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FOR PUBLICATION
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
No. 25-10415
JOHN J. WILSON, JR.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
RALPH,
Assistant Warden Walton CI,
COLONEL JACKSON,
Walton CI,
MARQUIS,
Inspector of Walton CI,
POLICE CHIEF OF DEFUNIAK SPRINGS,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 3:24-cv-00616-MW-HTC
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2 Opinion of the Court 25-10415
Before JORDAN, JILL PRYOR, and KIDD, Circuit Judges.
KIDD, Circuit Judge:
Florida inmate John Wilson, Jr., filed a lawsuit challenging
the conditions of his confinement and asked to have a portion of
the filing fees deferred because he could not afford them. But this
was not Wilson’s first (second or third) lawsuit, and the Prison Litigation Reform Act has a “three-strikes” provision that would typically bar his filing another lawsuit without paying all of the fees
upfront. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). An exception to the three-strikes
provision permits a lawsuit to proceed if the inmate sufficiently alleges imminent danger of serious physical injury.
A magistrate judge reviewed Wilson’s complaint and recommended that the district judge dismiss it because Wilson had
failed to overcome the three-strikes bar. Wilson filed objections to
the recommendation, requested to amend his complaint, and included additional factual allegations relating to the imminent danger he faced. The district judge nevertheless dismissed Wilson’s
complaint without prejudice and without leave to amend.
This was an abuse of discretion. Liberally construing Wilson’s objections should have led the district court to consider them
either as amending the complaint, which Wilson had the right to
do, or as a motion requesting leave to amend his complaint. We
therefore vacate the order dismissing Wilson’s complaint.
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25-10415 Opinion of the Court 3
I. BACKGROUND
Wilson filed a pro se complaint, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
raising concerns about the conditions and safety of the facility
where he was then housed. As relevant here, Wilson asserted that
he was physically and sexually assaulted by his cellmate, who suffered from mental illness, after prison officials failed to separate
them. Wilson alleged that the assault resulted in serious injuries,
but he did not explicitly allege that he was in any imminent danger
at the time he filed the suit.
Along with his complaint, Wilson requested leave to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”). Because Wilson was a state prisoner, he was subject to the filing-fee provisions of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”). See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b). Pursuant to
that statute, a magistrate judge, acting sua sponte, screened the
complaint prior to its service upon the named defendants. Id.
§ 1915A(a).
Just days after the district court received the filings, the magistrate judge denied Wilson’s IFP motion and issued a report and
recommendation (“R&R”) to dismiss Wilson’s complaint. The
magistrate judge concluded that Wilson could not proceed with
the instant case without paying the filing fee because he: (1) had at
least three federal actions that had been dismissed as frivolous or
for failure to state a claim, and (2) failed to sufficiently allege that
he was in imminent danger of serious physical injury. Id. § 1915(g).
The magistrate judge also briefly noted that Wilson’s IFP motion
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4 Opinion of the Court 25-10415
did not contain necessary financial information and that his filings
were not made on the appropriate forms.
Wilson filed objections to the R&R in which he supplemented the allegations included in his initial complaint. Specifically,
Wilson asserted that the inmate who assaulted him was “wandering freely” in the prison and “making violent threats.” He elaborated that the inmate had threatened “[his] life on prior [occasions]”
and he feared that the inmate would injure him again. He also
noted that he had filed a formal grievance because prison officials
had failed to evaluate his safety concerns, and he maintained that
the prison’s “policy” of not physically separating him from the inmate created a “dangerous condition.” Wilson further requested
that the court provide him with the “necessary forms” and
“plead[ed] for leave to amend the complaint.”
The district judge adopted the R&R and dismissed Wilson’s
complaint without prejudice. In overruling Wilson’s objections,
the court stated that Wilson could not “amend his complaint by
providing supplemental allegations in his [R&R] objections.” This
appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
While our Court generally evaluates § 1915(g) dismissals de
novo, we review the denial of a request to amend a complaint for
an abuse of discretion. Brown v. Johnson, 387 F.3d 1344, 1347 (11th
Cir. 2004). “Discretion means the district court has a range of
choice, and that its decision will not be disturbed as long as it stays
within that range and is not influenced by any mistake of law.”
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25-10415 Opinion of the Court 5
Betty K Agencies, Ltd. v. M/V MONADA, 432 F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th
Cir. 2005) (citation modified).
III. DISCUSSION
The PLRA allows indigent prisoners to proceed IFP in a civil
action if they partially pre-pay the filing fee. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1),
(b)(1)–(2). However, § 1915(g), which is commonly referred to as
the “three-strikes” provision, “generally bars a prisoner from proceeding IFP if he has previously filed three or more meritless lawsuits.” Mitchell v. Nobles, 873 F.3d 869, 872 (11th Cir. 2017). Wilson
does not dispute that he has three qualifying strikes under
§ 1915(g). Instead, we must determine whether Wilson satisfied
“the sole exception to the three strikes bar”: when the prisoner alleges “imminent danger of serious physical injury” at the time of
filing suit. Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)); see Daker v. Ward,
999 F.3d 1300, 1310–11 (11th Cir. 2021).
Generally, in determining whether a prisoner has demonstrated imminent danger, our “Court looks to the complaint, construing it liberally and accepting its allegations as true.” Daker,
999 F.3d at 1311. We assume that the allegations in Wilson’s initial
complaint were insufficient to meet his burden. See id. (explaining
that a prisoner must assert “specific fact allegations of ongoing serious physical injury, or of a pattern of misconduct evidencing the
likelihood of imminent serious physical injury” (citation modified)). But “the operative question under § 1915(g) is always
whether some timely filing avers facts suggesting a prisoner was under imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time he
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brought his complaint.” Asemani v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs.,
797 F.3d 1069, 1075 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (citation modified). And notably, the complaint was not the only filing before the district court
to suggest that Wilson was in potential danger of imminent physical harm when he initiated this action.
Wilson filed what were nominally objections to the R&R.
Yet we must remember that courts “have an obligation to look behind the label” of filings when determining what relief is sought by
a pro se litigant. United States v. Jordan, 915 F.2d 622, 624–25 (11th
Cir. 1990) (explaining that a pro se movant’s mislabeling of a postconviction motion “[wa]s not fatal to his claim” and courts should
“determine whether [a] motion is, in effect, cognizable under a different remedial statutory framework”). And pro se filings, such as
Wilson’s R&R objections, are to be afforded liberal construction.
See Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014).
In this case, Wilson’s R&R objections specifically “plead[ed]
for leave to amend the complaint” and set forth supplemental factual allegations that could be included in an amendment. We begin
by observing that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow a
party to amend a complaint “once as a matter of course no later
than” twenty-one days after service of the complaint or a responsive pleading, whichever is earlier. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1)(A)–(B).
Nothing in the PLRA alters this rule. See Brown, 387 F.3d at 1349,
1352 (finding an abuse of discretion where the district court denied
a pro se prisoner’s motion to amend filed before any responsive
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25-10415 Opinion of the Court 7
pleadings, and the proposed amended complaint sufficiently alleged imminent danger and plausibly alleged a claim for relief ).
The magistrate judge screened Wilson’s complaint just two
days after the district court received it and before any of the named
defendants had been served. Therefore, at the time of filing his
R&R objections, Wilson still possessed his Rule 15(a) right to
amend his complaint as a matter of course. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
15(a)(1).
In addition to requesting leave to amend his complaint, Wilson’s objections to the R&R also asserted that he feared for his
safety because an inmate who had previously violently assaulted
him was freely roaming the prison and actively making threats. He
further alleged that prison officials were not taking any action on
this matter. These specific facts support Wilson’s contention that
he was in imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time
he brought this action and thus qualified for the PLRA exception.
See Daker, 999 F.3d at 1310–11; Mitchell, 873 F.3d at 872. But the district court did not consider these additional facts.
We acknowledge that Wilson’s R&R objections were not the
model of clarity. But we do not require absolute precision from pro
se parties. They are often unfamiliar with the procedural formalities of federal court, and they sometimes request relief—to which
they are entitled—in unconventional ways.
In this case, we conclude that the district court had two options when undertaking its review of Wilson’s R&R objections:
(1) treat the filing as a supplement to the complaint, which Wilson USCA11 Case: 25-10415 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 08/21/2026 Page: 8 of 8
8 Opinion of the Court 25-10415
had the right to amend, and consider the new factual allegations in
the first instance, or (2) construe the filing as a motion to amend
and analyze whether such relief was warranted. See, e.g., Wright v.
El Paso Cnty. Jail, 642 F.2d 134, 135 n.1 (5th Cir. Apr. 1981) (construing a pro se plaintiff’s “Motion in Support” of his original complaint as an amendment to the initial pleading); Woodall v. Foti,
648 F.2d 268, 272 (5th Cir. Unit A June 1981) (“Since the district
court was willing to accept [the pro se litigant’s] letters to the judge
as pleadings, those written after the court rules should have been
construed as ‘an amendment to his complaint or an addition in the
nature of an amendment.’” (quoting McGruder v. Phelps, 608 F.2d
1023, 1025 (5th Cir. 1979))).
The court’s failure to provide either avenue for relief in this
case amounted to an abuse of discretion, which requires us to vacate the order dismissing Wilson’s complaint. See Brown, 387 F.3d at
1347.
IV. CONCLUSION
We VACATE the district court’s order dismissing Wilson’s
complaint and REMAND for further proceedings.