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UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Thomas GRIFFIN and Catherine Tucker, Defendants-Appellees

United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit1974-08-21No. No. 73-2207
502 F.2d 959

Summary

Holding. The judgment of the district court is affirmed. Police may not forcibly enter a home without a search warrant merely because they believe they have probable cause and plan to obtain a warrant afterward; absent narrowly limited exigent circumstances, the warrant requirement is mandatory, and claims of inevitable discovery do not excuse such warrantless entries.

Federal agents forcibly entered Griffin's apartment without a warrant, claiming they had probable cause to search it based on prior surveillance and arrests. They secured the premises, discovered narcotics in plain view, and then obtained a search warrant approximately four hours later to conduct a thorough search. The district court suppressed the evidence, finding no exigent circumstances justified the warrantless entry.

On appeal, the government shifted its argument, contending that the exclusionary rule should not apply because discovery of the evidence was inevitable—they had sent an agent to obtain a warrant and would have found the narcotics through that lawful process regardless of the illegal entry. The appellate court rejected this reasoning, holding that police cannot enter a home without a warrant simply because they intend to obtain one later, even if they possess probable cause. Allowing such a doctrine would effectively eliminate the Fourth Amendment's search warrant requirement.

Summary generated by law.co from the public-domain opinion. The opinion text itself is public domain.

Key issues

  • Whether exigent circumstances justified a warrantless entry into a home
  • Whether the 'inevitable discovery' doctrine applies when police obtained a warrant after an illegal entry
  • Whether police may enter a home to 'secure' it while seeking a search warrant

Procedural posture

The defendants appealed the district court's decision granting their motion to suppress evidence obtained during an illegal warrantless entry.

Authorities cited

No cited authorities resolved to law.co cases yet.

Opinion

majority opinion

PER CURIAM.

Federal Narcotics Agents in the City of Detroit who had, by dint of surveillance and two prior lawful arrests, developed probable cause for the search of appellee Griffin’s apartment determined to do so. An agent was dispatched to procure a search warrant, while other agents were dispatched to Griffin’s apartment to “secure” it. Promptly on their arrival, and after receiving no reply to their knock, they “secured” the apartment by forcibly entering it, discovering a considerable quantity of narcotics and related paraphernalia in plain view. At this point appellee Tucker came into the apartment and was arrested. Another agent was then dispatched to “expedite” the procurement of a search warrant.

The (now conceded to be) illegal entry took place at approximately 5 p. m. The search warrant was returned to the apartment and at approximately 9 p. m. a thorough search was made. It is conceded by appellant that the affidavit upon which the search warrant was procured did not contain any facts discovered as a result of the illegal entry.

On these facts the government contended before the District Court that appellees’ motion to suppress should be denied because of exigent circumstances. They argued that the narcotics which they had reason to believe were there could readily have been disposed of. But as the District Judge ascertained by questioning, there was no proof that anyone was in the apartment, and on the contrary, they had good reason to believe from prior surveillance of it that nobody was. Holding that there were no exigent circumstances to excuse the warrantless entry, the District Judge granted the motion to suppress evidence.

Before this court the government changed its position. It now argues that the exclusionary rule should not have been applied in this case because the discovery of these materials under the circumstances of this case was inevitable without any reference to the illegal entry. In this regard the government relies principally upon a recent case in the New York Court of Appeals, People v. Fitzpatrick, 32 N.Y.2d 499, 346 N.Y.S.2d 793, 300 N.E.2d 139, cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1050, 94 S.Ct. 554, 38 L.Ed.2d 338 (1973), where the court stated:

“[T]he inevitable discovery factor ‘permits- the government to remove the taint from otherwise poisoned fruit by establishing that the unlawful act from which it resulted was not a sine qua non of its discovery’.” People v. Fitzpatrick, supra at 506, 346 N.Y.S.2d at 797, 300 N.E.2d at 142, quoting with approved Maguire, How to Unpoison the Fruit, 55 J.Crim.L.C. & P.S. 307, 313.

The District Judge was clearly right in finding that the government had not established exigent circumstances to warrant the forcible entry without search warrant. This case did not involve hot pursuit. Nor did the government present proofs which established its theory that the evidence it sought was in danger of destruction. Hence, we have no need to pass upon what effect, if any, such facts if established, might have upon the normal requirement of a search warrant.

We also believe the government’s reliance upon the Fitzpatrick case is misplaced. In Fitzpatrick the court held that the police had lawfully arrested Fitzpatrick. They had a clear legal right to search the closet where they had arrested Fitzpatrick and they then had both the present intention and the present capability of doing so.

None of these factors is present in our current fact situation and hence we have no need to determine our attitude toward the rationale of Fitzpatrick. Absent “exigent circumstances,” the police clearly may not force entry to a home without a search warrant simply because they think they have probable cause to believe evidence of crime may be found therein. Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 68 S.Ct. 367, 92 L.Ed. 436 (1948); United States v. Jeffers, 342 U.S. 48, 72 S.Ct. 93, 96 L.Ed. 59 (1951); Vale v. Louisiana, 399 U.S. 30, 90 S.Ct. 1969, 26 L.Ed.2d 409 (1970).

We hold that absent any of the narrowly limited exceptions (See Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967)) to the search warrant requirement, police who believe they have probable cause to search cannot enter a home without a warrant merely because they plan subsequently to get one. The assertion by police (after an illegal entry and after finding evidence of crime) that the discovery was “inevitable” because they planned to get a search warrant and had sent an officer on such a mission, would as a practical matter be beyond judicial review. Any other view would tend in actual practice to emasculate the search warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment.

The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.

. Compare United States v. Rubin, 474 F.2d 262 (3d Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Agran v. United States, 414 U.S. 833, 94 S.Ct. 173, 38 L.Ed.2d 68 (1973). This circuit has never had occasion to pass on the holding of the Rubin case.