing issues in the PLA. He

also claimed his sentence was excessive and constituted a de facto life sentence in violation of

the proportionate-penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. See Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11.

¶ 12 The petition went unnoticed for months. When the court finally reviewed it, it was well

past the 90-day deadline for a first-stage review, so it was advanced to the second stage and

counsel was appointed. See 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1 (West 2020). On March 2, 2022, postconviction

counsel filed a certificate pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017),

finding no need to supplement Denham’s pro se petition to adequately present his claims. Nearly

a year later, the State moved to dismiss, arguing that Denham’s claims were meritless.

¶ 13 After the State filed its motion to dismiss, postconviction counsel apparently changed his

mind and, in September of 2023, filed a new Rule 651(c) certificate, saying that he would file a

supplemental petition. The supplemental petition added two claims: (1) trial counsel was

ineffective for not arguing and preserving the issue that Denham’s sentence violated the

proportionate-penalties clause and (2) appellate counsel was ineffective for not raising, on direct

appeal, trial counsel’s ineffectiveness for failing to preserve the proportionate-penalties issue.

The trial court dismissed Denham’s petition in a written order.

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¶ 14 Denham now appeals but makes no attempt to resurrect his claim that his sentence

violates the proportionate-penalties claim of the Illinois Constitution. Rather, he argues that

postconviction counsel provided unreasonable assistance for “failing to properly substantiate” his

proportionate-penalties challenge.

¶ 15 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act provides a three-stage process for adjudicating

postconviction claims of constitutional error. People v. Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 29. At the

second stage of proceedings, where we find this case, the question is whether the petition makes

a substantial showing of a constitutional violation. People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 35.

¶ 16 Though counsel is appointed at the second stage, there is no constitutional right to the

assistance of counsel in postconviction proceedings. People v. Addison, 2023 IL 127119, ¶ 19.

Rather, the right to counsel is a matter of legislative grace; petitioners are entitled only to the

level of assistance the statute grants—a reasonable level of assistance. See Custer, 2019 IL

123339, ¶ 30.

¶ 17 That assistance is “significantly lower” (id.) than the constitutional level of effective

assistance afforded at trial “because trial counsel plays a different role than counsel in postconviction proceedings.” People v. Owens, 139 Ill. 2d 351, 364 (1990). At trial, the defendant is

presumed innocent; counsel must shield the client from the government’s attempt to deprive him

of his liberty. Id. At the postconviction stage, the petitioner is not presumed innocent.

Postconviction counsel “is appointed not to protect postconviction petitioners from the

prosecutorial forces of the State but to shape their complaints into the proper legal form and to

present those complaints to the court.” Addison, 2023 IL 127119, ¶ 19.

¶ 18 Our supreme court has spelled out the limited duty of reasonable assistance in Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017), which requires that counsel (1) meet with the

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petitioner to understand his constitutional claims, (2) examine at least the parts of the record

relevant to those claims, and (3) make any amendment to the petition necessary for an adequate

presentation of those claims. If postconviction counsel files a certificate swearing to compliance,

courts will indulge a presumption of reasonable assistance that can only be rebutted by

affirmative evidence in the record to the contrary. People v. Urzua, 2023 IL 127789, ¶ 54.

¶ 19 Thus, if postconviction counsel files a valid Rule 651(c) certificate and fails to amend a

petition, we presume there was no good-faith basis to amend. See People v. Huff, 2024 IL

128492, ¶¶ 22, 24 (“It is presumed from the lack of an amendment that there were none to be

made.”); People v. Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d 34, 51-52 (2007) (though postconviction counsel failed to

amend petition to address timeliness problem, supreme court presumed from valid Rule 651(c)

certificate that counsel had no valid excuse for untimeliness); see also People v. Boyce, 2026 IL

App (1st) 240573-U, ¶ 25 (“We assume, based on counsel’s Rule 651(c) certificate, that counsel

had no information to provide—no information he could provide in good faith, at least,” to

elaborate on pro se petition’s claim of prosecutorial misconduct.).

¶ 20 Here, Denham’s counsel filed two Rule 651(c) certificates, the second superseding the

first. In that second certificate, counsel swore (1) that he communicated with his client to

ascertain his claims of constitutional deprivation, (2) that he examined the record, including the

common-law record, report of proceedings and any exhibits in the possession of the clerk of the

circuit court, plus Denham’s pro se petition, and (3) notably, that he was “filing a supplemental

petition to provide adequate presentation of Petitioner’s claims.”

¶ 21 Denham first claims the presumption does not attach, as counsel’s Rule 651(c) certificate

did not perfectly parrot the language of Rule 651(c). The rule requires counsel to certify that he

“has made any amendments to the petition[ ] filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate

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presentation of petitioner’s contentions.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017). But that is

splitting verbal hairs; even if counsel’s certificate “did not mirror the language of Rule 651(c)

precisely, it still substantially complied with the rule.” People v. Landa, 2020 IL App (1st)

170851, ¶ 49. Counsel is thus entitled to a presumption of reasonable assistance that Denham

must rebut with record evidence to the contrary. Huff, 2024 IL 128492, ¶ 25.

¶ 22 Denham says the record rebuts that presumption. He claims counsel could have added

more meat to the bones of his proportionate-penalties claim, such as “young adult jurisprudence

or recent decisions on whether a de facto life sentence can be imposed” on a young adult, or

“how recent advancements in brain science may impact a specific individual.” He even suggests

that counsel should have hired an expert, who “could have testified about the special

characteristics of Denham’s young and cognitive development at the time of the offense.”

¶ 23 The record does not rebut the presumption of reasonable assistance. One amendment was

indeed necessary to shape the pro se petition into a proper legal form—adding allegations of

ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel to avoid forfeiture of Denham’s

proportionate-penalties claim. See People v. Williams, 2024 IL 127304, ¶ 20; Addison, 2023 IL

127119, ¶ 23. But counsel made that very amendment.

¶ 24 Beyond that, the record does not disclose any information that counsel could have cited

to improve this claim. True, counsel could have cited case law or recent scientific studies on the

young-adult brain. But our supreme court has held that a postconviction petitioner does not even

state the gist of a proportionate-penalties claim at the first stage of initial postconviction

proceedings, much less make a substantial showing of a claim at the second, if he “simply cites

his age at the time of the offense and the evolving science on juvenile maturity and brain

development.” Williams, 2024 IL 127304, ¶ 31.

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¶ 25 Denham’s PSI report, which the trial court reviewed before sentencing, revealed no

particular characteristics of the 21-year-old—impulsivity, lack of maturity or cognition—or any

other personal circumstances that would assist his claim. Denham told investigators that, despite

only having met his father once and being raised exclusively by his mother, his childhood was

“normal.” He did not suffer abuse, nor did he struggle with substance abuse or mental illness. He

was a high school graduate and was not affiliated with a gang.

¶ 26 But Denham says that counsel should have searched for an expert to analyze Denham and

substantiate his claim. He vastly overstates the duty of postconviction counsel.

¶ 27 Counsel is not required “to locate witnesses not specifically identified by the petitioner or

to conduct an investigation to discover the identity of witnesses who would provide evidence to

support a claim” in the petition. People v. Williams, 186 Ill. 2d 55, 60-61 (1999); see People v.

Moore, 189 Ill. 2d 521, 542 (2000); People v. Johnson, 154 Ill. 2d 227, 247-48 (1993); People v.

Butler, 2025 IL App (1st) 242327-U, ¶ 35 (“ ‘Defendant’s allegation that postconviction counsel

violated Rule 651(c) by not obtaining additional evidence, in whatever form, demonstrates a

fundamental and critical misunderstanding of the scope of the rule.’ ” (quoting People v. Garcia,

405 Ill. App. 3d 608, 625 (2010))).

¶ 28 More specifically here, postconviction counsel had no duty to locate an expert to

substantiate Denham’s claim. See Williams, 186 Ill. 2d at 61 (“post-conviction counsel clearly

had no obligation to seek out a blood-type expert or to conduct a fishing expedition for evidence

regarding the chain of custody of the bullet removed from [victim’s] body”); Moore, 189 Ill. 2d

at 542; People v. Estrada, 2026 IL App (1st) 240821-U, ¶ 61; Butler, 2025 IL App (1st) 242327-U, ¶ 35. If Denham had an expert in mind to substantiate his claims, or if he had other evidence

that could bolster his proportionate-penalties claim, it was his obligation to provide that evidence

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to postconviction counsel for further investigation, not counsel’s obligation in the first instance

to hunt for such testimony or evidence. Moore, 189 Ill. 2d at 543; Williams, 186 Ill. 2d at 61.

¶ 29 The record here does not demonstrate that Denham provided counsel any such

information—additional evidence of his mental or emotional characteristics or any expert

available to testify to same. We thus presume, in light of counsel’s valid Rule 651(c) certificate,

that counsel had no good-faith basis for a further amendment to the pro se petition. Huff, 2024 IL

128492, ¶ 22; Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d at 51-52. Denham has not overcome the presumption of

reasonable assistance.

¶ 30 Affirmed.

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People v. Denham, 2026 IL App (1st) 241578

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 12-CR14828; the Hon. Laura Ayala-Gonzalez, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Christopher G. Evers, of for State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant. Appellant:

Attorneys Eileen O’Neill Burke, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (John E. for Nowak, Paul E. Wojcicki, and Adam C. Motz, Assistant State’s Appellee: Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

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